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The main concern in this research is to reveal the existence of shortcomings in the representation of meaning in the equivalents provided in a given context of the bilingual English-Arabic dictionary of al-Mawrid (Ba<albaki 2005), and to disclose the contributions made in Contrastive Lexicology, Bilingual Lexicography, Translation Theory, Corpus Linguistics and Contrastive Linguistics, in an attempt to come up with a more suitable framework, based on bilingual lexicology and corpora-based approaches, for the analysis of equivalence in English-Arabic by means of computerized corpora, especially by what is known as comparable corpora. This research is divided into 6 Chapters. The introduction, Chapter 1, provides the statement of the research problem, the rationale, the objectives and the questions of the study. Chapter 2 discusses three issues: (i) the terms used to refer to the word; (ii) the semantic analysis and relations of the word; and (iii) the disciplines of bilingual lexicography, translation studies and contrastive linguistics, and their respective contributions to the central notion of equivalence in the bilingual dictionary. The discussion about the last issue will pave the way for using comparable corpora in the investigation of selected entries and their equivalents in the given context. It will also show how useful and effective such an approach is in criticising existing Arabic equivalents in al-Mawrid (2005). Chapter 3 is a review of the bilingual English-Arabic dictionary of al-Mawrid in terms of its purpose and the representation of meanings and entries. It also includes an overview of previous reviews. The aim is to provide and develop a new critical framework of al-Mawrid by a new multi-approach to equivalence in the English-Arabic dictionary, as given in Chapter 4: this is mainly based on comparable English-Arabic corpora, and the criteria for making two individual corpora comparable rather than parallel. Chapters 5 and 6 are dedicated to the analysis of equivalents which are found to be either vague (see Chapter 5) or a mistranslation (see Chapter 6) in a given context.

Nous abordons dans cette thèse une étude sur la tâche de la désambiguïsation lexicale qui est une tâche centrale pour le traitement automatique des langues, et qui peut améliorer plusieurs applications telles que la traduction automatique ou l'extraction d'informations. Les recherches en désambiguïsation lexicale concernent principalement l'anglais, car la majorité des autres langues manque d'une référence lexicale standard pour l'annotation des corpus, et manque aussi de corpus annotés en sens pour l'évaluation, et plus important pour la construction des systèmes de désambiguïsation lexicale. En anglais, la base de données lexicale wordnet est une norme de-facto de longue date utilisée dans la plupart des corpus annotés et dans la plupart des campagnes d'évaluation.Notre contribution porte sur plusieurs axes: dans un premier temps, nous présentons une méthode pour la création automatique de corpus annotés en sens pour n'importe quelle langue, en tirant parti de la grande quantité de corpus anglais annotés en sens wordnet, et en utilisant un système de traduction automatique. Cette méthode est appliquée sur la langue arabe et est évaluée sur le seul corpus arabe, qui à notre connaissance, soit annoté manuellement en sens wordnet: l'OntoNotes 5.0 arabe que nous avons enrichi semi-automatiquement. Son évaluation est réalisée grâce à la mise en œuvre de deux systèmes supervisés (SVM, LSTM) qui sont entraînés sur les corpus produits avec notre méthode.Grâce ce travail, nous proposons ainsi une base de référence solide pour l'évaluation des futurs systèmes de désambiguïsation lexicale de l’arabe, en plus des corpus arabes annotés en sens que nous fournissons en tant que ressource librement disponible.Dans un second temps, nous proposons une évaluation in vivo de notre système de désambiguïsation de l’arabe en mesurant sa contribution à la performance de la tâche de traduction automatique. / This thesis concerns a study of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), which is a central task in natural language processing and that can improve applications such as machine translation or information extraction. Researches in word sense disambiguation predominantly concern the English language, because the majority of other languages lacks a standard lexical reference for the annotation of corpora, and also lacks sense annotated corpora for the evaluation, and more importantly for the construction of word sense disambiguation systems. In English, the lexical database wordnet is a long-standing de-facto standard used in most sense annotated corpora and in most WSD evaluation campaigns.Our contribution to this thesis focuses on several areas:first of all, we present a method for the automatic creation of sense annotated corpora for any language, by taking advantage of the large amount of wordnet sense annotated English corpora, and by using a machine translation system. This method is applied on Arabic and is evaluated, to our knowledge, on the only Arabic manually sense annotated corpus with wordnet: the Arabic OntoNotes 5.0, which we have semi-automatically enriched.Its evaluation is performed thanks to an implementation of two supervised word sense disambiguation systems that are trained on the corpora produced using our method. We hence propose a solid baseline for the evaluation of future Arabic word sense disambiguation systems, in addition to sense annotated Arabic corpora that we provide as a freely available resource.Secondly, we propose an in vivo evaluation of our Arabic word sense disambiguation system by measuring its contribution to the performance of the machine translation task.

This project seeks to serve two purposes: first, to investigate various semantic and grammatical aspects of mixed conceptual metaphors in reference to anger; and secondly, to explore the potential of a corpus-based, TARGET DOMAIN-oriented method termed metaphor pattern analysis to the study of mixed metaphor. This research shows that mixed metaphors do not pattern in a manner consistent with statements made within conceptual metaphor theory. These metaphors prove highly dynamic in their combinability and resist resonance between SOURCE DOMAINS used. Also shown is the viability of metaphor pattern analysis as a methodology to approach mixed metaphor research.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of a cyclopropenoid fatty acid on luteal cell function. In Exp. 1, 12 mature ewes were mated to a fertile ram, assigned to two groups (n = 6/group) and laparotomized on day 18 of gestation. Ewes with corpora lutea (CL) in both ovaries were unilaterally ovariectomized while ewes with a CL in one ovary only were allowed to remain intact. An extract of Sterculia foetida seeds (1.09 mg), consisting of a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters including 750 ug of sterculic acid (SA), or 1.09 mg oleic acid methyl ester (OA) was injected into the artery supplying the ovary bearing CL. Jugular blood was collected on day 18 before surgery and daily thereafter until day 30 of gestation or until detected estrus, whichever occurred first. Sera were assayed for progesterone (P₄) by radioimmunoassay. In Exp. 2, 12 mature ewes were laparotomized on day 10 of the estrous cycle and CL were removed, weighed and sliced for incubation. Corpora lutea from two ewes were pooled for each incubation. Slices of CL were preincubated in medium containing 145 ng/ml of S. foetida extract (100 ng/ml sterculic acid methyl ester) or 145 ng/ml oleic acid methyl ester (control) for 90 min. Then, slices of tissue were washed and reincubated in fresh medium containing 25 ug 22(R)- hydroxycholesterol/ml (0.079 nM final concentration) or 25 ug 5-pregnen-3βol-20-one/m1 (0.084 nM final concentration) for 120 min. Tissue plus medium were analyzed for P₄. Injection of SA or OA on day 18 of gestation caused a reduction in serum concentrations of P4 within 24 h, after which concentrations of steroid remained low and relatively constant in control and those SA-treated ewes that remained pregnant until day 30 of gestation. Three of six ewes that were injected with SA exhibited estrus within 3 to 5 days after treatment. Serum concentrations of P₄ of SA-treated ewes differed from those of OA-injected control ewes (P<0.01). Luteal tissue subjected to SA or OA in vitro did not differ in ability to synthesize P₄ during subsequent incubation in the absence of precursor substrate (incubated controls). Relative to respective incubated controls, P₄ synthesis by tissue previously exposed to SA or OA was not altered by incubation in the presence of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. Presence of 5-pregnen-3βol-20-one (pregnenolone) in the medium significantly increased P₄ synthesis by luteal tissue preincubated with SA or OA compared with that of controls. However, response of SA-treated tissue was markedly less than that of tissue exposed to OA (P<0.05). Results of this study suggest that $A can cause regression of CL in 50% of pregnant ewes. Apparently, the luteolytic effect of SA may be caused by its ability to interfere in the conversion of pregnenolone to P₄ by 3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. / Graduation date: 1991

How can the object based art help us, as viewers and as makers, to access a supplanted emotional state? One way of positioning yourself within the corpus-field is to step outside the traditional borders of the field and aim for other values within the objects, such as a visible working process, a storytelling or an emotional relationship to the object.  It is a way of taking a step from the traditional silversmithing towards some kind of free undefined corpus-art.  To reach for suppressed feelings is one way to find an importance within the artistic work, to give it a purpose. By investigating the concept of the sublime and the surrealist movement I try to find examples on how you, both as a viewer and as a maker, can put yourself in an emotional/intuitive state.  Through interviews with Jewellery and corpus artists I get a maker’s perspective which I compare with my own reactions to their work. Works of art can be used as a catalyst to reach, and maybe also to process, unattended feelings. This creates a strong emotional connection to the work.  As a maker you can, for example, do this by working with it as a theme, or by using an intuitive working method. But also as a viewer you can be triggered to expose these feelings. Although, it must be said, that the viewer’s experience of artwork is always subjective. I see the focus of emotional communication as a way of verifying the importance of artistic work within the corpus-field.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-197). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-197). Also available on the Internet.