Le chêne-liège (Quercus suber) est une essence forestière d’une grande importance écologique et socio-économique pour les habitants de Méditerranée. Cependant, au cours des dernières décennies, ces subéraies et particulièrement les subéraies marocaines ont été soumises à de fortes contraintes climatiques, environnementales et humaines entrainant une accélération des processus de dégradation. La conservation de ces écosystèmes est fortement dépendante de notre capacité à prédire les changements induits par ces différentes pressions ainsi que du développement d’approches durables pour leur réhabilitation. Dans ce contexte, l’identification d’indicateurs biologiques de l’état de santé des subéraies et l'intensification des processus de facilitation entre plantes (arbres/arbustes) apparaissent comme des stratégies écologiques prometteuses. Le succès de ces approches est cependant assujetti à notre compréhension des interactions entre les communautés végétales et les champignons du sol, notamment les champignons mycorhiziens, éléments clés du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers. Ce travail a visé le décryptage des réseaux fongiques, notamment mycorhiziens associés au chêne-liège et la végétation du sous-bois dans trois subéraies marocaines (Maâmora, Benslimane, Chefchaoun) caractérisées par différents niveaux de dégradation. La diversité fongique associée aux racines du chêne-liège et à plusieurs plantes arbustives représentatives des subéraies (Cistus salviifolius, Cistus monpeliensis et Lavandula stoechas) a été étudiée en combinant les méthodes traditionnelles basées sur l’aspect morphologique des mycorhizes et les nouvelles technologies de séquençage haut-débit par identification moléculaire des communautés fongiques.Les résultats obtenus représentent la plus vaste enquête de la diversité fongique du sol, notamment mycorhizienne, au sein des subéraies marocaines. Différents niveaux de structuration des communautés de champignons du sol ont été révélés, fonction de l’habitat, du type de plantes et de l'état de dégradation. Une large gamme d’indicateurs fongiques de l’état de dégradation de la subéraie, en lien avec la plantes hôte, ont pu être mise en évidence au sein des différents habitats, soulignant l’importance de plusieurs champignons ectomycorhiziens (notamment Cenococcum, Russula, Terfezia et Tomentella) mais aussi des champignons mycorhiziens éricoïdes (Cladophialophora, Oidiodendron) et à arbuscules (Rhizophagus, Redeckera, Racocetra, Paraglomus). Ce travail a permis d’établir une base de données majeure sur l’écologie des champignons du sol dans les subéraies marocaines, et de proposer un nouvel éclairage sur leur potentiel pour le suivi de l’état de santé des subéraies, ainsi que pour la mise en place de programmes de conservation adaptés tenant compte aussi des champignons associés. L’application des approches proposées à une plus large diversité d’écosystèmes forestiers devrait constituer un atout important pour la meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement biologique des écosystèmes forestiers et leur sauvegarde face à l’aggravation des pressions humaines et climatiques au niveau mondial. / The Cork oak (Quercus suber) forests play an important role in terms of ecological services and socio-economic development for the Mediterranean populations. However, the cork oak forests, notably in the Southern Mediterranean basin are highly threatened by increasing human and climate pressures, which accelerates desertication. The conservation of this ecosytem is strongly dependent of our ability to predict the environmental changes induced by these pressures as well as to develop sustainable approach for their restoration. In this context, the identification of biological indicators of cork oak health and the intensification of plant-plant facilitation processes appears as promisising ecological strategies. Their success is however subjected to our understanding of plant-fungal interactions, notably with fungal mycorrhiza, key factors of forest ecosystem functionning. The current work aimed at deciphering plant-fungal networks, notably mycorrhizal networks with cork oak and its understory shrub vegetation in three Moroccan cork oak habitats (Maâmora, Benslimane, Chefchaoun) characterized by different degradation levels. The root-fungal diversity associated to cork oak and major components of its understory shrub vegetation (Cistus salviifolius, Cistus monpeliensis et Lavandula stoechas) has been analysed by combining traditional methods based on morphological identification, and new generation high- throughput DNA sequencing methods to characterize communities at the molecular level.The study represents the most extensive survey of soil fungal diversity, notably mycorrhizal diversity, in Moroccan cork oak ecosystems. Different fungal community structures were revealed, depending on habitat, plant host type, and degradation forest status. A wide range of fungal indicators of plant type × forest status has been identified, highlighting the importance of several ectomycorrhizal fungi (notably Cenococcum, Russula, Terfezia and Tomentella) as well as ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (Cladophialophora, Oidiodendron) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus, Redeckera, Racocetra, and Paraglomus). The current work provides an extensive database on the ecology of soil fungi related to the Moroccan cork oak forest, offers new insights into the potential of soil fungi for monitoring the health of the cork oak forest, and for the developement of efficient conservation programs of this ecosystem by taking into account the soil fungal communties associated. The use of proposed appoaches to a larger diversity of forest ecosystems are promising to better understand the biological fonctionning of forest ecosystem and their conservation in response to the worsening of worldwide human and climate pressures.

La presente tesi di dottorato ha trattato due diversi aspetti specifici ricollegabili all’ambiente della foresta di querce da sughero ed alla specie arborea Quercus suber L. La prima parte ha riguardato la valutazione pedologica della Sughereta Sperimentale di “Cusseddu – Miali – Parapinta”, situata a Tempio Pausania (OT) in Sardegna, che ha rappresentato il primo esempio di sughereta munita di Certificazione Forestale FSC, a livello mondiale, ed è stata effettuata nell’ambito del Progetto NATO Scienza per la Pace (ESP.MD.SFP 981674)0073. Tale progetto ha coinvolto un consorzio interdisciplinare, composto da gruppi di ricerca provenienti da tre paesi NATO (Portogallo, Inghilterra e Italia) e da due paesi del Dialogo Mediterraneo (Marocco e Tunisia). Lo scopo di questa prima parte ha riguardato la valutazione della qualità del suolo come espressione della capacità di interagire con l’ecosistema in funzione della produttività biologica e della gestione forestale. La seconda parte,invece, ha riguardato la fenologia della fioritura in Quercus suber L., prendendo in esame individui della Sughereta “Quinta da Serra”, Azeitão, Lisbona (Portogallo), con l’obiettivo di approfondire le conoscenze sulla variabilità all’interno della specie Quercus suber L. e il comportamento riproduttivo durante il periodo di fioritura, e di avanzare l’ipotesi di un modello di risposta di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. / In this PhD thesis two different aspects that specifically relate to the environment of cork oak forest and the species Quercus suber L. were examined. The first part was focused on the soil’s evaluation of Experimental cork producing area named "Cusseddu–Miali-Parapinta”, located in Tempio Pausania (OT) in Sardinia which represent the first example of cork oak forest certificated (FSC) in the world. This aspect was carried out within the framework “NATO Science for Peace Project (ESP.MD.SFP 981674) 0073”, which involved an interdisciplinary consortium, comprising research teams from three NATO countries(Portugal, England and Italy) and two Mediterranean Dialogue countries (Morocco and Tunisia). The purpose of this first part was focused on the evaluation of soil quality as expression of the ability to interact with the ecosystem as a function of biological productivity and forest management. The second part, involved in the flowering phenology of the Quercus suber L., examining individuals of cork oak in "Quinta da Serra", Azeitão, Lisbon (Portugal), with the final aim of increasing knowledge on the variability within the species Quercus suber L. and the reproductive behavior during the flowering period, and put forward the hypothesis of a model of adaptive response to climate change.