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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02947.pdf: 6721410 bytes, checksum: 6b8fd88ede9d8533a129cf94a67a4313 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:92/02990-0

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02947.pdf: 6721410 bytes, checksum: 6b8fd88ede9d8533a129cf94a67a4313 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:92/02990-0

L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier des matériaux semiconducteurs de type p comme photocathode pour la réduction de protons dans le cadre de la photoélectrolyse de l’eau. Ainsi, deux types de matériaux ont été étudiés, des oxydes de cuivre, Cu2O et CuO, et des matériaux à structure pérovskite (ATiO3, A=Ca, Ba, Sr) dopées au fer et à l’azote. Les oxydes de cuivre ont été synthétisés par deux voies différentes afin d’obtenir des films : par voie sol-gel couplée au dip-coating et par électro-dépôt et anodisation du cuivre. La photocorrosion des oxydes de cuivre en milieu aqueux et sous illumination a été mise en évidence. La protection des oxydes de cuivre via une hétérojonction avec un semiconducteur de type n (TiO2 ou BaTiO3) a révélé une meilleure stabilité des électrodes au cours du temps ainsi que des photocourants élevés grâce à une composition et une architecture originales. Les pérovskites ont été synthétisées par voie sol-gel couplée au dip-coating. Ce sont des semiconducteurs de type n ; ainsi l’étude du dopage au fer, pour substituer le titane, et à l’azote, pour substituer l’oxygène, a mis en évidence un changement de nature de type n à type p, ainsi qu’une diminution de la largeur de bande interdite. Les propriétés physico-chimiques de toutes les électrodes synthétisées ont été caractérisées (structure cristalline, morphologie, propriétés optiques et électrochimiques) et discutées en fonction de leur composition et des paramètres de synthèse. Ces travaux ont permis d’élaborer des photocathodes originales, performantes et stables au cours du temps (oxydes de cuivre protégées), et de démontrer l’utilisation de pérovskites dopées pour cette application. / The aim of this work was to study p-type semiconducting materials as photocathodes for protons reduction into H2 for water splitting application. Two types of materials have been studied: copper oxides, Cu2O and CuO, and materials with a perovskite structure (ATiO3, A=Ca, Ba, Sr) doped by iron and nitrogen. Copper oxides have been synthetized by two different ways in order to obtain films: sol-gel process coupled with dip-coating and copper plating and anodization. Copper oxides photocorrosion has been highlighted in aqueous environment and under illumination. Their protection via a heterojunction with an n-type semiconductor (TiO2 and BaTiO3) improved electrodes stability over time and photocurrents, thanks to original composition and architecture. Perovskites have been synthetized by sol-gel process coupled with dip-coating. They are well-known as n-type semiconductors; so the study of doping with iron, to substitute titanium, and with nitrogen, to substitute oxygen, shows a change from n-type to p-type, and a reduction of the band gap. The physical and chemical properties of the synthetized electrodes were characterized (crystal structure, morphology, optical and photoelectrochemical properties) and discussed according to the composition and synthesis parameters. This work enables to obtain original, efficient, and stable over time, photocathodes (protected copper oxides) and to demonstrate the potential use of doped perovskites for this application.

In this research, a temperature dependent tribological investigation of selected ternary oxides was undertaken. Based on the promising results of previous studies on silver based ternary oxides, copper based ternary oxides were selected to conduct a comparative study since both copper and silver are located in the same group in the periodic table of the elements. Two methods were used to create ternary oxides: (i) solid chemical synthesis to create powders and (ii) sputtering to produce thin films. X-ray diffraction was used to explore the evolution of phases, chemical properties, and structural properties of the coatings before and after tribotesting. Scanning electron microscopy, Auger scanning nanoprobe spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the chemical and morphological properties of these materials after sliding tests. These techniques revealed that chameleon coatings of copper ternary oxides produce a friction coefficient of 0.23 when wear tested at 430 °C. The low friction is due to the formation of copper tantalate phase and copper in the coatings. All sputtering coatings showed similar tribological properties up to 430 °C.

<p>This thesis addresses the electronic structure of vanadium and copper oxides using soft X-ray absorption (SXA) spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at high brightness synchrotron radiation sources. In RIXS incident photons, tuned to the energy of specific absorption resonances, are inelastically scattered leaving behind a low energy valence excitation in the system studied. Effects of electron localization are reflected by the occurrence of low-energy excitations in form of dd- and charge-transfer excitations that are modelled by cluster calculations. Band-like states are dominating when the intermediate core excited state is delocalized.</p><p>RIXS at V 2p and O 1s resonances has been used to study the electronic structure of the monovalent vanadium oxides VO₂ and V₂O₃, and of the mixed valence compounds, NaV₂O₅ and V₆O₁₃. For NaV₂O₅ and V₆O₁₃ significant contributions from localized low-energy excitations reflect the partly localized character of their valence band electronic structure, whereas VO₂ and V₂O₃ appear mostly as band-like. Effects of carrier doping are addressed for the case of Mo doping into VO₂ and reveal a quasi-rigid band behavior. In the cases of VO₂ and V₆O₁₃ the temperature dependent metal-insulator transition could be monitored by following the spectral evolution of bands originating from V 3d and V 3d - O2p hybridized states. For Na₂V₃O₇ nanotubes it was possible to selectively probe states from the apical and the basal oxygen sites of VO₅ pyramids that constitute these nanotubes. Furthermore, the RIXS technique has been demonstrated to be highly valuable in characterizing the charge transfer processes that accompany lithium insertion into vanadium oxide battery cathodes. Finally, for insulating cuprates RIXS at O 1s, Cu 3p and Cu 3s resonances has been recorded at high-resolution for the detailed investigation of crystal field excitations.</p>

This thesis addresses the electronic structure of vanadium and copper oxides using soft X-ray absorption (SXA) spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at high brightness synchrotron radiation sources. In RIXS incident photons, tuned to the energy of specific absorption resonances, are inelastically scattered leaving behind a low energy valence excitation in the system studied. Effects of electron localization are reflected by the occurrence of low-energy excitations in form of dd- and charge-transfer excitations that are modelled by cluster calculations. Band-like states are dominating when the intermediate core excited state is delocalized. RIXS at V 2p and O 1s resonances has been used to study the electronic structure of the monovalent vanadium oxides VO2 and V2O3, and of the mixed valence compounds, NaV2O5 and V6O13. For NaV2O5 and V6O13 significant contributions from localized low-energy excitations reflect the partly localized character of their valence band electronic structure, whereas VO2 and V2O3 appear mostly as band-like. Effects of carrier doping are addressed for the case of Mo doping into VO2 and reveal a quasi-rigid band behavior. In the cases of VO2 and V6O13 the temperature dependent metal-insulator transition could be monitored by following the spectral evolution of bands originating from V 3d and V 3d - O2p hybridized states. For Na2V3O7 nanotubes it was possible to selectively probe states from the apical and the basal oxygen sites of VO5 pyramids that constitute these nanotubes. Furthermore, the RIXS technique has been demonstrated to be highly valuable in characterizing the charge transfer processes that accompany lithium insertion into vanadium oxide battery cathodes. Finally, for insulating cuprates RIXS at O 1s, Cu 3p and Cu 3s resonances has been recorded at high-resolution for the detailed investigation of crystal field excitations.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (US); 20 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LA-14197-T" A. Ayala. 12/20/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.