We have carried out detailed thermometric and cooling history studies of several LL-, L- and H-chondrites of petrologic types 5 and 6. Among the selected samples, the low-temperature cooling of St. Severin (LL6) has been constrained in an earlier study by thermochronological data to an average rate of similar to 2.6 degrees C/My below 500 degrees C. However, numerical simulations of the development of Fe-Mg profiles in Opx-Cpx pairs using this cooling rate grossly misfit the measured compositional profiles. Satisfactory simulation of the latter and low temperature thermochronological constraints requires a two-stage cooling model with a cooling rate of similar to 50-200 degrees C/ky from the peak metamorphic temperature of similar to 875 degrees C down to 450 degrees C, and then transitioning to very slow cooling with an average rate of similar to 2.6 degrees C/My. Similar rapid high temperature cooling rates (200-600 degrees C/ky) are also required to successfully model the compositional profiles in the Opx-Cpx pairs in the other samples of L5, L6 chondrites. For the H-chondrite samples, the low temperature cooling rates were determined earlier to be 10-20 degrees C/My by metallographic method. As in St. Severin, these cooling rates grossly misfit the compositional profiles in the Opx-Cpx pairs. Modeling of these profiles requires very rapid cooling, similar to 200-400 degrees C/ky, from the peak temperatures (similar to 810-830 degrees C), transitioning to the metallographic rates at similar to 450-500 degrees C. We interpret the rapid high temperature cooling rates to the exposure of the samples to surface or near surface conditions as a result of fragmentation of the parent body by asteroidal impacts. Using the thermochronological data, the timing of the presumed impact is constrained to be similar to 4555-4560 My before present for St. Severin. We also deduced similar two stage cooling models in earlier studies of H-chondrites and mesosiderites that could be explained, using the available geochronological data, by impact induced fragmentation at around the same time. Diffusion kinetic analysis shows that if a lower petrological type got transformed by the thermal effect of shock impacts to reflect higher metamorphic temperature, as has been suggested as a possibility, then the peak temperatures would have had to be sustained for at least 10 ky and 80 ky, respectively, for transformation to the petrologic types 6 and 4. Finally, we present a model that reconciles textural data supporting an onion-shell parent body of H-chondrites with rapid cooling rate at high temperature caused by impact induced disturbance, and also discuss alternatives to the onion shell parent body model. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A 6061 aluminum probe was quenched with the CHTE probe-quenching system in distilled water while varying bath temperature and the level of agitation. Time vs. temperature data was collected during the quench by use of an ungrounded K-type thermocouple embedded inside the probe. Cooling rates and heat transfer coefficients, h, were calculated and Quench Factor Analysis (QFA) was also performed to quantitatively classify the quench severity. The data showed an increase in both maximum cooling rate and heat transfer coefficient and a decrease in the Quench Factor, Q, as bath temperature decreased and agitation level increased. Maximum heat transfer coefficient values ranged from 1000 W/m2K to 3900 W/m2K while maximum cooling rates of 50¡ÃƒÂ£C/s to 190¡ÃƒÂ£C/s were achieved. In addition, it was found that at higher levels of agitation, there was also an increase in the variation (i.e. standard deviation) of the cooling rate and therefore h and Q.

A inseminação artificial em caninos representa uma atividade importante no manejo reprodutivo desta espécie. O uso de sêmen resfriado, preservado por um determinado espaço de tempo, com a conservação da viabilidade espermática torna-se indispensável. Para a preservação a 4ºC torna-se necessário o conhecimento de curvas de resfriamento mais adequadas para um determinado diluente a ser utilizado. No presente experimento foram utilizados 11 cães adultos, dos quais foram colhidos 5 ejaculados de cada e que após exame imediato avaliando aspecto, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração, HOST (teste hiposmótico), IME (integridade de membrana) e formas patológicas, foram submetidos a diluição com tris-gema. Após a diluição os ejaculados foram novamente avaliados quanto à motilidade, vigor, HOST e IME. Foram iniciados dois procedimentos de refrigeração dos ejaculados fracionados, um a uma velocidade de -0,1ºC/minuto e outro a -0,3ºC/minuto. Vinte quatro e quarenta e oito horas após foram avaliados motilidade e vigor nas duas amostras. Os exames de HOST e IME foram realizados após quarenta e oito horas de resfriamento. Diferenças quanto à qualidade do sêmen dos diferentes cães foram encontradas. Quanto as diferentes velocidade de resfriamento não foram observadas diferenças. Foram constatadas diferenças na qualidade do sêmen recém diluído e após o resfriamento, porém a qualidade do sêmen se manteve inalterada entre vinte e quatro e quarenta e oito horas após o resfriamento. / The artificial insemination in canines represents an important activity in reproductive management of this species. The use of chilled semen, preserved for a determined amount of time, with conserved spermatic viability has become a necessity. For the preservation at 4o C it has become necessary to know the most adequate chilling curve for the chosen extender. In this experiment, 11 adult dogs were used, who each contributed 5 ejaculates which were immediately examined for volume, motility, vigor, concentration, HOST (hyposmotic test), IME (membrane integrity) and pathological forms, and then diluted with tris-egg yolk. The ejaculates were mixed with extender then evaluated for motility, vigor, HOST and IME. Two cooling procedures were started on the fractionate ejaculates, one at a velocity of -0.1oC per minute and the other at -0.3oC per minute. Twenty-four and fortyeight hours later the two samples were evaluated for motility and vigor. The HOST and IME exams were performed forty-eight hours after chilling. Differences in semen quality were found between the different dogs. There were no differences with the two cooling rates. Differences were found in semen quality right after dilution and after the colling process; however semen quality shows no difference between twenty-four and forty-eight hours after chilling.

The heat capacity and the enthalpy of crystallization of the crystalline phases at the end of cooling must be known in order to determine the excess energy of mixing two pure triglycerides, trilaurin and trimyristin, cooled at different cooling rates. The present investigation was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC, Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry, MDSC®, and Thermal Relaxation (in a Physical Properties Measurement System, PPMS). It was found that enthalpy of crystallization values can be measured to within ? 2% (SE) with DSC Q100 TA Instruments. To achieve this, an experimental procedure and a data analysis method are proposed. It was not possible in this study to obtain accurate and reproducible heat capacity values using a DSC Q100 instrument. The values were shown to be significantly by the position of the sample pan in the measuring sensor. PPMS Cp values were within the literature values.

This thesis examined the effect of differences in body surface area-to-lean body mass ratio (AD/LBM) on core temperature cooling rates during cold water immersion (2°C, CWI) and temperate water immersion (26°C, TWI) following exercise-induced hyperthermia (end-exercise rectal temperature of 40°C). Individuals with a High AD/LBM (315 cm2/kg) had a ~1.7-fold greater overall rectal cooling rate relative to those with Low AD/LBM (275 cm2/kg) during both CWI and TWI. Further, overall rectal cooling rates during CWI were ~2.7-fold greater than during TWI for both the High and Low AD/LBM groups. Study findings show that AD/LBM must be considered when determining the duration of the immersion period. However, CWI provides the most effective cooling treatment for EHS patients irrespective of physical differences between individuals.

A inseminação artificial em caninos representa uma atividade importante no manejo reprodutivo desta espécie. O uso de sêmen resfriado, preservado por um determinado espaço de tempo, com a conservação da viabilidade espermática torna-se indispensável. Para a preservação a 4ºC torna-se necessário o conhecimento de curvas de resfriamento mais adequadas para um determinado diluente a ser utilizado. No presente experimento foram utilizados 11 cães adultos, dos quais foram colhidos 5 ejaculados de cada e que após exame imediato avaliando aspecto, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração, HOST (teste hiposmótico), IME (integridade de membrana) e formas patológicas, foram submetidos a diluição com tris-gema. Após a diluição os ejaculados foram novamente avaliados quanto à motilidade, vigor, HOST e IME. Foram iniciados dois procedimentos de refrigeração dos ejaculados fracionados, um a uma velocidade de -0,1ºC/minuto e outro a -0,3ºC/minuto. Vinte quatro e quarenta e oito horas após foram avaliados motilidade e vigor nas duas amostras. Os exames de HOST e IME foram realizados após quarenta e oito horas de resfriamento. Diferenças quanto à qualidade do sêmen dos diferentes cães foram encontradas. Quanto as diferentes velocidade de resfriamento não foram observadas diferenças. Foram constatadas diferenças na qualidade do sêmen recém diluído e após o resfriamento, porém a qualidade do sêmen se manteve inalterada entre vinte e quatro e quarenta e oito horas após o resfriamento. / The artificial insemination in canines represents an important activity in reproductive management of this species. The use of chilled semen, preserved for a determined amount of time, with conserved spermatic viability has become a necessity. For the preservation at 4o C it has become necessary to know the most adequate chilling curve for the chosen extender. In this experiment, 11 adult dogs were used, who each contributed 5 ejaculates which were immediately examined for volume, motility, vigor, concentration, HOST (hyposmotic test), IME (membrane integrity) and pathological forms, and then diluted with tris-egg yolk. The ejaculates were mixed with extender then evaluated for motility, vigor, HOST and IME. Two cooling procedures were started on the fractionate ejaculates, one at a velocity of -0.1oC per minute and the other at -0.3oC per minute. Twenty-four and fortyeight hours later the two samples were evaluated for motility and vigor. The HOST and IME exams were performed forty-eight hours after chilling. Differences in semen quality were found between the different dogs. There were no differences with the two cooling rates. Differences were found in semen quality right after dilution and after the colling process; however semen quality shows no difference between twenty-four and forty-eight hours after chilling.

O presente trabalho visa estudar a influência da taxa de resfriamento sobre um aço API 5L-X80, extraído de uma seção circular de duto, soldado com o processo MAG automatizado e com dois arames, um maciço e um arame tubular de alma metálica. Para a obtenção de diversas taxas de resfriamento, cinco distintos pré-aquecimentos foram utilizados. Preliminarmente foram realizadas soldas de simples deposição de metal sobre uma seção do duto, com o objetivo de estudar as transformações metalúrgicas na Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC) e no metal de solda. A seguir foram soldados, com cinco diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento e de interpasse, chanfros duplo V com nariz. As soldagens de simples deposição de metal foram analisadas com o uso de Microscópio de Luz, Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura e Dureza. Sobre os chanfros soldados, as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas foram avaliadas com os ensaios de Tração, Dobramento, Impacto (Charpy-V) e Dureza (Vickers). Os resultados dos testes mecânicos foram superiores aos mínimos definidos por norma, com resultados muito interessantes. Houve uma boa correlação entre os testes de dureza, tração e ensaio de impacto. Os ensaios mecânicos em conjunto com as análises metalúrgicas demonstraram que o efeito combinado do tempo e temperatura, criaram grandes alterações nos resultados. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas soldadas foram superiores as mínimas exigidas pela norma API 5L. / This work aims to study the cooling rate effects on an API 5L-X80 steel (circular hollow section) welded with automatized GMAW and with two distinct wires one solid and one metal cored. In order to obtain different cooling rates, five distinct pre-heatings were utilized. At first, beads on plate welds were made, on a section of the pipeline, as a preliminary study of the metallurgical alterations in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and in the weld metal. Also, five double V grooves were welded, using different preheating and interpass temperatures. On the beads on plate welds were evaluated metallurgical and metallurgical properties through Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and hardness. On the welded grooves, the mechanical properties were evaluated through Tensile, Bending, Impact (Charpy-V) and Hardness (Vickers) tests. The results of mechanical tests were above the minimum defined by standard, with very interesting results. There was a good correlation between the hardness testing, tensile and impact testing. The mechanical tests together with metallurgical analysis showed that the combined effect of time and temperature, created huge changes in the results. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were higher than the minimum required by the standard API 5L.

A inseminação artificial em caninos representa uma atividade importante no manejo reprodutivo desta espécie. O uso de sêmen resfriado, preservado por um determinado espaço de tempo, com a conservação da viabilidade espermática torna-se indispensável. Para a preservação a 4ºC torna-se necessário o conhecimento de curvas de resfriamento mais adequadas para um determinado diluente a ser utilizado. No presente experimento foram utilizados 11 cães adultos, dos quais foram colhidos 5 ejaculados de cada e que após exame imediato avaliando aspecto, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração, HOST (teste hiposmótico), IME (integridade de membrana) e formas patológicas, foram submetidos a diluição com tris-gema. Após a diluição os ejaculados foram novamente avaliados quanto à motilidade, vigor, HOST e IME. Foram iniciados dois procedimentos de refrigeração dos ejaculados fracionados, um a uma velocidade de -0,1ºC/minuto e outro a -0,3ºC/minuto. Vinte quatro e quarenta e oito horas após foram avaliados motilidade e vigor nas duas amostras. Os exames de HOST e IME foram realizados após quarenta e oito horas de resfriamento. Diferenças quanto à qualidade do sêmen dos diferentes cães foram encontradas. Quanto as diferentes velocidade de resfriamento não foram observadas diferenças. Foram constatadas diferenças na qualidade do sêmen recém diluído e após o resfriamento, porém a qualidade do sêmen se manteve inalterada entre vinte e quatro e quarenta e oito horas após o resfriamento. / The artificial insemination in canines represents an important activity in reproductive management of this species. The use of chilled semen, preserved for a determined amount of time, with conserved spermatic viability has become a necessity. For the preservation at 4o C it has become necessary to know the most adequate chilling curve for the chosen extender. In this experiment, 11 adult dogs were used, who each contributed 5 ejaculates which were immediately examined for volume, motility, vigor, concentration, HOST (hyposmotic test), IME (membrane integrity) and pathological forms, and then diluted with tris-egg yolk. The ejaculates were mixed with extender then evaluated for motility, vigor, HOST and IME. Two cooling procedures were started on the fractionate ejaculates, one at a velocity of -0.1oC per minute and the other at -0.3oC per minute. Twenty-four and fortyeight hours later the two samples were evaluated for motility and vigor. The HOST and IME exams were performed forty-eight hours after chilling. Differences in semen quality were found between the different dogs. There were no differences with the two cooling rates. Differences were found in semen quality right after dilution and after the colling process; however semen quality shows no difference between twenty-four and forty-eight hours after chilling.

O presente trabalho visa estudar a influência da taxa de resfriamento sobre um aço API 5L-X80, extraído de uma seção circular de duto, soldado com o processo MAG automatizado e com dois arames, um maciço e um arame tubular de alma metálica. Para a obtenção de diversas taxas de resfriamento, cinco distintos pré-aquecimentos foram utilizados. Preliminarmente foram realizadas soldas de simples deposição de metal sobre uma seção do duto, com o objetivo de estudar as transformações metalúrgicas na Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC) e no metal de solda. A seguir foram soldados, com cinco diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento e de interpasse, chanfros duplo V com nariz. As soldagens de simples deposição de metal foram analisadas com o uso de Microscópio de Luz, Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura e Dureza. Sobre os chanfros soldados, as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas foram avaliadas com os ensaios de Tração, Dobramento, Impacto (Charpy-V) e Dureza (Vickers). Os resultados dos testes mecânicos foram superiores aos mínimos definidos por norma, com resultados muito interessantes. Houve uma boa correlação entre os testes de dureza, tração e ensaio de impacto. Os ensaios mecânicos em conjunto com as análises metalúrgicas demonstraram que o efeito combinado do tempo e temperatura, criaram grandes alterações nos resultados. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas soldadas foram superiores as mínimas exigidas pela norma API 5L. / This work aims to study the cooling rate effects on an API 5L-X80 steel (circular hollow section) welded with automatized GMAW and with two distinct wires one solid and one metal cored. In order to obtain different cooling rates, five distinct pre-heatings were utilized. At first, beads on plate welds were made, on a section of the pipeline, as a preliminary study of the metallurgical alterations in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and in the weld metal. Also, five double V grooves were welded, using different preheating and interpass temperatures. On the beads on plate welds were evaluated metallurgical and metallurgical properties through Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and hardness. On the welded grooves, the mechanical properties were evaluated through Tensile, Bending, Impact (Charpy-V) and Hardness (Vickers) tests. The results of mechanical tests were above the minimum defined by standard, with very interesting results. There was a good correlation between the hardness testing, tensile and impact testing. The mechanical tests together with metallurgical analysis showed that the combined effect of time and temperature, created huge changes in the results. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were higher than the minimum required by the standard API 5L.

O presente trabalho visa estudar a influência da taxa de resfriamento sobre um aço API 5L-X80, extraído de uma seção circular de duto, soldado com o processo MAG automatizado e com dois arames, um maciço e um arame tubular de alma metálica. Para a obtenção de diversas taxas de resfriamento, cinco distintos pré-aquecimentos foram utilizados. Preliminarmente foram realizadas soldas de simples deposição de metal sobre uma seção do duto, com o objetivo de estudar as transformações metalúrgicas na Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC) e no metal de solda. A seguir foram soldados, com cinco diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento e de interpasse, chanfros duplo V com nariz. As soldagens de simples deposição de metal foram analisadas com o uso de Microscópio de Luz, Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura e Dureza. Sobre os chanfros soldados, as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas foram avaliadas com os ensaios de Tração, Dobramento, Impacto (Charpy-V) e Dureza (Vickers). Os resultados dos testes mecânicos foram superiores aos mínimos definidos por norma, com resultados muito interessantes. Houve uma boa correlação entre os testes de dureza, tração e ensaio de impacto. Os ensaios mecânicos em conjunto com as análises metalúrgicas demonstraram que o efeito combinado do tempo e temperatura, criaram grandes alterações nos resultados. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas soldadas foram superiores as mínimas exigidas pela norma API 5L. / This work aims to study the cooling rate effects on an API 5L-X80 steel (circular hollow section) welded with automatized GMAW and with two distinct wires one solid and one metal cored. In order to obtain different cooling rates, five distinct pre-heatings were utilized. At first, beads on plate welds were made, on a section of the pipeline, as a preliminary study of the metallurgical alterations in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and in the weld metal. Also, five double V grooves were welded, using different preheating and interpass temperatures. On the beads on plate welds were evaluated metallurgical and metallurgical properties through Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and hardness. On the welded grooves, the mechanical properties were evaluated through Tensile, Bending, Impact (Charpy-V) and Hardness (Vickers) tests. The results of mechanical tests were above the minimum defined by standard, with very interesting results. There was a good correlation between the hardness testing, tensile and impact testing. The mechanical tests together with metallurgical analysis showed that the combined effect of time and temperature, created huge changes in the results. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were higher than the minimum required by the standard API 5L.