Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier certaines représentations – écrites et imagées – des exécutions capitales en France, dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et les premières décennies du XVIIe siècle. Ces exécutions sont nombreuses à une époque marquée par d’importants troubles politiques et religieux. Elles ont lieu en place publique, se veulent édifiantes et exemplaires pour les spectateurs, et affirment l’autorité du souverain, qui restaure l’ordre dans le royaume.Cette étude s’organise autour des trois figures fondamentales de la punition : le roi, le peuple et le condamné. La punition entretient toujours un lien très étroit avec l’autorité qui châtie. Nous verrons que les réflexions de Foucault autour du supplice se vérifient dans certaines sources, mais que les écrits et les images ne font pas obligatoirement de ce spectacle une affirmation de l’autorité royale, ni de la justice divine, parfois problématiques. Dans les sources écrites, les spectateurs réagissent souvent à l’exécution capitale et il arrive que les auteurs expliquent les violences populaires dans un cadre extra-judiciaire, comme une tentative de rétablir l'ordre et la justice. Le condamné, lui, est à la fois « acteur » du supplice à travers son comportement sur l’échafaud et « victime ». Ce travail, qui envisage des contextes politiques et religieux différents et compare des sources très diverses, entend montrer que la littérature et l’iconographie construisent une image complexe du spectacle de l’exécution capitale, en particulier à travers les motifs de l’ordre et du désordre qui les traversent. / Our thesis focuses on the representations – textual as well as illustrated – of capital punishments in France, during the second half of the 16th century and the first decades of the 17th century. This period, marked by significant political and religious troubles, saw a large number of public executions, aimed to be edifying and admonitory examples for the audience and to assert the sovereign’s authority to restore order in the realm. This study is centered around the three crucial characters of the punishment: the king, the public and the convicted person. The punishment is always closely linked to the authority which chastises. We’ll see that Foucault’s thoughts about capital punishment are relevant for some sources, but that the writings and the images do not necessarily present this spectacle as an assertion of royal authority, nor of divine justice, sometimes problematical. In the written sources, the audience often react to the execution and authors also attempt to re-establish justice and order during the descriptions of violent popular actions. As for the convicted, they are both “actors” of the executions, through their behaviour on the scaffold, and “victims”. Some traits appear in the convicted’s representations, considering their sex, their age, the religious beliefs of the authors and the different types of texts and images where the convicted are depicted. This study, which considers different political and religious situations and compares very diverse sources, aims to show that literature and images give a complex image of capital punishments’ spectacle, especially through the motifs of order and disorder.

The diploma thesis is focused on research of motivational factors for convicted men in execution of the sentence that leads to change of their dissocial lifestyle. Theoretical part describes in general how motivation processes work. It presents the execution of sentence and its social specifics. It describes the professional treatment of convicted persons and explains the differentiation of convicted persons. Further it describes informal relations between the convicted and their influence on their subsequent life. Empiric part uses semi-structured conversation focused on motivational factors leading the convicted persons to change their dissocial lifestyle. It examines whether they even want to change their way of life. In this context it examines the importance of professional treatment and the function of family as one of the motivating factors.

This paper deals with Christian spiritual ministry offered to accused and convicted prisoners in the prisons in the Czech Republic. First the paper treats the up to date penology trends and penitentiary systems in the Euro American realm and the system in the Czech Republic in detail. The second part is focused on the non-governmental organisation Vězeňská duchovenská péče (Penitentiary spiritual solicitude), the prison chaplains, ecumenicity and relations between the prison staff and the clergymen. The following chapter is based on interviews with experienced prison chaplains, their opinions concerning the contemporary conditions in prisons and services offered to the prisoners. It is obvious, that the clergyman cannot be substituted in his task by any other professional among the prison staff. A clergyman is often the last one who can see any hope in cases where the other specialists have already given up. He can work with the accepting of guilt and searching for values very well. The future of the ministerial services in the prisons in the Czech Republic depends on the active and supportive cooperation with the Penitentiary Service of the Czech Republic and ecumenical openness.