Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Brett D. DePaola / In many experiments involving a magneto-optical trap (MOT) it is of great importance to know the fraction of atoms left in an excited state due to the trapping process. Generally speaking, researchers have had to use overly simplistic and untested models to estimate this fraction. In this work, the excited fraction of 87Rb atoms in a MOT is measured using a model-free approach. A simple model is fit to the fractions which were obtained for a range of MOT parameters. Using the results of this work, the excited fraction of 87Rb atoms trapped in a MOT can be accurately estimated with knowledge of only the trapping laser intensity and detuning. The results are only weakly dependent on other MOT parameters.

Ce mémoire décrit la conception, la construction et la caractérisation d'un appareil capable de piéger et refroidir des atomes fermioniques de 6Li et 40K à des températures ultrabasses. L'étude des mélanges des gazes de Fermi dégénérés ouvre la porte vers la création des nouveaux systèmes quantiques à N corps. Nous présentons une nouvelle technique de refroidissement laser capable de refroidir simultanément 6Li et 40K à des températures sub-doppler basée sur un schéma de molasses grises fonctionnant sur la transition atomique D1. Cette stratégie améliore la densité dans le espace des phases des deux espèces atomiques à 104, la valeur la plus élevée rapportée dans la littérature pour le refroidissement laser du 6Li et du40K. L'optimisation d'un dispositif capable de transporter un nuage atomique piégé magnétiquement de l'enceinte MOT à une cellule de science est décrite. Dans cette cellule on effectue du refroidissement évaporatif d'abord dans un piège magnétique quadripolaire dont le zéro du champ est interdit par un potentiel répulsif et après dans un piège optique dipolaire. Nous rapportons la production d'un gaz quantique de Fermi dégénéré de 1.1x106 atomes de 40K dans un piège dipolaire croisé avec T/TF = 0.27,ouvrant la voie à la création des superfluides de 40K en interactions fortes. / This thesis describes the design, construction and characterization of an apparat us capable of trapping and cooling fermionic atoms of 6Li and 40K to ultracold temperatures.The study of mixtures of degenerate Fermi gases opens the door for the creation of new many-body quantum systems.We present a novel laser cooling technique able to simultaneously cool 6Li and 40K to the sub-Doppler regime based on the gray molasses scheme operating on the D1 atomic transition. This strategy enhances the phase space density of both atomic species to 104, the highest value reported in the literature for laser cooled 6Li and 40K. The optimization of a device able to transport a magnetically trapped atomic cloud from the MOT chamber to a science cell is described. In this cell evaporative cooling is performed first in a plugged magnetic quadrupole trap and then in an optical dipoletrap. We report the production of a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of 1.1x106 atoms40K in a crossed dipole trap with T/TF = 0.27, paving the way for the creation of strongly interacting superfluids of 40K.

Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de todo o aparato experimental para a realização de aprisionamento de césio através de uma armadilha magneto-óptica. As fontes de luz neste processo foram os lasers de diodo e todo seu sistema para operação, estabilização e redução da largura de linha foi construído. As medidas das constantes de mola e amortecimento foram realizadas como função dos parâmetros característicos das armadilhas de césio e de sódio. Também realizamos outros experimentos com átomos aprisionados de sódio na presença de duas freqüências, linha D1 e D2. A primeira medida constitui na obtenção da taxa de colisões entre átomos aprisionados na linha D1 e depois foi realizado observações de uma nova estrutura operando neste regime. / This thesis describes the development of a complete experimental setup for trapping cesium by a magneto-optical trap (MOT). In this work we have employed diode lasers as light sources and built the entire system for their operation, stabilization and linewidth reduction. We have measured the MOT spring and damping constants as functions of the characteristic parameters of the cesium and sodium traps. We have also carried out two other experiments on trapped sodium atoms operating in the simultaneous presence of the D1 and D2 line frequencies. The first experiment has established the collision rate of trapped atoms in the D1 line MOT and the second has allowed us to observe a new structure operating in this two-frequency regime.

Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de todo o aparato experimental para a realização de aprisionamento de césio através de uma armadilha magneto-óptica. As fontes de luz neste processo foram os lasers de diodo e todo seu sistema para operação, estabilização e redução da largura de linha foi construído. As medidas das constantes de mola e amortecimento foram realizadas como função dos parâmetros característicos das armadilhas de césio e de sódio. Também realizamos outros experimentos com átomos aprisionados de sódio na presença de duas freqüências, linha D1 e D2. A primeira medida constitui na obtenção da taxa de colisões entre átomos aprisionados na linha D1 e depois foi realizado observações de uma nova estrutura operando neste regime. / This thesis describes the development of a complete experimental setup for trapping cesium by a magneto-optical trap (MOT). In this work we have employed diode lasers as light sources and built the entire system for their operation, stabilization and linewidth reduction. We have measured the MOT spring and damping constants as functions of the characteristic parameters of the cesium and sodium traps. We have also carried out two other experiments on trapped sodium atoms operating in the simultaneous presence of the D1 and D2 line frequencies. The first experiment has established the collision rate of trapped atoms in the D1 line MOT and the second has allowed us to observe a new structure operating in this two-frequency regime.

Cette thèse de doctorat a été réalisée au sein du III-VLab, en partenariat avec l’Institut d’Electronique du Sud (IES). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse vise d’une part à l’optimisation des performances des diodes laser DFB émettant à 780 nm et le développement d’une source plus compacte (MOPA) à 780nm, intégrant de façon monolithique l’oscillateur maître (laser à rétro-action répartie ou DFB) et l’amplificateur de puissance, et d’autre part, à appréhender les phénomènes de bruit, permettant d’évaluer la qualité technologique des lasers. Les développements autour de la longueur d’onde 780 nm, se sont organisés en plusieurs thématiques : les lasers Fabry-Perot et DFB, les amplificateurs (SOA), les MOPA et l’étude du bruit des lasers. Nous avons étudié des structures de différentes épaisseurs de puits quantiques (160Å, 135 Å et 145 Å). La comparaison des performances globales des différentes structures de lasers larges, loin d’être évidente, nous a permis de choisir celle intégrant un puits quantique de 160 Å, pour la réalisation des lasers Fabry-Perot à ruban étroit (3µm à 4µm). Nous avons obtenu sur des lasers larges, de 3 mm de long, bruts de clivage, une puissance d’environ 5 watts par face pour un courant d’injection continu autour de 10 A. Les simulations et caractérisations électro-optiques menées sur des lasers ridge Fabry-Perot, ont servi à affiner le dessin des DFB à 780 nm, par rapport aux briques de base existantes du III-V Lab, et à proposer des structures à cavités optiques larges et super-large (LOC et SLOC) optimisées, en termes de puissance, qualités de faisceau et spectrale.Les mesures de bruits, appuyées d’un modèle de bruit électrique, ont permis d’extraire une valeur du paramètre de Hooge de 2,1.10^-3 pour les lasers ridge, en accord avec la littérature, et qui correspond à une bonne qualité de matériau et technologique des lasers. Différents types d’amplificateurs optiques évasés ont été dessinés, réalisés et caractérisés. Les caractérisations des diverses géométries de SOA, ont donné dans l’ensemble, des valeurs de gain comprises entre 19dB et 25dB. Nous avons obtenu respectivement pour les structures d’amplificateurs à guidages entièrement par l’indice (GI), entièrement par le gain (GG) et mixte (GM), des puissances de 500mW, 750mW et 1W. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus avec ces structures sont prometteurs pour l’intégration monolithique avec le DFB. En ce qui concerne le MOPA, trois approches ont été étudiées: MOPA droit, DFB et amplificateur tiltés de 7° (par rapport à la normale aux faces clivées), et la plus prometteuse mais plus complexe, intégrant le DFB droit et l’amplificateur tilté de 7°, avec une section courbe entre les deux. La prise en compte de l’ensemble des résultats lasers Fabry-Perot, DFB et des résultats d’amplificateurs, nous ont permis de proposer des dessins MOPA originaux. Le dessin du masque réalisé, intègre toutes ces configurations de MOPA, et en plus, des SOA et DFB, qui seront utilisés comme témoins de test lors des caractérisations. / This thesis has been realized in III-VLab in collaboration with the South Electronic Institute in Montpellier. The aim of this work focuses in one hand, on the performance improvement of DFB's diode lasers emitting at 780 nm, and the advanced design of a compact semiconductor laser diode (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier), integrating monolithically the master oscillator (DFB for Distributed Feedback laser); in the other hand, using the noise phenomenon’s studies as a tool, for validating of our laser technologies. The Developments round the 780 nm wavelength, have been divided into different thematic: Fabry-Perot and DFB, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA), MOPA, and the lasers noise’s study. We have studied structures with different quantum well thickness (160Å, 135 Å and 145 Å). The comparison of global performances of broad area lasers from these different structures, far to being obvious, allowed us to choose the one that integrates the 160-Å-thickness of quantum-well, for the realization of ridge Fabry-Perot lasers of 3 to 4-µm-of width. We obtained with broad area lasers, as cleaved, with 3-mm cavity lengths, an output power around 5 watts per facet, in continuous bias current around 10 AModellings and electro-optics characterizations performed on ridge Fabry-Perot lasers, allowed to refine DFB lasers at 780 nm, in comparison of the existing building blocks in the lab; we proposed new optimized structures with Large and Super Large Optical Cavities(LOC and SLOC), in terms of optical output power, beam and spectral qualities.The noise measurements with electrical noise modelling, allowed us to extract a value of Hooge’s parameter of 2,1.10^-3, quite in agreement with literature for such lasers, which corresponds to a good material quality and laser technology.Different types of flared SOA have been designed, realized and characterized. The characterizations of various SOA geometries, have given in general, values of gain between 19 dB to 25 dB. With SOAs of types: fully Index Guiding (IG), fully Gain Guiding (GG) and Mixed Guiding (MG), we have respectively obtained 500 mW, 750 mW and 1 W. All the results obtained with these structures are promising for monolithic integration with DFB. Regarding the MOPA, three approaches have been studied. The straight MOPA, the approach of SOA and DFB with 7° tilt(relative to the normal to cleaved facets), and the most complex, but promising approach, integrating the SOA with 7° tilt, and straight DFB, with a bend section between them. By taking into account all the results obtained on Fabry-Perot lasers, DFB, and SOA results, we were able to propose original MOPA designs. The layout drawing has been realized, all the MOPA configurations and additional, DFB and SOA devices, have been included on it. They will be used as test structures for characterizations.