No description available.

La musique et la parole possèdent toutes deux un degré d’organisation temporelle i.e. de régularité dans le temps. Les stimuli de nature rythmique ont la particularité de pouvoir être anticipés par le cerveau et des études en linguistique et neurosciences ont montré que plus le cerveau est capable d’anticiper les évènements auditifs, meilleure est la qualité du traitement des stimuli. Les enfants sourds, bien que bénéficiant d’un input auditif de plus en plus précis grâce aux implants cochléaires et d’une prise en charge précoce, n’atteignent pas des niveaux de langage homogènes et souffrent de difficultés de perception en milieux bruyants ou lors de conversations. La situation conversationnelle présente un contexte complexe, nécessitant l’activation de la voie audio-motrice pour anticiper et s’adapter aux variations de la parole de son interlocuteur notamment au niveau temporel. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à analyser, grâce à des mesures électrophysiologiques et comportementales, si un entrainement rythmique actif de 30 minutes, pouvait avoir un effet sur les capacités de perception et d’accommodation temporelles de l’enfant sourd dans une tâche de dénomination en alternance avec un partenaire virtuel. Nous avons également testé les capacités rythmiques de ces enfants à différents niveaux de complexités. Les résultats montrent que les enfants sourds souffrent de difficultés à structurer les événements acoustiques selon différent niveaux de hiérarchie mais qu’un entrainement rythmique de 30 minutes versus une stimulation auditive, permet d’améliorer leurs compétences de perception et de production temporelles de la parole dans une situation d’interaction. / Music and speech both possess a certain degree of temporal organization i.e. a certain degree of regularity across time. Studies in linguistics and neuroscience have shown that the brain can extract regularities and use them to anticipate the forthcoming stimuli. It is furthermore established that the better the brain is able to anticipate auditory events, the better the quality of stimulus processing. Deaf children benefit from more and more precise auditory inputs due to advances in cochlear implants development, together with early rehabilitation interventions. However, a great majority of them do not achieve consistent language levels and have strong difficulties in noisy environments or conversations. The conversational situation presents a complex context, requiring the activation of the audio-motor path to anticipate and adapt to the variations of the speech of its interlocutor notably at the temporal level. In this thesis work, we have investigated the temporal perception and accommodation capacities of deaf children in a naming task alternating with a virtual partner, at both behavioral and electrophysiological levels. We have also tested whether an active rhythmic training lasting 30 minutes, could enhance these conversational abilities. Then, we have investigated the rhythmic abilities of these children at different levels complexities. The results show that deaf children suffer from difficulties in structuring acoustic events according to different levels of hierarchy but that a rhythmic training of 30 minutes versus an auditory stimulation, makes it possible to improve their skills of temporal perception and production of speech in a situation of interaction.

O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa é a investigação das estratégias interacionais e cognitivas adotadas por crianças nas suas conversações, em situação lúdica, a fim de que a negociação interpessoal seja estabelecida. Pretendemos, dessa forma, observar como as crianças procederam para desfazer as eventuais complicações que surgiram no curso da negociação, até o restabelecimento de uma troca conversacional equilibrada. Nesse sentido, o estudo em questão nos permitiu compreender melhor a transição entre os momentos de acordo e de desacordo/conflito instaurados nas interações sociais entre as crianças, nos processos de diferenciação \"eu-outro\" (Wallon, 1987). A partir da análise de amostras de interações conversacionais de crianças de 5, 8 e 10 anos, no contexto do evento lúdico (jogo de construção), identificamos as ocorrências de implicaturas conversacionais (Grice, 1982), conflitos, equívocos, regulações discursivas (Caron, 1983) e mecanismos de ameaça e preservação das faces (Goffman, 1967) durante o processo discursivo, que estimularam a criança a argumentar em favor de suas próprias crenças a respeito dos fatos, culminando, muitas vezes, no surgimento da negociação interpessoal com a outra criança e/ou com o adulto. Foi igualmente possível verificar, nesse contexto, a percepção que as crianças têm dos estados mentais (desejos, crenças, intenções, etc.) dos outros que, por sua vez, diferem de seus próprios estados mentais (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Foram realizadas gravações em áudio de seis pares de crianças, de ambos os sexos, na presença da pesquisadora. Cada sessão foi constituída da gravação de um evento lúdico completo, isto é, pela abertura, desenvolvimento e finalização do jogo. Tais gravações foram transcritas posteriormente, de acordo com as Normas para Transcrição, comumente utilizadas pelos pesquisadores do Projeto NURC/SP Projeto de Estudo da Norma Linguística Urbana Culta de São Paulo. Posteriormente à transcrição dos dados coletados, empreendemos uma análise de cunho qualitativo de amostras de conversação entre as crianças e/ou entre as crianças e a pesquisadora. Considerando-se todos os exemplos analisados, foi possível concluir que há traços interacionais que se sobressaem no contexto conversacional de cada idade observada, o que se reflete na mobilização de diferentes estratégias de negociação interpessoal. / The main objective of this research is to investigate interactional and cognitive strategies adopted by children in their conversations, on a playing situation, in order to establish an interpersonal negotiation. We intend, therefore, to observe how children proceeded to undo eventual complications that arise in the course of negotiation until a balanced conversation is restored. Accordingly, the present study allowed us to better understand the transition between moments of agreement and disagreement/conflict which happens at social interactions among children, described by Wallon in 1987 as the process of differentiating \"self-other\". Analyzing samples from conversational interactions among children aged 5, 8 and 10 years, in a context of a playing event (building game), we have identified instances of conversational implications (Grice, 1982), conflicts, misunderstandings, discursive regulations (Caron , 1983) and mechanisms of threat and face-saving (Goffman, 1967) during the discursive process, which encouraged children to argue for their own beliefs about facts, resulting often in the emergence of interpersonal negotiation with another child and/or with adults. In this context, it was also possible to verify the perception that children have about mental conditions of others (desires, beliefs, intentions, etc.), which differ from their own mental conditions (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Audio recordings were made of six pairs of children from both sexes, in the presence of the researcher. Each session consisted on a recording of a complete playing event, which encompasses the opening, development and completion of the game. These recordings were transcribed later, according to the Standards for transcription, commonly used by researchers from the NURC / SP - Project for the Study of the Cult Urban Language Standard of São Paulo. After the transcription of data collected, we undertook a qualitative analysis of samples from conversation between children and/or between children and researcher. Considering all samples analyzed, it was possible to conclude that there are interactional traces which stand out in conversational context on each observed age, which is reflected in the utilization of different interpersonal negotiation strategies.

O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa é a investigação das estratégias interacionais e cognitivas adotadas por crianças nas suas conversações, em situação lúdica, a fim de que a negociação interpessoal seja estabelecida. Pretendemos, dessa forma, observar como as crianças procederam para desfazer as eventuais complicações que surgiram no curso da negociação, até o restabelecimento de uma troca conversacional equilibrada. Nesse sentido, o estudo em questão nos permitiu compreender melhor a transição entre os momentos de acordo e de desacordo/conflito instaurados nas interações sociais entre as crianças, nos processos de diferenciação \"eu-outro\" (Wallon, 1987). A partir da análise de amostras de interações conversacionais de crianças de 5, 8 e 10 anos, no contexto do evento lúdico (jogo de construção), identificamos as ocorrências de implicaturas conversacionais (Grice, 1982), conflitos, equívocos, regulações discursivas (Caron, 1983) e mecanismos de ameaça e preservação das faces (Goffman, 1967) durante o processo discursivo, que estimularam a criança a argumentar em favor de suas próprias crenças a respeito dos fatos, culminando, muitas vezes, no surgimento da negociação interpessoal com a outra criança e/ou com o adulto. Foi igualmente possível verificar, nesse contexto, a percepção que as crianças têm dos estados mentais (desejos, crenças, intenções, etc.) dos outros que, por sua vez, diferem de seus próprios estados mentais (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Foram realizadas gravações em áudio de seis pares de crianças, de ambos os sexos, na presença da pesquisadora. Cada sessão foi constituída da gravação de um evento lúdico completo, isto é, pela abertura, desenvolvimento e finalização do jogo. Tais gravações foram transcritas posteriormente, de acordo com as Normas para Transcrição, comumente utilizadas pelos pesquisadores do Projeto NURC/SP Projeto de Estudo da Norma Linguística Urbana Culta de São Paulo. Posteriormente à transcrição dos dados coletados, empreendemos uma análise de cunho qualitativo de amostras de conversação entre as crianças e/ou entre as crianças e a pesquisadora. Considerando-se todos os exemplos analisados, foi possível concluir que há traços interacionais que se sobressaem no contexto conversacional de cada idade observada, o que se reflete na mobilização de diferentes estratégias de negociação interpessoal. / The main objective of this research is to investigate interactional and cognitive strategies adopted by children in their conversations, on a playing situation, in order to establish an interpersonal negotiation. We intend, therefore, to observe how children proceeded to undo eventual complications that arise in the course of negotiation until a balanced conversation is restored. Accordingly, the present study allowed us to better understand the transition between moments of agreement and disagreement/conflict which happens at social interactions among children, described by Wallon in 1987 as the process of differentiating \"self-other\". Analyzing samples from conversational interactions among children aged 5, 8 and 10 years, in a context of a playing event (building game), we have identified instances of conversational implications (Grice, 1982), conflicts, misunderstandings, discursive regulations (Caron , 1983) and mechanisms of threat and face-saving (Goffman, 1967) during the discursive process, which encouraged children to argue for their own beliefs about facts, resulting often in the emergence of interpersonal negotiation with another child and/or with adults. In this context, it was also possible to verify the perception that children have about mental conditions of others (desires, beliefs, intentions, etc.), which differ from their own mental conditions (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Audio recordings were made of six pairs of children from both sexes, in the presence of the researcher. Each session consisted on a recording of a complete playing event, which encompasses the opening, development and completion of the game. These recordings were transcribed later, according to the Standards for transcription, commonly used by researchers from the NURC / SP - Project for the Study of the Cult Urban Language Standard of São Paulo. After the transcription of data collected, we undertook a qualitative analysis of samples from conversation between children and/or between children and researcher. Considering all samples analyzed, it was possible to conclude that there are interactional traces which stand out in conversational context on each observed age, which is reflected in the utilization of different interpersonal negotiation strategies.

本研究的目的為探究中文母子對話中，母親的互動風格與話題延續的關係。 研究問題為: (a)本研究中兩位母親的互動風格為何? (b)兩位孩童的話題延續表現有何不同? (c)母親的互動風格與話題延續有怎樣的互動關係? 研究語料為兩組親子互動的自然語料，各取三個小時，孩童的年紀約為三歲。研究結果顯示兩位母親的互動風格有所不同，分別屬於命令型和引誘型。 而小孩的在話題延續上表現則是相近，大多用回應母親問題的方式來延續話題並且能在不同的情境中提供新資訊。對兩組親子互動的探究顯示命令型的母親比較不會延續對話而經常改變話題，造成較短的話題片斷。引誘型的母親則較注重對話的延續且較少改變話題，造成較長的話題片斷。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the interaction of the maternal interactional styles and topic maintenance in Mandarin mother-child conversational interaction. There are three research questions: (a) What are the mothers’ interactional styles in the current case? (b) What are the differences among children’s competences of topic maintenance? (c) How do the maternal interaction styles interact with topic maintenance in the conversational interactions? Naturally occurring conversations of two dyads' conversational interactions were adopted as the data and analyzed. Results suggested that while the two mothers differed in terms of their interactional styles, the two children showed nearly equal sophistication in terms of their topic-maintaining competences. Examinations of the two dyads' interactions also revealed that the directive mother was less interested in maintaining the conversations, changed topics more frequently, and maintained discourse topics for less turns. The conversation-eliciting mother paid more attention on maintaining of the conversations, change topics less frequently, and maintained discourse topics for much more turns.

C'est dans l'interaction sociale, lieu d'occurrence premier du langage parlé (Local, 2003) que la parole est apprise, qu'elle est produite quotidiennement et qu'elle évolue. De nouvelles approches interdisciplinaires de l'étude de la parole, notamment la sociophonétique ou les récents développements de l'interaction conversationnelle, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la modélisation du traitement de la parole. Une question centrale à cette entreprise est la caractérisation des représentations mentales associées aux sons de la parole. Pour traiter cette question, nous utilisons l'approche exemplariste du traitement de la parole, qui propose que les sons de la parole sont mémorisés en incorporant des informations contextuelles détaillées. Nous présentons une nouvelle tâche interactionnelle, GMUP (pour "Group ’em up"), destinée à recueillir les réalisations de matériel phonologique finement contrôlé produit par deux interactants dans un cadre expérimental écologiquement valide. Les variables phonologiques décrivent les différences existant entre deux variétés de français parlé, le français standard et le français méridional. Des outils de reconnaissance automatique de la parole ont été développés pour évaluer la convergence phonétique, observable de l'évolution des représentations mentales, à deux niveaux de granularité : au niveau catégoriel de la variable phonologique et au niveau plus fin, subphonémique. L’emploi de mesures acoustiques détaillées à grande échelle permet de caractériser finement les différences inter-individuelles dans l'évolution de la forme des réalisations acoustiques associées aux représentations mentales en interaction conversationnelle. / It is in social interaction, the primary site of the occurrence of spoken language (Local, 2003) that speech is learned, that it is produced everyday and that it evolves. New interdisciplinary approaches to the study of speech, particularly in sociophonetics and in recent developments in conversational interaction, open new avenues for modeling speech processing. A central question in this enterprise relates to the caracterization of the mental representations of speech sounds. We address this question using the exemplarist approach of speech processing, which proposes that speech sounds are stored in memory along with detailed contextual information. We present a new interactional task, GMUP (which stands for "Group ’em up"), designed to collect realizations of highly-controlled phonological material produced by two interactants in an ecologically valid experimental setting. The phonological variables describe differences between two varieties of spoken French, Northern French and Southern French. Automatic speech recognition tools were developed to evaluate phonetic convergence, an observable of the evolution of the mental representations of speech, at two levels of granularity: at the categorical level of the phonological variable and at a more fine-grained, subphonemic level. The use of large-scale detailed acoustic measures allows us to finely caracterize interindividual differences in the evolution of the acoustic realizations associated with the mental representations of speech in conversational interaction.