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by Yan Yuk Fung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-42). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- BENEFITS AND TYPES OF CONVERTIBILITY --- p.3 / Economic Benefits --- p.3 / Current Account Convertibility --- p.4 / Capital Account Convertibility --- p.5 / Chapter III. --- TRENDS OF BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IN CHINA --- p.7 / Characterics --- p.7 / Trend of Current Account Balance --- p.8 / Trend of Capital Account Balance --- p.9 / Cyclical Nature of Balance of Payments --- p.10 / Chapter IV. --- EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGIME SINCE 1978 --- p.12 / Trade Liberalization --- p.12 / Control on Current Account Transactions --- p.13 / Foreign Exchange Retention System and Swap Centres --- p.14 / Chapter V. --- DEVELOPMENT OF CONVERTIBILITY IN 1994 --- p.16 / Achieved Convertibility on Trade Related Transactions --- p.16 / China's Choice of A Managed Floating Rate Regime --- p.18 / Chapter VI. --- CONDITIONS FOR CONVERTIBILITY --- p.21 / Stable Domestic Price --- p.21 / Favourable Balance of Payment --- p.22 / Sufficient Foreign Reserve --- p.23 / Exchange Rate Stability --- p.24 / Liberalization Measures on Service Transactions Implemented in 1996 --- p.24 / Chapter VII. --- RISKS OF CONVERTIBILITY --- p.26 / Peso Depreciation in Mexico --- p.26 / Export Slowing Down in China --- p.27 / Cumulative Inflation --- p.28 / Budget Deficit --- p.29 / Risk of Import Surging with China Entering WTO --- p.30 / Foreign Direct Investment Slowing Down --- p.30 / Political Risks within China and Across the Formosa Strait --- p.31 / Chapter VIII. --- POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS --- p.33 / Maintain Balance of Payments --- p.33 / Fiscal & Monetary Discipline --- p.34 / Improve Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Market --- p.35 / Strengthen Economic and Financial Reforms --- p.35 / Avoid Premature Capital Account Convertibility --- p.36 / Chapter IX. --- CONCLUSION --- p.38 / RMB Full Current Account Convertibility Achievable Before 2000 --- p.38 / Business Implications --- p.39 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.41

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-117).

Dans un environnement compétitif et incertain, l'industrie automobile est confrontée à de nouveaux défis pour répondre aux exigences des clients, qui sont en constante évolution. La personnalisation de masse a augmenté considérablement la diversité des produits et par conséquent, a mis à l’épreuve la capacité des systèmes de production existants à faire face à cette nouvelle conjoncture. La convertibilité traduit la capacité du système de production à produire une diversité de produits à moindre coût. Cette thèse analyse la définition et les dimensions de la convertibilité et examine les inducteurs de la convertibilité des systèmes de production et plus particulièrement celle des lignes d'assemblage automobile. En se basant sur les pratiques industrielles, un nouveau concept, baptisé AutoConvert, autour de la convertibilité du système d’assemblage automobile est explicité. Celui-ci met en exergue l'impact de l’introduction d’une nouvelle variante du produit sur les trois éléments principaux qui composent un système d’assemblage, à savoir les produits, les processus et les ressources. Ensuite, trois indicateurs technologiques sont construits pour quantifier la convertibilité du système d’assemblage et fournir, à la fois aux concepteurs des produits et des lignes d’assemblage, un outil d'aide à la décision pour appuyer leurs orientations et leurs choix. Aussi, une étude de coûts est également menée afin de compléter et consolider les indicateurs technologiques. La pertinence de l'approche est expérimentée sur des cas réels de l'industrie automobile. / : In a highly competitive and uncertain environment, the automotive industry is facing new challenges to meet customer requirements that are constantly changing. Mass customization caused that product variety increased drastically and consequently, tested the capacity of the existing production systems to cope with this new situation. Convertibility is the ability of the assembly system to cope with product variety with minimum cost. This thesis analyzes the definition and dimensions of convertibility and investigates the change drivers that make convertibility important for the case of automotive assembly lines.Based on industrial practices, a new concept is developed, named AutoConvert, regarding the automotive assembly line convertibility. It analyzes the impact of the introduction of a new variant on the three main elements which compose an assembly system, namely Products, Processes and Resources. Then, three technological indicators’ are built to quantify assembly line convertibility and provide both assembly line and product designers’ with efficient decision-making support tools to support their orientations and choices. A cost study is also conducted in order to complete and consolidate the technological indicators. The relevance of the approach is experimented in real cases from the automotive industry.

Software size estimation/measurement has been the objective of a lot of research in the software engineering community due to the need of reliable size estimates. FSM Methods have become widely used in software project management to measure the functional size of software since its first publication, late 1970s. Although all FSM methods measure the functional size by quantifying the FURs, each method defined its own measurement process and metric. Therefore, a piece of software has several functional sizes when measured by different methods. In order to be able to compare functional sizes of software products measured by different methods, we need to convert them to each other. In this thesis study, the similarities and differences between four FSM methods, IFPUG FPA, Mark II FPA, COSMIC FFP and ARCHI DIM FSM are investigated and the common core concepts are presented. Accordingly a unification model of the measurement process of all four methods is proposed. The main objective of this model is to measure the functional size of a software system by applying all four methods simultaneously, using a single source of data. In order to have an infrastructure to validate the unification model by conducting empirical studies, a software tool is designed and implemented based on the unification model. Two empirical studies are conducted by utilizing the data of a real project to evaluate both the unification model proposed and the developed tool and the measurement results are discussed.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the importance and development of Chinese renminbi convertibility. The paper describes the development of the yuan exchange rate, whose value is still largely decided by the PBOC. It also seeks to identify the growing role of the renminbi on the international scene despite its financial account that is still not completely liberalized. Last but not least, the Chinese trilemma is described here, with the renminbi convertibility being an integral part of this issue. Once China decides to solve the trilemma, one of the possible outcomes is the full renminbi convertibility. The paper also tries to identify the possible impacts that would occur in the event of the full renminbi convertibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joubert_da_Silva_Jeronimo_Leite.pdf: 1652439 bytes, checksum: 67792e9aa70d45b6485132b0e2d5cf90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-02-18 / The accounting statements have for purpose to show the situation economical, patrimonial and financial of a company that the report for your users and your head office, even when these are located in different countries from the country of the company that published such statements. The world concern of the moment, due to the process of globalization of the economical markets, is the harmonization of the accounting norms in the world and, for that, several international accounting organisms have been working arduous and seriously, in the attempt of minimizing the differences in existent accounting norms among the countries. Like this, one of the main objectives of this work is to analyze, in a critical way, the effects of the application of the conversion methodology in foreign currency of the accounting statements of multinational companies installed in Brazil and that report information according to SFAS no. 52, of FASB. Before the exposed, we based the work in four great subjects: 1. The globalization of the economical markets and your influence in the process of international harmonization of the Accounting; 2. Analysis prospective on accounting norms of conversion of accounting statements; 3. Applied methodology for FASB in the process of conversion of accounting statements in foreign currency; 4. Analysis of the effects of the application of SFAS no. 52 in economical environment of high and low inflation. / As demonstra????es cont??beis t??m por finalidade mostrar a situa????o econ??mica, patrimonial e financeira de uma companhia que as reporta para seus usu??rios e sua matriz, mesmo quando estes estejam localizados em pa??ses diferentes do pa??s da companhia que divulgou tais demonstra????es. A preocupa????o mundial do momento, decorrente do processo de globaliza????o dos mercados econ??micos, ?? a harmoniza????o das normas cont??beis no mundo e, para isso, diversos organismos cont??beis internacionais t??m trabalhado ??rdua e seriamente, na tentativa de minimizar as diferen??as em normas cont??beis existentes entre os pa??ses. Assim, um dos principais objetivos deste trabalho ?? analisar, de forma cr??tica, os efeitos da aplica????o da metodologia de convers??o em moeda estrangeira das demonstra????es cont??beis de companhias multinacionais instaladas no Brasil e que reportam informa????es conforme o SFAS N?? 52, do FASB. Diante do exposto, fundamentamos o trabalho em quatro grandes assuntos: 1. A globaliza????o dos mercados econ??micos e sua influ??ncia no processo de harmoniza????o internacional da Contabilidade; 2. Estudo prospectivo sobre normas cont??beis de convers??o de demonstra????es cont??beis; 3. Metodologia aplicada pelo FASB no processo de convers??o de demonstra????es cont??beis em moeda estrangeira; 4. An??lise dos efeitos da aplica????o do SFAS N?? 52 em ambientes econ??micos de alta e baixa infla????o.

Today’s household debt consists for the most part of credit money, and this general phenomenon does not only occur in Sweden. Money in the economy is mostly created by private banks, as much as 97 percent of the money in the United States, while central banks only create a very small share of all money. This is the reason for the oppressed household debt. During this period of high debt in Sweden, the household consumption has also increased in comparison to earlier years. The aim is to study and compare how the money supply in two different full-reserve systems, the Austrian through convertibility and the Chicago plan through quantity control, would reduce the household debt in relation to today’s fractional system. The method used in this study is a time series analysis where data of Sweden’s household debt, savings, money supply; M1 and M3, GDP, assets, currency reserves, gold reserves and interest rates has been collected for the years 2005-2013. These are further examined in three different equations. The data for all the variables was collected from SCB, IMF, Ekonomifakta and the World Data Bank. The first theory that is used in this study is Wicksell’s cumulative process which will explain how the money supply M3 affects household debt in today's fractional reserve system. The second theory is the Austrian Business Cycle Theory which will examine the money supply M1 effect on household debt through full reserves by convertibility control. The third theory is the Friedman rule, where the effect of household debt by money supply M1 will be examined. This rule explains how the Chicago Plan is affecting household debt through a full reserve system by quantity control. In the both systems, fractional reserves and full reserves, the debt will increase in this study. The result shows that with full reserves, the household debt would be backed by savings in comparison to fractional reserves, where household debt would be backed by credit money. Therefore, full reserves would contribute to a healthier economy in contrast to today’s fractional system. Since it would involve a large cost for Sweden to transcend to an Austrian system through convertibility, where price inertia would occur as well, the conclusion of this study is that the Chicago Plan, based on the quantity principle, is to prefer. / Största delen av hushållens skuldsättning består idag av kreditpengar, och detta generella fenomen finns inte bara i Sverige. Pengarna i ekonomin är för det mesta skapade av affärsbankerna, så mycket som 97 procent i USA, medan centralbanken endast skapar en liten del av dessa pengar. Detta är anledningen till de höga hushållsskulderna. Under den här perioden av hög skuldsättning i Sverige så har även hushållens konsumtion ökat i förhållande till tidigare år. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra hur penningmängden i två olika hundraprocentiga reservsystem, den österrikiska konjunkturcykeln, genom konvertibilitet, och Chicago planen, genom kvantitetskontroll, skulle reducera hushållens skulder i relation till dagens bråkdelsreservsystem. Metoden som används i denna studie är en tidsserieanalys där data från hushållens skulder, sparande, penningmängd; M1 och M3, BNP, tillgångar, guldreserver, valutareserver och repo räntan har samlats in under åren 2005-2013. Dessa variabler är studerade i tre olika ekvationer och all data har samlats in från SCB; IMF, Ekonomifakta och the World Data Bank. Den första teorin som används är Wicksells kumulativa process som beskriver hur penningmängden M3 påverkar hushållens skulder i dagens bråkdelsreservsystem. Den andra teorin är den österrikiska konjunkturcykel teorin och kommer att undersöka penningmängden M1 effekt på hushållens skulder med ett hundraprocentigt reservsystem med konvertibilitetskontroll. Den tredje teorin är Friedmans regel, där effekten på hushållens skulder kommer att bli undersökt med hjälp av penningmängden M1. Denna regel förklarar hur Chicagoplanen påverkar hushållens skulder via ett hundraprocentigt reservsystem med kvantitetskontroll. Hushållens skuldsättning ökade i samtliga regressioner och resultaten visar att med hundraprocentiga reserver så skulle hushållens skulder vara backade med sparande, jämfört med bråkdelsreserver, där hushållens skulder skulle vara backade med krediter. Därför skulle hundraprocentiga reserver bidra till en mer välmående ekonomi. Eftersom det skulle tillkomma höga kostnader att övergå till ett österrikiskt system med konvertibilitet, så är slutsatsen av denna studie att istället implementera Chicagoplanen baserad på kvantitetsprincipen.