FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesse trabalho, propÃe-se um esquema de seleÃÃo eficiente e de baixa complexidade para redes cooperativas multiusuÃrio multi-relay compostas de um nà fonte, L nÃs destinos e N nÃs relays. O esquema proposto primeiro seleciona o melhor destino baseado na qualidade de canal dos links diretos e entÃo seleciona o melhor relay que provà o melhor caminho da fonte para o destino selecionado. Considerando-se os protocolos de cooperaÃÃo decodifica-e-encaminha e amplifica-e-encaminha, o desempenho do sistema à investigado. ExpressÃes em forma fechada para a probabilidade de bloqueio sÃo obtidas e validadas por simulaÃÃes de Monte Carlo. ComparaÃÃes com o esquema de seleÃÃo Ãtimo sÃo realizadas e demonstram que o desempenho do esquema de seleÃÃo proposto à bem prÃximo ao do esquema Ãtimo, com a vantagem de o primeiro possuir uma complexidade menor que o Ãltimo. AlÃm disso, em nossa anÃlise, a fonte pode ser equipada com uma Ãnica antena ou com M mÃltiplas antenas. Uma anÃlise assintÃtica à realizada e revela que, independentemente da estratÃgia de cooperaÃÃo empregada, a ordem de diversidade à de L+N para o caso da fonte com uma Ãnica antena, enquanto que para o caso multiantena a diversidade à igual a ML+N. Os efeitos do nÃmero de nÃs relays e destinos no desempenho do sistema e sua influÃncia na posiÃÃo Ãtima do relay sÃo examinados. AlÃm disso, um compromisso entre desempenho e eficiÃncia espectral à observado para o caso em que mÃltiplas antenas sÃo empregadas. / On this work, it is proposed an efficient low-complexity selection scheme for multiuser multi-relay downlink cooperative networks comprised of one source node, L destination nodes, and N relay nodes. The proposed scheme first selects the best destination node based on the channel quality of the direct links and then selects the best relay that yields the best path from the source to the selected destination. Assuming both decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward relaying strategies, the performance of the considered system is investigated. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability are obtained and validated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Comparisons with the optimal selection scheme are performed and shows that the performance of the proposed scheme is very close to that of the optimal selection scheme, with the proposed scheme having the advantage of lower complexity than the optimal scheme. Furthermore, in our analysis, the source node may be equipped with either a single antenna or M multiple antennas. An asymptotic analysis is carried out, and it reveals that, regardless of the relaying strategy employed, the diversity order reduces to L+N for the single-antenna source case, whereas it is equal to ML+N for the multiple-antenna source case. The effects of the number of relay and destination nodes on the system performance and its influence on the best relay position are examined. In addition, a trade-off concerning the system performance and spectral efficiency is observed when multiple antennas are employed at the source node.

Ce travail s’intéresse aux transmissions ultralarge bande (ULB) dans les réseaux sans fils. La diversité spatiale est introduite par l’utilisation du système multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) comme une technique efficace pour lutter contre l’évanouissement dû aux trajets multiples dans les communications sans fils. Mais, souvent l’intégration d’antennes multiples au niveau de l’émetteur ou du récepteur est coûteuse. Comme alternative, nous proposons d’utiliser la diversité coopérative qui garantit des gains de diversité spatiale en exploitant les techniques MIMO traditionnelles sans avoir besoin d’antennes multiples. L’objectif est d’introduire la diversité coopérative aux systèmes de transmission ULB. Nous considérons deux techniques d’accès multiple avec des schémas de modulation différents (time hopping pulse position modulation TH-PPM et direct sequence binary phase shift keying DSBPSK) avec le protocole de coopération decode-and-forward (DF). Nous utilisons le récepteur Rake afin d’exploiter la diversité de trajet multiple et analysons les statistiques de variable de décision à la sortie de ce récepteur. Nous présentons des résultats de simulation de la performance en termes de taux d’erreur binaire (TER) du système étudié sous différents canaux UWB compte tenu de la norme IEEE 802.15.4a. Ces résultats montrent que la coopération avec des relais améliore significativement les performances de transmission ULB, et que le gain de diversité augmente proportionnellement avec le nombre de relais. En présence d’IAM, la performance du système se dégrade de manière significative, mais l’avantage de la coopération est encore modérément efficace. La performance dans ce cas est limitée en termes de diversité achevée parce que le canal entre la source et le relais en présence d’IAM devient moins favorable. C’est pourquoi nous proposons d’utiliser la technique de sélection d’antenne au relais afin d’améliorer la fiabilité du canal source-relais. Cette solution permet d’améliorer la performance grâce au gain de la diversité d’antennes multiples disponibles au relais toute en n’utilisant qu’une seule chaîne radiofréquence (RF), qui conduit à une réduction des coûts et de la complexité. / This work focuses on the ultra wideband (UWB) transmission in wireless networks. Spatial diversity is introduced by the use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system as an effective technique to overcome multipath fading in wireless communications. But the integration of multiple antennas at the transmitter or receiver is often costly. As an alternative, we propose to use the cooperative diversity that provides spatial diversity gains by exploiting the traditional MIMO techniques without the need for multiple antennas. The objective is to introduce cooperative diversity to UWB transmission systems. We consider two multiple access techniques with different modulation schemes (time hopping pulse position modulation TH-PPM and direct sequence binary Phase Shift Keying DS-BPSK) with the cooperation protocol decode-and-forward (DF). We use the Rake receiver to exploit multipath diversity and analyze the decision variable statistics at the output of the receiver. We present simulation results of the BER performance of the proposed system under different UWB channel given the IEEE 802.15.4a standard. Our results show that the cooperation with the relay significantly improves the performance of UWB transmission, and that the diversity gain increases with the number of relays. In the presence of MAI, the overall system performance degrades significantly, but the benefit of cooperation is still moderately effective. The performance in this case is limited in terms of attainable diversity that the source-relay link becomes worse when MAI is present. That is why we propose to use antenna selection at the relay receiver in order to improve the reliability of the source-relay link. This solution is shown to improve the performance by exploiting the diversity of the available antennas at the relay, while using a single Radio Frequency (RF) chains. This leads to reduced cost and complexity.

Spatial diversity is an effective technique to combat the effects of severe fading in wireless environments. Recently, cooperative communications has emerged as an attractive communications paradigm that can introduce a new form of spatial diversity which is known as cooperative diversity, that can enhance system reliability without sacrificing the scarce bandwidth resource or consuming more transmit power. It enables single-antenna terminals in a wireless relay network to share their antennas to form a virtual antenna array on the basis of their distributed locations. As such, the same diversity gains as in multi-input multi-output systems can be achieved without requiring multiple-antenna terminals. In this thesis, a new approach to cooperative communications via distributed extended orthogonal space-time block coding (D-EO-STBC) based on limited partial feedback is proposed for cooperative relay networks with three and four relay nodes and then generalized for an arbitrary number of relay nodes. This scheme can achieve full cooperative diversity and full transmission rate in addition to array gain, and it has certain properties that make it alluring for practical systems such as orthogonality, flexibility, low computational complexity and decoding delay, and high robustness to node failure. Versions of the closed-loop D-EO-STBC scheme based on cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing type transmission are also proposed for both flat and frequency-selective fading channels which can overcome imperfect synchronization in the network. As such, this proposed technique can effectively cope with the effects of fading and timing errors. Moreover, to increase the end-to-end data rate, this scheme is extended for two-way relay networks through a three-time slot framework. On the other hand, to substantially reduce the feedback channel overhead, limited feedback approaches based on parameter quantization are proposed. In particular, an optimal one-bit partial feedback approach is proposed for the generalized D-O-STBC scheme to maximize the array gain. To further enhance the end-to-end bit error rate performance of the cooperative relay system, a relay selection scheme based on D-EO-STBC is then proposed. Finally, to highlight the utility of the proposed D-EO-STBC scheme, an application to cognitive radio is studied.

Codage de réseau (NC) a gagné beaucoup d'attention de la recherche comme un candidat potentiel pour résoudre la demande de plus grande efficacité spectrale des communications modernes sans fil. De nombreux travaux de recherche ont étudié la performance des réseaux NC-aidés telles que le débit et la capacité de panne. Cependant, l'analyse de la NC dans des systèmes pratiques où NC est combiné avec d'autres techniques telles que le codage de canal est encore immature pour comprendre pleinement son potentiel de performance. Dans cette thèse, nous nous efforçons de concevoir des récepteurs de haute performance et d'analyser sa performance pour les réseaux de coopération réseau codé dans des scénarios pratiques. Tout d’abord, nous vous proposons deux Itératif Décodage de Réseau /Canal (IDRC) algorithmes pour le canal de relais d'accès multiple (MARC) avec deux systèmes de relais de notables nommés décodage-et-transfert et démoduler et transfert. L'algorithme du RIDC fonctionne sur la base de méthodes de décodage turbo-comme et réduit l'impact du problème de la propagation de l'erreur à l'aide d'un modèle de récepteur de canal courant. Tant parfaite information de la parfait CSI et imparfait CSI au côté récepteur sont étudiées. Nous proposons un procédé pratique qui transmet la version quantifiée des erreurs de décodage de relais à la destination. Il est démontré que les algorithmes proposés réaliser un gain de diversité complète et surpasse les solutions qui ne prennent pas soin de propagation d'erreur significative. Nous montrons également que le nombre de symboles pilotes ne concerne que le gain de codage, mais a un impact négligeable sur l'ordre de la diversité, alors que le niveau de quantification affecte à la fois la diversité et le gain de codage.Deuxièmement, nous proposons un Conjoint Décodage de Réseau/Canal Près Optimal (CDRCPO) algorithme pour le MARC qui permet d'analyser le taux de bits du système d'erreur (BER). L'algorithme de CDRCPO exécute le décodage de réseau et de décodage de canal en une seule étape de décodage du code superbe, qui se compose de tous les états de treillis de code individuel aux sources via NC. En outre, NC combiné avec la sélection de relais (RS) est considéré et l'ordre de diversité possible est étudié à l'aide de l'analyse de panne. Nous montrons analytiquement que la sélection de relais simple (SRS) permet toujours d'obtenir une ordonnance de la diversité et de la sélection de deux relais multiple (MRS) peut obtenir gain de diversité complète que lorsque le nombre de relais sélectionné dépasse le nombre de sources.En fin, nous proposons un protocole dit relais partielle d'améliorer l'efficacité spectrale pour le codage des réseaux de relais assisté canal. Forme-proche expression du BER et l'ordre de la diversité du système sont calculés pour le relais partiel. Nous montrons, par l'analyse et la simulation, qui avec un code convolutif bon, le relais partiel peut obtenir gain de diversité complète et même gain de codage que le classique (complet) relayer protocole fini région signal-sur-bruit alors qu'il obtient une meilleure utilisation du spectre. De plus, nous proposons un nouveau protocole basé sur le relais partiel dans les réseaux de coopération relayant opportunistes et montrons que ce protocole surpasse de manière significative la coopération sur la NC dans certaines circonstances. / Network coding (NC) has gained much research attention as a potential candidate to solve the demand for higher spectral efficiency of modern wireless communications. Many research papers have investigated the performance of NC-aided networks such as throughput and outage capacity. However, the analysis of NC in practical systems where NC is combined with other techniques such as channel coding is still immature to fully understand its potential performance. In this thesis, we aim to design high performance receivers and analyze its performance for network-coded cooperative networks in practical scenarios.Firstly, we propose two Iterative Network/Channel Decoding (INCD) algorithms for the Multiple-Access Relay Channel (MARC) with two notable relaying schemes named Decode-and-Forward (DF) and Demodulate-and-Forward (DMF). The INCD algorithm operates based on turbo-like decoding methods and reduces the impact of the error propagation problem with the aid of a channel-aware receiver design. Both perfect Channel State Information (CSI) and imperfect CSI at the receiver side are investigated. We propose a practical method that forwards the quantized version of the relay decoding errors to the destination. It is shown that the proposed algorithms achieve full diversity gain and significantly outperforms solutions which do not take care of error propagation. We also show that the number of pilot symbols affects only the coding gain but has a negligible impact on the diversity order, while the quantization level affects both the diversity and coding gain.Secondly, we propose a Near Optimal Joint Network/Channel Decoding (NOJNCD) algorithm for the MARC that allows to analyze the system Bit Error Rate (BER). The NOJNCD algorithm performs network decoding and channel decoding in one decoding step of the super code, which comprises of all trellis states of individual code at the sources via NC. Furthermore, NC combined with Relay Selection (RS) is considered and the achievable diversity order is studied with the aid of outage analysis. We analytically show that Single Relay Selection (SRS) always achieves a diversity order two and Multiple Relay Selection (MRS) can achieve full diversity gain only when the number of selected relays exceeds the number of the sources.Last but not least, we propose a so-called partial relaying protocol to improve the spectral efficiency for channel coding assisted relay networks. Closed-form expression of the BER and the system diversity order are computed for partial relaying. We show, by analysis and simulations, that with a proper Convolutional Code (CC), partial relaying can achieve full diversity gain and same coding gain as the classical (full) relaying protocol in finite signal-to-noise ratio region while it obtains a better spectrum usage. Moreover, we propose a new protocol based on partial relaying in opportunistic relaying cooperative networks and show that this protocol significantly outperforms the NC-based cooperation in some circumstances.

The cooperative relaying scheme is a promising technique for increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Even though extensive research has performed in information theoretical aspect, there are still many unresolved practical problems of cooperative relaying system. This dissertation analyzes the performance of cooperative decode-and-forward (DF) relaying systems in the presence of multiple interferers and improve network throughput for these systems. We propose and summarize various systems in the view of network topology, transmission structure, and slot allocation. We present closed-form expressions for the end-to-end outage probability, average symbol-error-probability, average packet-error-probability, and network throughput of the proposed systems. This dissertation shows that the robustness of the destination against interference is more important than robustness of the relay against interference from an interference management perspective, and increasing the number of branches yields better outage and error performance improvements against shadowing than increasing the number of hops. In cellular networks, the cooperative diversity systems can outperform the dual-Rx antenna system, but only when the relay is located in a relatively small portion of the total cell area with respect the the destination mobile terminal. The results also show that since the effective regions of the uplink and the downlink do not overlap, different relays should be utilized for cell sectorization in the uplink and the downlink. Finally, the proposed variable-slot selection DF scheme can reduce the system complexity and make the maximum throughput point in the low and moderate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio region.

In recent years, global mobile data traffic has been increasing exponentially as mobile devices pervade our daily lives. To cope with the ever growing demands for higher data rates and seamless connectivity, one solution is to drastically increase the number of macro base stations in the conventional cellular architecture. However, this results in high deployment costs. Deploying low-power nodes such as relays that do not require a wired backhaul connection within a macrocell is one of cost-effective ways to extend high data rate coverage range. Relays are typically deployed to increase signal strength in poor coverage areas or to eliminate dead spots. But more importantly, relays provide a natural diversity, called cooperative diversity. In addition to a direct signal from a base station, extra copies of the same signal are forwarded from relays. Utilizing this diversity at the destination can yield significant performance enhancements. Thus, cooperative relay strategies need to be considered to enable high data rate coverage in a cost-effective manner. In this dissertation, we consider a simple single-relay network and present low-complexity and power-efficient cooperative relay designs that can achieve low error rate. We first study decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks with a single antenna at each node, where the relay decodes the received signal and forwards the re-encoded information to the destination. In DF relay scheme, decoding at the relay is not perfect and the error-propagation phenomenon is a detrimental problem, preventing the destination from collecting the cooperative diversity. To enable cooperative diversity in DF relay networks, we adopt link-adaptive power-scaling relay strategies where the relay scales the transmission power of the re-encoded signal based on the reliability of the source-relay link. We generalize power-profile designs and analyze the diversity order enabled by the general power-profile designs. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the designs to enable full cooperative diversity at the destination. In the second part of this dissertation, we extend the power-scaling relay strategy to DF multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay networks, where multiple antennas are adopted at each node, and show that full cooperative diversity can also be achieved here. To collect spatial diversity provided by multiple antennas without using maximum-likelihood equalizers (MLEs) or near-ML detectors which exhibit high complexity, channel-controlled automatic repeat request (CC-ARQ) scheme is developed for DF MIMO relay networks to enable spatial diversity with linear equalizers (LEs) maintaining low-complexity. We also show that joint cooperative and spatial diversity can be achieved at the destination when the power-scaling strategy and the CC-ARQ with LEs are combined. Finally, amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO relay designs, where the relay simply amplifies the received signal and forwards it to the destination, are studied with consideration of peak-power constraints at the relay. One practical concern for AF relaying is that the output signal at the relay may suffer from large peak-to-average power ratio (PAR), which may cause nonlinear distortion and/or saturation in the transmitted signal due to the limited linear range of power amplifiers. Thus, we first investigate peak-power constrained power-scaling strategies and find a sufficient condition to enable joint cooperative and spatial diversity at the destination. Based on this study, we propose simple and practical AF MIMO relay designs with peak-power constraint at the relay. CC-ARQ is also applied to AF MIMO relay networks to reduce the decoding complexity.

In this thesis, we investigate cooperation by applying OFDM signals to cooperative relay networks. We consider the single path relay network and the multiple path relay network. Using the amplify-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations and mutual informations of both networks. Using a power constraint at each relay, we consider two relay power allocation schemes. The first is constant gain allocation, where the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm is constant for all subcarriers. The second is equal power allocation, where each subcarrier transmits the same power. The former scheme does not require CSI (channel state information), while the latter one does. We simulate the mutual informations using the two relay power allocation schemes. Results indicate that equal power allocation gives a slightly higher mutual information for the single path relay network. For the multiple path network, the mutual information is practically the same for both schemes. Using the decode-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations for both networks. The transmitter and each relay are assumed to have uniform power distributions in this case. We simulate the BER (bit error rate) and WER (word error rate) performance for the two networks using both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay algorithms. For the single path relay network, amplify-and-forward gives very poor performance, because as we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Decode-and-forward gives significantly better performance because noise and channel distortion are eliminated at each relay. For the multiple path relay network, decode-and-forward again gives better performance than amplify-and-forward. However, the performance gains are small compared to the single path relay network case. Therefore, amplify-and-forward may be a more attractive choice due to its lower complexity.

Solving the key issue of sustainability of battery-powered sensors continues to attract significant research attention. The prevailing theme of this research is to address this concern using energy-efficient protocols based on a form of simple cooperative transmission (CT) called the opportunistic large arrays (OLAs), and intelligent exploitation of energy harvesting and hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). The two key contributions of this research, namely, OLA with transmission threshold (OLA-T) and alternating OLA-T (A-OLA-T), offer an signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage (i.e., benefits of diversity and array (power) gains) in a multi-path fading environment, thereby reducing transmit powers or extending range. Because these protocols do not address nodes individually, the network overhead remains constant for high density networks or nodes with mobility. During broadcasting across energy-constrained networks, while OLA-T saves energy by limiting node participation within a single broadcast, A-OLA-T optimizes over multiple broadcasts and drains the the nodes in an equitable fashion. Another important contribution of this research is the design and analysis of a novel routing metric called communications using HESS (CHESS), which extends the rechargeable battery (RB)-life by relaying exclusively with supercapacitor (SC) energy, and is asymptotically optimal with respect to the number of nodes in the network.

No description available.

Vehicular networking is envisioned to be a key technology area for significant growth in the coming years. Although the expectations for this emerging technology are set very high, many practical aspects remain still unsolved for a vast deployment of vehicular networks. This dissertation addresses the enabling physical layer techniques to meet the challenges in vehicular networks operating in mobile wireless environments. Considering the infrastructure-less nature of vehicular networks, we envision cooperative diversity well positioned to meet the demanding requirements of vehicular networks with their underlying distributed structure. Cooperative diversity has been proposed as a powerful means to enhance the performance of high-rate communications over wireless fading channels. It realizes spatial diversity advantages in a distributed manner where a node uses others antennas to relay its message creating a virtual antenna array. Although cooperative diversity has garnered much attention recently, it has not yet been fully explored in the context of vehicular networks considering the unique characteristics of vehicular networks, this dissertation provides an error performance analysis study of cooperative transmission schemes for various deployment and traffic scenarios. In the first part of this dissertation, we investigate the performance of a cooperative vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) system with amplify-and-forward relaying for typical traffic scenarios under city/urban settings and a highway area. We derive pairwise error probability (PEP) expressions and demonstrate the achievable diversity gains. The effect of imperfect channel state information (CSI) is also studied through an asymptotical PEP analysis. We present Monte-Carlo simulations to confirm the analytical derivations and present the error rate performance of the vehicular scheme with perfect and imperfect-CSI. In the second part, we consider road-to-vehicle (R2V) communications in which roadside access points use cooperating vehicles as relaying terminals. Under the assumption of decode-and-forward relaying, we derive PEP expressions for single-relay and multi-relay scenarios. In the third part, we consider a cooperative multi-hop V2V system in which direct transmission is not possible and investigate its performance through the PEP derivation and diversity gain analysis. Monte-Carlo simulations are further provided to con firm the analytical derivations and provide insight into the error rate performance improvement.