In this thesis, we present research on synthesizing autonomous driving with shared autonomy using Unity Engine. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is considered as level 1 autonomous vehicle, which has been studied by academia and commercialized by industry. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system is an expansion of ACC, in which communication is set up between members to share driving information. Shared autonomy is a subject about human-computer interactivities. In our research, we developed a highly customizable 3D environment. We can simulate various driving scenarios and analyze the performance of different driving methods from human driving to CACC. The result of simulation proves the safety and efficiency of CACC, and the project also provides a potential of assisting the improvement of autonomous vehicles.

Safety concerns have been keeping autonomous vehicles off the roads for decades, although the main drivers for introducing some autonomy are to increase safety, reduce congestion, and greenhouse gas emissions. Safety is a vast topic that includes the safety of the system alone, known as string stability, and the safety of the system on public roads. This thesis provides experimental validation of the string stability of the Assume-Guarantee approach. This approach suggests that each agent models the interactions with neighbors as bounded disturbances while simultaneously self-imposing symmetric magnitude bounds. Two main controllers were tested in an indoor lab set-up: decentralized platooning and decentralized cooperative adaptive cruise controllers. First, we tested three versions of the platooning controller whose objective is to maintain a constant spacing. They differ in the assumptions and guarantees. We observed a robust performance with relaxed bounds and some violations as the bounds become tighter and tighter. Second, we modified and transformed the platoon model into cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC). Unlike the platoon controller, the cooperative adaptive cruise controller keeps the time gap constant. Two experiments were conducted at different velocities to evaluate the limitation of the controller. The results show a stable and smooth performance.

Traffic signals typically produce vehicle stops and thus increase vehicle fuel consumption levels. Vehicle stops produced by traffic signals, decrease vehicle fuel economy on arterial roads making it significantly lower than that on freeways. Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (Eco-CACC) systems can improve vehicle fuel efficiency by receiving Signal Phasing and Timing (SPaT) data form downstream signalized intersections via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The algorithm that was developed in an earlier study provides advisory speed recommendations to drivers to reduce vehicle fuel consumption levels in the vicinity of traffic signalized intersections. The research presented in this thesis enhances the algorithm by adding a queue length estimation component and incorporates the algorithm in the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software to test the system under varying conditions. The enhanced Eco-CACC algorithm is then tested in a simulation environment considering different levels of connected vehicle (CV) market penetration levels. The simulation analysis demonstrates that the algorithm is able to reduce the vehicle fuel consumption level by as high as 40%. Moreover, the overall benefits of the proposed algorithm is evaluated for different intersection configurations and CV market penetration rates (MPRs). The results demonstrate that for single lane approaches, the algorithm can reduce the overall fuel consumption levels and that higher MPRs result in larger savings. While for multilane approaches, lower MPRs produce negative impacts on fuel efficiency; only when MPRs are greater than 30%, can the algorithm work effectively in reducing fuel consumption levels. Subsequently a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that higher market penetration rates of Eco-CACC enabled vehicles can improve the environmental benefits of the algorithm, and the overall savings in fuel consumption are as high as 19% when all vehicles are equipped with the system. While, on multi-lane approaches, the algorithm has negative impacts on fuel consumption levels when the market penetration rate is lower than 30 percent. The analysis also indicates that the length of control segments, the SPaT plan, and the traffic demand levels affect the algorithm performance significantly. The study further demonstrates that the algorithm has negative impacts on fuel consumption levels when the network is over-saturated. / Master of Science

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Traffic signals are used at intersections to manage the flow of vehicles by allocating right-of-way in a timely manner for different users of the intersection. Traffic signals are therefore installed at an intersection to improve overall safety and to decrease vehicular average delay. However, the variation of driving speed in response to these signals causes an increase in fuel consumption and air emission levels. One solution to this problem is Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (Eco-CACC), which attempts to reduce vehicle fuel consumption and emission levels by optimizing driver behavior in the vicinity of a signalized intersection. Various Eco-CACC algorithms have been proposed by researchers to address this issue. With the help of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, algorithms are being developed that utilize signal phasing and timing (SPaT) data together with queue information to optimize vehicle trajectories in the vicinity of signalized intersections. The research presented in this thesis constitutes the third phase of a project that entailed developing and evaluating an Eco-CACC system. Its main objective is to evaluate the benefits of the newly developed Eco-CACC algorithm that was proposed by the Center for Sustainable Mobility at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. This algorithm uses advanced signal information (SPaT) to compute the fuel-optimal trajectory of vehicles, and, then, send recommended speeds to drivers as an audio message or implement them directly into the subject vehicle. The objective of this study is to quantitatively quantify the fuel-efficiency of the Eco-CACC system in a real field environment. In addition, another goal of this study is to address the implementation issues and challenges with the field application of the Eco-CACC system. A dataset of 2112 trips were collected as part of this research effort using a 2014 Cadillac SRX equipped with a vehicle onboard unit for (V2V) and (V2I) communication. A total of 32 participants between the ages of 18 and 30 were randomly selected from one age group (18-30) with an equal number of males and females. The controlled experiment was conducted on the Virginia Smart Road facility during daylight hours for dry pavement conditions. The controlled field experiment included four different scenarios: normal driving, driving with red indication countdown information provided to drivers, driving with recommended speed information computed by the Eco-CACC system and delivered to drivers, and finally automated driving (automated Eco-CACC system). The controlled field experiment was conducted for four values of red indication offsets along an uphill and downhill approach. The collected data were compared with regard to fuel economy and travel time over a fixed distance upstream and downstream of the intersection (820 ft (250 m) upstream of the intersection to 590 ft (180 m) downstream for a total length of 1410 ft (430 m)). The results demonstrate that the Eco-CACC system is very efficient in reducing fuel consumption levels especially when driving downhill. The field data indicates that the automated scenario could produce fuel and travel time savings of 31% and 9% on average, respectively. In addition, the study demonstrates that driving with a red indication countdown and recommended speed information can produce fuel savings ranging from 4 to 21 percent with decreases in travel times ranging between 1 and 10 percent depending on the value of red indication offset and the direction. Split-split-plot design was used to analyze the data and test significant differences between the four scenarios with regards to fuel consumption and travel time. The analysis shows that the differences between normal driving and driving with either the manual or automated Eco-CACC systems are statistically significant for all the red indication offset values. / Master of Science

With all the advancements in autonomous and connected cars, there is a developing body of research around the security and robustness of driving automation systems. Attacks and mitigations for said attacks have been explored, but almost always solely in software simulations. For this thesis, I led a team to build the foundation for an open source platoon of scale semi-autonomous vehicles. This work will enable future research into implementing theoretical attacks and mitigations. Our 1/10 scale car leverages an Nvidia Jetson, embedded microcontroller, and sensors. The Jetson manages the computer vision, networking, control logic, and overall system control; the embedded microcontroller directly controls the car. A lidar module is responsible for recording distance to the preceding car, and an inertial measurement unit records the velocity of the car itself. I wrote the software for the networking, interprocess, and serial communications, as well as the control logic and system control.

Cette thèse est consacrée à étudier les applications potentielles de véhicules autonomes et communications V2X pour construire les systèmes de transport intelligents. Premièrement, le comportement de caravane dans un environnement de véhicule connecté est étudié. Un algorithme de commande de caravane est conçu pour obtenir l'espacement sécuritaire ainsi que la conformité de la vitesse et de l'accélération. Deuxièmement, à plus grande échelle, les caravanes autour d'une intersection sont considérées. Le débit pendant une période de signal de trafic peut être amélioré en tirant profit de la capacité redondante de la route. Dans diverses contraintes, les véhicules peuvent choisir d'accélérer et rejoindre la caravane précédente ou à décélérer de déroger à l'actuel. Troisièmement, une intersection sans signalisation en VANET est considérée. Dans des conditions de faible trafic, les véhicules peuvent réguler leur vitesse avant d'arriver à l'intersection en fonction du temps d'occupation de la zone de conflit (TOZC) stocké au niveau du gestionnaire, afin qu'ils puissent traverser l'intersection sans collision ni arrêt. Le délai peut être réduit en conséquence. Enfin, un algorithme de gestion d'intersection autonome universelle, qui peut fonctionner même avec le trafic lourd, est développé. Le véhicule cherche à sécuriser les fenêtres entrant dans le TOZC. Ensuite, sur la base des fenêtres trouvées et le mouvement du véhicule qui précède, les trajectoires des véhicules peuvent être planifiées en utilisant une méthode de programmation dynamique segmentée. Tous les algorithmes conçus sont testés et vérifiés avec succès par des simulations dans scénarios différents / This thesis is devoted to study the potential applications of autonomous vehicles and V2X communications to construct the intelligent transportation systems. Firstly, the behavior of platoon in connected vehicle environment is studied. A platoon control algorithm is designed to obtain safe spacing as well as accordance of velocity and acceleration for vehicles in the same lane. Secondly, in larger scale, the platoons around an intersection are considered. The throughput in a traffic signal period can be improved by taking advantage of the redundant road capacity. Within diverse constraints, vehicles can choose to accelerate to join in the preceding platoon or to decelerate to depart from the current one. Thirdly, an unsignalized intersection in VANET is considered. In light traffic conditions, vehicles can regulate their velocities before arriving at the intersection according to the conflict zone occupancy time (CZOT) stored at the manager, so that they could get through the intersection without collision or stop. The delay can be reduced accordingly. Finally, an universal autonomous intersection management algorithm, which can work even with heavy traffic, is developed. The vehicle searches for safe entering windows in the CZOT. Then based on the found windows and the motion of preceding vehicle, the trajectories of vehicles can be planned using a segmented dynamic programming method. All the designed algorithms are successfully tested and verified by simulations in various scenarios

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse de performance de Régulateurs de Vitesse Adaptatifs Coopératifs(CACC) pour un train de véhicules intelligents afin de réduire la congestion du trafic et améliorer la sécurité routière.Premièrement, la politique d'espacement, à Intervalles Constants de Temps (CTH) est introduite. Basé sur cette politique d'espacement, un nouveau système décentralisé de Deux-Véhicules-Devant CACC (TVACACC) est proposé, dans lequel l'accélération souhaitée de deux véhicules précédents est prise en compte. Ensuite, la stabilité de la chaîne du système proposé est analysée théoriquement. Il est démontré que grâce à l'aide de la communication multiple entre véhicules, une meilleure stabilité de la chaîne est obtenue par rapport au système conventionnel. Un train de véhicules dans le scénario Stop-and-Go est simulé avec une communication parfaite puis dégradée. Le système proposé donne un comportement stable de la chaîne, correspondant à l'analyse théorique.Deuxièmement, une technique de dégradation pour CACC est présentée comme stratégie alternative lorsque la communication sans fil est partiellement ou complètement perdue. La stratégie proposée, appelée DTVACACC, utilise le filtre de Kalman pour estimer l'accélération actuelle du véhicule précédent qui remplace l'accélération souhaitée. Il est démontré que la performance pour le DTVACACC, peut être maintenue à un niveau beaucoup plus élevé.Enfin, une approche d’Apprentissage par Renforcement (RL) pour système CACC est proposée. L' algorithme politique- gradient est introduit pour réaliser le contrôle longitudinal . Ensuite, la simulation a montré que cette nouvelle approche de RL est efficace pour CACC / This PhD thesis is dedicated to the performance analysis of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system for intelligent vehicle platoon with the main aims of alleviating traffic congestion and improving traffic safety. At first, the Constant Time Headway (CTH) spacing policy for vehicle platoon is introduced. Based on this spacing policy, a novel decentralized Two-Vehicle-Ahead CACC (TVACACC) system is proposed, in which the desired acceleration of two front vehicles is taken into account. Then the string stability of the proposed system is theoretically analyzed. It is shown that by using the multiple wireless communication among vehicles, a better string stability is obtained compared to the conventional system. Vehicle platoon in Stop-and-Go scenario is simulated with both normal and degraded communication.Secondly, a graceful degradation technique for CACC was presented, as an alternative fallback strategy when wireless communication is lost or badly degraded. The proposed strategy, which is referred to DTVACACC, uses Kalman filter to estimate the preceding vehicle’s current acceleration as a replacement of the desired acceleration. It is shown that the performance is maintained at a much higher level.Finally, a Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach of CACC system is proposed. The policy-gradient algorithm is introduced to achieve the longitudinal control. Then simulation has shown that this new RL approach results in efficient performance for CACC.

Cette thèse est consacrée au domaine interdisciplinaire des Systèmes de Transport Intelligents et des technologies de Réalité Virtuelle. Elle se concentre sur l’amélioration des stratégies de commande des véhicules intelligents en tenant compte des impacts de l’environnement naturel ainsi que sur l’analyse de performance, la visualisation et la vérification de la validité des algorithmes de commande sur la plateforme de véhicules intelligents réalité virtuelle (IVVR).La plateforme IVVR comprend trois sous-systèmes : un sous-système de commande de véhicules intelligents, un sous-système de visualisation et un sous-système virtuel sans fil. Le synthétique environnement naturel a été modélisé et simulé pour la simulation et l’analyse de performance des stratégies de commande sous conditions environnementales complexes. Ensuite, les expérimentations concernant le trafic équipé du régulateur de vitesses adaptatives (ou coopérative) sont exécutés et ils montrent que les systèmes existants ont échoué à maintenir une espace inter-véhiculaire de sécurité lorsque les conditions d’environnement naturel sont défavorables. Dans ce cas, nous proposons un nouvel algorithme de commande appelé NECACC pour le contrôle longitudinal du véhicule en maintenant une espace inter-véhiculaire de sécurité et garantissant une capacité de circulation optimisée même dans des conditions environnementales complexes. Cet algorithme est ensuite simulé, vérifié et validé sur la plateforme IVVR. Enfin, les démonstrations de trafic virtuel effectuant des manœuvres communes de circulation contrôlés par les systèmes de commande intégrés proposées sont présentées sous diverse conditions environnementales / This thesis is dedicated to the interdisciplinary area of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Virtual Reality technologies. It focuses on the improvement of intelligent vehicles control strategies by considering the natural environment impacts as well as the visualization, the verification and performance analysis of proposed control algorithms on the proposed Intelligent Vehicles Virtual Reality (IVVR) platform.The IVVR platform includes three subsystems: Vehicle Intelligent Control Subsystem, Visualization Subsystem and Virtual Wireless Subsystem. For realizing the control strategy simulation and performance analysis under complex natural environment conditions, Synthetic Natural Environment has been modeled and simulated in this IVVR platform. Therefore, experiments of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) or Cooperative ACC system equipped traffic are executed and show that normal ACC/CACC system fails to keep a safe inter-vehicle space when the natural environment condition is variable or adverse especially in stiff conditions. For solving this problem, we propose a new control algorithm called NECACC (Natural Environment based CACC) for longitudinal vehicle control in maintaining a safe inter-vehicle distance as well as guaranteeing an appropriate traffic capacity even under complex environmental conditions. This algorithm is then simulated and verified in IVVR platform as a “proof of concept”. Finally, some virtual traffic demonstrations performing common traffic maneuvers are presented in IVVR platform under various environmental conditions. The vehicle platoon is controlled by proposed integrated control system and the safety can be ensured all the time

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a hot topic in the intelligent transport system (ITS) area. The introduction of wireless communications between vehicles will enable many useful applications to enhance road traffic safety as well to increase efficiency. The standardization of IEEE 802.11p, being an amendment to IEEE 802.11 intended for VANETS, faces many challenges. In Europe a 30 MHz spectrum at 5.9 GHz have been dedicated for ITS and this spectrum has to be used to its full potential. For this reason this thesis compares a 20 MHz wide frequency channel with a 10 MHz wide through measurements using 802.11p hardware. The measurements were conducted on a highway with relative speeds of up to 240 km/h. The results from these initial measurements show that a 20 MHz channel does not perform worse than a 10 MHz channel despite the high relative speeds and large metal signs scattering the signals. What enabled this thesis to do the measurements was Halmstad University‟s participation in the Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge (GCDC) 2011. In GCDC nine teams mostly from Europe competed in having the vehicle that had the best behaviour in a platoon of vehicles using cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), the CACC algorithm controlled the vehicles‟ acceleration and breaking autonomously based on in-vehicle sensors and communicated messages between the vehicles in the platoon using 802.11p. This thesis implemented the communication part of Halmstad University‟s vehicle. The challenge was held in Helmond, Holland, May 14-15, 2011. Halmstad University‟s team finished in second place. / CoAct