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Developing alternative markets in Veracruz : the case of totomoxtleRizzo Lara, Rosario De La Luz 1985- 21 October 2014 (has links)
A series of economic and political changes that occurred in the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s have had major impacts on the small-scale agricultural sector in Mexico. The debt crisis of the 1980s led the government to adopt the neoliberal model. Reforms brought by the adoption of this model including trade liberalization, privatization of state-owned enterprises, reduction and cancellation of credits and social programs, along with the relative abandonment of the agricultural sector and focus on the manufacturing and services industries have caused economic, social and environmental harm to corn producers in the Totonacapan region of the state of Veracruz. In order to respond to the impacts of these large-scale policies, farmers coped by migrating to cities and U.S., and by taking advantage of the emergence of alternative markets, such as the corn husk, or totomoxtle, industry. The objective of this study is to explain the context in which totomoxtle emerged and evolved, and determine the importance and impact that this market has had on corn producers, intermediaries and exporters, men, women and children. Based on qualitative data gathered during 2011 using semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and the examination of secondary sources, I found that the totomoxtle trade has expanded considerably in the last decade becoming the main source of income and employment for many marginal households in the Totonacapan. The study questions, however, its ability to be used as a tool for poverty alleviation. Findings suggest that intermediaries and exporters obtain larger profits than farmers thus elucidating the need for more access to capital and infrastructure to achieve higher benefits for growers. At the same time, research also found evidence of the different participation of women and men during the production and manufacturing of totomoxtle. Moreover, research show that women were paid less, work for more hours and they labor in small and crowed places. Finally, data also suggests that the growth of totomoxtle production can be attributed to the increased demand and consumption by Mexican/Latino immigrant populations in the U.S., a shift in the American palate, and its overall availability in new immigrant destinations. / text
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Elaboração e avaliação da biodegradabilidade de compósitos à base de poliéster e amido com palha de milho / Elaboration and evaluation of the biodegradability of composites of polyestier and starch with corn husksTeresa Maria Dias Fernandes 28 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de polímeros e de compósitos biodegradáveis se apresenta como uma solução para o problema gerado pelo descarte de grandes quantidades de resíduos plásticos no ambiente. Os polímeros convencionais, além de não biodegradáveis, tem como fonte um material não-renovável, o petróleo. Os polímeros biodegradáveis, produzidos a partir de materiais renováveis, frequentemente apresentam como desvantagem o alto custo e propriedades nem sempre satisfatórias. Neste contexto, os compósitos poliméricos se apresentam como uma alternativa, pela possibilidade de incorporar cargas, tanto de origem vegetal como mineral, para alterar propriedades, adequando-as à finalidade do material. Além disso, para viabilizá-los economicamente, há o uso de cargas de baixo custo, como resíduos agrícolas. Neste estudo foram elaborados compósitos de poli(adipato-co-tereftalato de butileno) e amido (ECOBRAS) com palha de milho, em diferentes concentrações. Foi utilizada a palha de milho in natura, resíduo agrícola abundante, como forma de reduzir os custos e aumentar a proporção de produtos naturais usados, considerando que o ECOBRAS já possui amido em sua composição. O ensaio de tração e análises de DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV foram utilizadas para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades dos compósitos. A matriz polimérica e os compósitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03, por períodos variando de 2 a 15 semanas. Após cada período de enterro, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas análises de TGA e FTIR. Os compósitos apresentaram menor resistência à tração que a matriz polimérica. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, todos os compósitos foram considerados biodegradáveis, embora o acréscimo de palha tenha aumentado o tempo de degradação / The use of polymers and biodegradable composites is presented as a solution for the problem created by the discarding of a high amount of plastic residue in the environment. The conventional polymers, besides being non-biodegradable, have a non-renewable source: oil. The biodegradable polymers produced via renewable materials often present as downsides the high cost and not always satisfactory properties. In this context, the polymeric composites can be an alternative, due to the possibility of incorporation of fillers, both of vegetable and mineral origins, to alter properties, making them adequate to the destined use of this material. Other than that, there is the use of low cost fillers, such as agricultural residues, to make them economically viable. In this study, composites of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and starch (ECOBRAS) were elaborated, with corn husks, in different concentrations. Corn husks in natura, being an abundant agricultural residue, were used in order to lower costs and increase the proportion of natural materials utilized, considering ECOBRAS already has starch in its composition. The stress strength tests and DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV analysis were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of the composites. The polymer matrix and the composites were submitted to biodegradability trials through burying in simulated soil, according to the ASTM G 160-03 norm, for periods varying between 2 and 15 weeks. After each trial period, the mass loss and morphology of each test subject were determined, and analysis of DSC, TGA and FTIR were made. The composites presented a higher resistance to stress strength tests than the polymer matrix. In the biodegradability trial, all composites were considered biodegradable, although the addition of corn husks increased the deterioration time
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Elaboração e avaliação da biodegradabilidade de compósitos à base de poliéster e amido com palha de milho / Elaboration and evaluation of the biodegradability of composites of polyestier and starch with corn husksTeresa Maria Dias Fernandes 28 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de polímeros e de compósitos biodegradáveis se apresenta como uma solução para o problema gerado pelo descarte de grandes quantidades de resíduos plásticos no ambiente. Os polímeros convencionais, além de não biodegradáveis, tem como fonte um material não-renovável, o petróleo. Os polímeros biodegradáveis, produzidos a partir de materiais renováveis, frequentemente apresentam como desvantagem o alto custo e propriedades nem sempre satisfatórias. Neste contexto, os compósitos poliméricos se apresentam como uma alternativa, pela possibilidade de incorporar cargas, tanto de origem vegetal como mineral, para alterar propriedades, adequando-as à finalidade do material. Além disso, para viabilizá-los economicamente, há o uso de cargas de baixo custo, como resíduos agrícolas. Neste estudo foram elaborados compósitos de poli(adipato-co-tereftalato de butileno) e amido (ECOBRAS) com palha de milho, em diferentes concentrações. Foi utilizada a palha de milho in natura, resíduo agrícola abundante, como forma de reduzir os custos e aumentar a proporção de produtos naturais usados, considerando que o ECOBRAS já possui amido em sua composição. O ensaio de tração e análises de DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV foram utilizadas para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades dos compósitos. A matriz polimérica e os compósitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03, por períodos variando de 2 a 15 semanas. Após cada período de enterro, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas análises de TGA e FTIR. Os compósitos apresentaram menor resistência à tração que a matriz polimérica. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, todos os compósitos foram considerados biodegradáveis, embora o acréscimo de palha tenha aumentado o tempo de degradação / The use of polymers and biodegradable composites is presented as a solution for the problem created by the discarding of a high amount of plastic residue in the environment. The conventional polymers, besides being non-biodegradable, have a non-renewable source: oil. The biodegradable polymers produced via renewable materials often present as downsides the high cost and not always satisfactory properties. In this context, the polymeric composites can be an alternative, due to the possibility of incorporation of fillers, both of vegetable and mineral origins, to alter properties, making them adequate to the destined use of this material. Other than that, there is the use of low cost fillers, such as agricultural residues, to make them economically viable. In this study, composites of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and starch (ECOBRAS) were elaborated, with corn husks, in different concentrations. Corn husks in natura, being an abundant agricultural residue, were used in order to lower costs and increase the proportion of natural materials utilized, considering ECOBRAS already has starch in its composition. The stress strength tests and DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV analysis were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of the composites. The polymer matrix and the composites were submitted to biodegradability trials through burying in simulated soil, according to the ASTM G 160-03 norm, for periods varying between 2 and 15 weeks. After each trial period, the mass loss and morphology of each test subject were determined, and analysis of DSC, TGA and FTIR were made. The composites presented a higher resistance to stress strength tests than the polymer matrix. In the biodegradability trial, all composites were considered biodegradable, although the addition of corn husks increased the deterioration time
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