Resumo: As crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC) são caracterizadas pelo fraco desempenho motor apresentado, considerando suas idades e inteligência. Existem evidências de que as crianças com TDC apresentam lentidão no movimento, pobre coordenação intra e inter-membros e falta de precisão no movimento. No entanto, não somente a fase de execução do movimento é afetada nas crianças com TDC, mas também a fase de preparação motora. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o uso da informação prévia por crianças com TDC e com DT na preparação e execução motora em tarefa de alcance ao alvo. Os participantes do estudo foram 15 crianças com TDC, com idades entre 7 e 8 anos, pareadas em idade e sexo com igual número de crianças com Desenvolvimento Típico (DT). A tarefa consistia no alcance a um de dois alvos desenhados sobre uma mesa digitalizadora (tablete). Os participantes desempenharam a tarefa experimental em três condições: condição correta (i.e. a dica indicava em qual lado apareceria o estímulo), condição incorreta (i.e. a dica indicava o lado contrário ao do aparecimento do estímulo); e condição neutra (i.e. nenhuma informação era disponibilizada). Os resultados indicam que ambos os grupos não são capazes de utilizar a informação prévia correta para reduzir o tempo da preparação motora, pois não houve diferença significativa no tempo de reação entre a condição correta e a neutra e que ambos os grupos são mais lentos para preparar o movimento na condição de fornecimento de informação prévia incorreta em comparação a condição neutra. Em relação à execução motora, as crianças com TDC precisam significativamente de mais tempo para iv fazer os últimos ajustes na trajetória do movimento para o alcance ao alvo e, ainda, a execução do movimento pelas crianças com TDC... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Developmental coordination disorder, especially in children, is characterized by a performance below expected when compared with children of the same age and intelligence. There is evidence that children with DCD display movement slowness, poor interlimb and intralimb coordination, and lack of movement accuracy. However, not only the movement execution is slowness in DCD children but also the motor preparation. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether providing information in an advance to a motor response (i.e., precue) children with DCD would be capable of reducing motor preparation time (i.e., reaction time - TR). Participants were 15 children with DCD aged between 7 and 8 years and the same number of typically developing (TD) children matched by age and gender. The experimental task consisted of discrete aiming movements to one of two targets on a digitizing tablet. Participants performed the experimental task in three different conditions: valid precue (i.e., was the cue in which the advance information was correct); invalid precue (i.e., was the cue in which the advance information was incorrect); and neutral condition (i.e., none advance information was available). The results indicated that DCD and DT children were not able to use valid precue to reduce motor preparation time and that DCD and DT children 65 increase motor preparation time with invalid precue. With respect to motor execution, DCD children spend more time for final adjustments to reach the target than DT children. Also, movement execution of DCD children tended to be less fluent compared with DT children. Overall, the results of the present study do not give support to previous... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Maria Pellegrini / Coorientador: Cynthia Hiraga / Banca: José Angelo Barela / Banca: Luis Eduardo P.B. Tourinho Dantas / Mestre

This article studies the role of participation in the budgeting process when the company has to coordinate two interdependent divisions. The focus lies on the design of the budgeting process (top-down vs. participative budgets) and the underlying supply of information. This is studied in a principal agent model where two divisions (agents) jointly generate earnings. With the participative budgeting process, the company (principal) implements an information system that provides the division managers with private information. Two economic effects occur. First, the company can benefit from the division managers' private information by perfectly coordinating the divisions' operations. Second, the company has to induce the managers to provide productive effort and with participation, to additionally report truthfully. Thus, the company incurs incentive costs. The two considered budgeting processes trade off these effects diametrically. For a low importance of coordination, the company prefers the top-down budgeting process and not installing an information system that allows the managers to obtain private information. Otherwise, the participative budgeting process is used. In contrast to the company, managers always prefer the participative budgeting process. In addition, the model predicts that a higher earnings potential increases the attractiveness of participative budgets.

The reactions of 1, 2–bis(difluorophosphino)cyclohexane, PF2C6H10PF2, with hexacarbonyls of Cr(O), Mo(O), and W(O) have been extensively investigated. The hexacarbonyls react, either under photolytic or thermolytic conditions, to produce carbon monoxide and oily mixtures of products of the general formulations, [M(CO)4(PF2C6H10PF2C)]x, where x varies apparently from 1 – 4. The higher values of x, corresponding to species involving bridging ligands, are more common to the photolysis rather than the thermolysis reactions. Photolysis reactions of Mo(Co)6 with increasing amounts of the ligand does not result in the higher substitution products, Mo(Co)2(PF2C6H10PF2)2 and Mo(PF2C6H10PF2)3. The reactions of PF2C6H10PF2 with the norbornadiene tetracarbonyl complexes of Cr(O), Mo(O), and W(O) produce relatively air-stable chelates of the general formulation, M(Co)4(PF2C6H10PF2). Mo(CO)4(PF2C6H10PF2) will react with more PF2C6H10PF2 to give [Mo(CO)2(PF2C6H10PF2)2]2. A slight excess of PF2C6H10PF2 also reacts readily with ditoluenemolybdenum (O) displacing toluene to give Mo(PF2C6H10PF2)3, and air-stable monomer. Analysis of the infrared spectra of these chelates indicates that the ligand fits into a sequence of π–acceptor strength as: PF3>PCI3~ PF2C6H10PF2>RN(PF2)2>>Ph2PC2H4PPh2. NMR spectral parameters for the chelates verify the very strong coordination of the bidentate ligand to the metals. 1, 2-bis(difluorophosphino)cyclohexane has also been found to react with pentacarbonyliron(O), Fe(Co)5 and with pentacarbonylmanganese(I) bromide, Mn(CO)5Br, in hexane, displacing two moles of carbon monoxide per mole of ligand. The products resulting, (PF2C6H10PF2)Fe(Co)3, (PF2C6H10PF2)2Fe(CO), (PF2C6H10PF2)Mn(CO)3Br, and (PF2C6H10PF2)2Mn(CO)Br, are all air-stable solid monomers indicating that the ligand is an effective chelating agent. Analysis of their and nmr spectral data supports the conclusion that PF2C6H10PF2 functions as a strong π–acceptor and assists in assigning structures. The reactions of PF2C6H10PF2 in solution with Co2(CO)8 and the chlorides of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) have been investigated. The resultant complexes are not well defined. The characterization of the complexes has given ambiguous results, although the nickel group metal complexes appear to be dimeric. The ligand, 1,2-bis(difluorophosphino)ethane, PF2C2H4PF2, reacts with tetracarbonylnickel(O), Ni(Co)4, in the gas phase and in solution, to produce carbon monoxide and the polymer, [Ni(PF2C2H4PF2)2]x. PF2C2H4PF2 displaces norbornadiene from (C7H8)Mo(Co)4 to yield the relatively air-stable complex, Mo(CO)4(PF2C2H4PF2). Analysis of the infrared spectrum of the monomeric complex indicates that the ligand exhibits π–acceptor strength equal to PF2C6H10PF2.

<p>This thesis paper presents experiences and views on collaborative writing from interviews with university students. Analysis of these interviews, focusing on problems with coordination and technological tools,  shows that problems to some extent can be avoided with knowledge of the tools used and knowledge of coordination.</p>

Effective coordination and communication are essential to the success of software organizations, but their study to date has been impaired by theoretical confusion and fragmentation. I articulate a theory that argues that the members of software organizations face a constant struggle to share and negotiate an understanding of their goals, plans, status, and context. This struggle lies at the heart of their coordination and communication problems. The theory proposes an analysis of organizational strategies based on four attributes of interaction that foster the development of shared understanding: synchrony, proximity, proportionality, and maturity. Organizations that have values, structures, and practices which facilitate these qualities find it easier to coordinate and communicate effectively. This argument has serious implications for traditional concepts in our literature. Project lifecycle processes and documentation are poor substitutes for informal but unscalable coordination and communication mechanisms. Practices and tools are valuable to the extent that they enable the development of shared understanding across our criteria. Co-location and group cohesion take advantage of the four criteria and therefore have direct advantages for software teams. Finally, growth is detrimental to the effectiveness of the organization because it hinders the use of small-scale mechanisms and it leads to an undesirable formalization. The theory is supported with empirical evidence collected from five case studies of a wide variety of software organizations, and it has explanatory and predictive power. The thesis links this theory to other current research efforts and shows that it complements and enhances them by providing a more solid theoretical foundation and by reclaiming the relevance of synchronous, proximate, proportionate, and mature interactions in software organizations.

Effective coordination and communication are essential to the success of software organizations, but their study to date has been impaired by theoretical confusion and fragmentation. I articulate a theory that argues that the members of software organizations face a constant struggle to share and negotiate an understanding of their goals, plans, status, and context. This struggle lies at the heart of their coordination and communication problems. The theory proposes an analysis of organizational strategies based on four attributes of interaction that foster the development of shared understanding: synchrony, proximity, proportionality, and maturity. Organizations that have values, structures, and practices which facilitate these qualities find it easier to coordinate and communicate effectively. This argument has serious implications for traditional concepts in our literature. Project lifecycle processes and documentation are poor substitutes for informal but unscalable coordination and communication mechanisms. Practices and tools are valuable to the extent that they enable the development of shared understanding across our criteria. Co-location and group cohesion take advantage of the four criteria and therefore have direct advantages for software teams. Finally, growth is detrimental to the effectiveness of the organization because it hinders the use of small-scale mechanisms and it leads to an undesirable formalization. The theory is supported with empirical evidence collected from five case studies of a wide variety of software organizations, and it has explanatory and predictive power. The thesis links this theory to other current research efforts and shows that it complements and enhances them by providing a more solid theoretical foundation and by reclaiming the relevance of synchronous, proximate, proportionate, and mature interactions in software organizations.

This thesis paper presents experiences and views on collaborative writing from interviews with university students. Analysis of these interviews, focusing on problems with coordination and technological tools,  shows that problems to some extent can be avoided with knowledge of the tools used and knowledge of coordination.

Aim Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ'07) is an international survey tool based on parents' estimation of their child's motor coordination skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a Swedish version of DCDQ'07 by finding out how the classification of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) via DCDQ'07 is consistent with the classification of DCD via the motor impairment test, Movement ABC. MethodIn the context of a larger study, a Swedish translated version of the parent survey DCDQ'07 were sent to 4000 randomly selected families with children aged 8 - 10 years in Stockholm County. The classifications "DCD" or "NOT DCD" with cut-off values ​​of 56 (9 years) and 57 (10 years) were applied. Forty families were selected from 410 registered responses. Parents and children were invited to the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences for additional motor skills tests. Thirty-four children (8.5 ± 0.6 years) completed the quantitative part of the Movement ABC chosen as the standard criteria for motor performance with the 15th percentile as a criterion for DCD. Data processing was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Receiver Operator Characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine positive criterion for DCDQ'07. The correlation analysis Spearman's Rho was used. Level of significance was set at p &lt;0.05. ResultsAt the cut-off values ​​of &lt;56 (9 years) and &lt;57 (10 years) the DCDQ'07 reached a sensitivity of 80 %, a specificity of 67 % and positive predicted value (ppv) of 50 %. The accepted consensus with Kappa was just below 0.4. Significant correlations were found between the Movement ABC and the total score of DCDQ'07 (r = - 0,61) and between the three subcomponents in DCDQ'07 and the sub-tasks of the Movement ABC, except one task. ConclusionThe Swedish version of DCDQ’07 exhibits an acceptable validity and is a useful screening instrument to identify children with suspected DCD. The test meets the requirement (80 %) to identify children with motor problems (sensitivity) and satisfy nearly requirement (70 %) for specificity, which is the ability to correctly identify children without motor problems. Cut-off values ​​between 48 and 57 are recommended, depending which groups should be investigated. Lower values ​​are recommended for clinical groups and higher for population-based studies. / Syfte och frågeställningar Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07) är ett internationellt enkätverktyg som utgår från föräldrars skattning av sitt barns motorik. Syftet med studien var att undersöka validiteten i en svensk version av DCDQ’07 genom att ta reda på hur klassificeringen av Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) via DCDQ’07 stämmer med klassificering av DCD via motoriktestet Movement ABC. Metod I samband med en större studie skickades en svensk översatt version av föräldrarenkäten DCDQ’07 ut till 4000 slumpvis utvalda familjer med barn i åldrarna 8 ─ 10 år i Stockholms län. Klassificeringarna ”DCD” eller ”NOT DCD” med cutoff värdena 56 (9 år) och 57 (10 år) tillämpades. Bland 410 registrerade svar valdes 40 familjer ut. Föräldrar och barn bjöds in till Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan för ytterligare motoriktest. Trettiofyra barn (8.5 ± 0,6 år) genomförde den kvantitativa delen av Movement ABC som valts som standard för motorisk förmåga med 15:e percentilen som kriterium för DCD. Databearbetning utfördes i IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Receiver- operator characteristic curve (ROC graf) användes för att fastställa positivt kriterium för DCDQ’07. För korrelationsanalys användes Spearmans Rho.  Signifikansnivån sattes till p&lt;0,05. Resultat Vid cutoff värdena &lt;56 (9 år) och &lt; 57 (10 år) i DCDQ’07 nåddes en sensitivitet på 80 %, en specificitet på 67 % och positive predicted value (ppv) på 50 %.  Den accepterade samstämmigheten med Kappa var strax under 0.4 . Signifikant korrelation påvisades mellan Movement ABC och totalpoäng på DCDQ’07 (r = - 0,61) och mellan de tre delkomponenterna i DCDQ’07 och samtliga deluppgifter i Movement ABC, förutom en uppgift.   Slutsats Den svenska versionen av DCDQ’07 uppvisar en acceptabel validitet och är ett lämpligt screeningsinstrument för att fånga upp barn med motoriska problem. Testet möter kravet (80 %) för att identifiera barn med trolig DCD (sensitivitet) och uppfyller nästan kravet (70 %) för specificitet, dvs. förmåga att korrekt identifiera barn utan problem. Cutoff värden mellan 48 och 57 rekommenderas beroende vilka grupper som skall undersökas. Lägre värden rekommenderas för kliniska grupper och högre för populationsstudier.

With greater calls for environmental protection worldwide, countries have implemented rules such as RoHS, EuP, WEEE and REACH to regulate components of product materials and chemicals. Taiwanese firms should actively promote environmental protection and coordinate suppliers in various regions so as to improve green supply chain performance given that firms in supply chain are located around the world. This study, using qualitative interview, interviewed 7 leading Taiwanese companies that actively promote green supply chain and listed integration and coordination mechanisms often used. Integration and coordination of green supply chain used in Taiwan included: (1) setting up units responsible for promoting greening; (2) holding supplier meeting; (3) audit system of suppliers; (4) establishment of inter-departmental unit; (5) training for suppliers; (6) assisting suppliers; and (7) setting up information-sharing system. Location in supply chain, supply chain relationship and industry sectors determine uses and varieties of integration and coordination of green supply chain. They are as follows: 1.Location in supply chain: downstream firms have more and often use integration and coordination of green supply chain than upstream ones. 2.Supply chain relationship: central factories have more and often use integration and coordination of green supply chain than satellite ones. 3.Industry sectors: emerging strategic industries have more and often use integration and coordination of green supply chain than traditional ones.

The present study was conducted to examine the process of consolidation when learning a difficult bimanual coordination pattern. There are two phenomena associated with the process of consolidation, an enhancement in performance without additional practice and the stabilization observed as resistance to interference from a similar task after acquisition of a novel skill. Both phenomena have been widely examined in sequence skill learning studies. However, few studies have examined the consolidation effect after training of a continuous and rhythmic bimanual coordination pattern. The first goal of this study was to determine if sleep enhances the performance of a minimally trained 1:2 pattern of bimanual coordination in a manner that has been observed with sequencing skills, that is, performance significantly improves after an overnight sleep. A recent study by Buchanan & Wang (in-press) showed that by manipulating the position of a visual-augmented-feedback cursor, either behind or to-the-side of a 1:2 bimanual coordination template, an advantage of the side cursor position was found in the no-feedback retention test after a fifteen-minute break. The second goal was to test whether an overnight sleep may reduce the guidance effect associated with the behind cursor position as reported in Buchanan & Wang (in-press). In the present experiment, the effect of an overnight sleep on learning a 1:2 pattern of bimanual coordination was accessed with six test trials presented immediately (IMM group) or 24 hours (SLEEP group) after 5 minutes of practice. The test trials included three trials with feedback and three trials with feedback removed. For either the IMM or SLEEP group, half of the participants practiced with the behind cursor position and the other half practiced with the side cursor position. The results indicated that the SLEEP group showed an improvement in performance from the acquisition trials to the feedback test trials whereas the IMM group did not. The advantage of the side cursor position at the no-feedback retention test was not evident in the current study. These results are consistent with our two predictions and provide evidence of enhancement in learning a 1:2 pattern bimanual coordination skill.