Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1992. / The prisoner, and especially the "board prisoner", is confronted with the possibility of becoming institutionalised. While being incarcerated in the conventional prison, his life world is of necessity institutionally ruled and governed- Upon release he is confronted with a world where he once more has to make his own decisions; he has to be prepared for his reintroduction into a free society and for taking up his responsibilities and obligations as a free citizen. This entails much more than finding accommodation or employment - the question arises whether the conventional prison is the appropriate place for this process of reintegration into community life. The establishment and efficient functioning of transitional havens may be instrumental in preparing the prisoner, who is still under sentence and whose treatment programme makes provision for admittance to such an institution, for reintroduction into free society. The objective of this study was to undertake an investigation of existing research literature relating to transitional havens, in order to describe the origin and development as well as the structure and functioning of these institutions. Arising from the "reintegration model" with its emphasis on community treatment and community integration, the prisoner is assisted and supported towards returning to society as Cx5 a responsible and accountable person- As a community-based release preparatory approach, transitional havens offer a unique opportunity towards addressing the needs of the prisoner. The creation and development as well as the structure and functioning of transitional havens are described. The rapid expansion of transitional havens was originally based on the theoretical assumption that these havens would lower residivism, ensure more humane treatment and reduce expenditure. Apart from different names given to transitional havens by different countries, or even states within countries, it appears that control of these havens may rest with the state or private welfare organisations. Transitional havens controlled by the state are run at lower cost that those controlled by private institutions. State controlled havens utilise the services of personnel, who also serve in conventional prisons, on a rotating basis. It has been found that, with regard to the selection of residents, different criteria is adopted. The intervention programme includes, inter alia, personal counselling, family and marital therapy, reality therapy and social ski1Is training. The transitional haven is regarded as the focus point for the mobilisation of community members and community sources towards addressing the needs of ex-prisoners by facilitating co-operation with existing organi- sations, such as training centres, businesses and service centres. The haven encompasses Cxi> the very important possibility that convicted persons may be transferred there directly, allowing them to continue with professions held prior to conviction. The creation of transitional havens will therefore serve two important objectives: firstly, it wil1 counteract institutional dependency amongst prisoners who qualify for admittance and secondly, it will contribute considerably towards the prisoner's reintegration into community life- > Based on this study it is recommended, as a matter of priority, that the creation of transitional havens by the Department of Correctional Services, be considered- / University of Zululand

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (D.PHIL) in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, 2010. / This study is intended to assess correctional supervision in the KwaZulu- Natal province, since the inception of correctional supervision in the early 1990s and also to investigate the political, economic and societal changes that resulted in the development of diverse perceptions (opinions). Relevant Acts (or legislation) and reports of government appointed commissions in the field of corrections were also examined for evidence of the prevailing trends. This study is therefore intended to serve two distinct purposes. Firstly, the study assist the community–based offenders to come to a better understanding of themselves as well as the societal norms and values which might improve such offenders’ attitudes and perceptions – provided these are utilised to their full potential. On the other hand, this study assists members of the society to fully understand and interpret the role that they are expected to play in the offender’s rehabilitation process – if rehabilitation of community–based offenders is to be realised successfully. For purposes of clarity, the statement of the problem and accompanying empirical research issues are clearly set out and discussed. The most important concepts and terms relating to correctional supervision as a social phenomenon were also highlighted and/or defined. (vii) Additionally, the present study also investigated various aspects pertaining to theoretical explanations underlying the concept of correctional supervision, the historical background and development of the idea of correctional supervision as a sentencing option, followed by a comparative view of probation and parole in South Africa and around the globe. Methodologically, specific aims (objectives) of the study were stated and hypotheses formulated in search of valid and reliable data. Correctional supervision was also compared with incarceration with a view to show the similarities and dissimilarities, advantages and disadvantages, of these orientations and, most importantly, the potential of correctional supervision to rehabilitate and reintegrate community-based offenders in a safe, secure and humane environment. In undertaking this study, appropriate research methods and techniques were selected and implemented for data analyses purposes. Two different questionnaires namely, for the correctional officers (Annexure A) and for public respondents (Annexure B), were designed and implemented as data capturing instruments. Analyses of perceptions pertaining to correctional supervision as a dependent variable were cross-correlated in respect of two independent (viii) samples: (a) correctional officers and (b) public respondents in two different regions of KwaZulu-Natal. Apart from gender, other independent variables like higher and lower management levels, representing a merger of the rank system of correctional officers, and two artificially created southern and northern regions, were also implemented in subsequent frequency distributions to portray respondents’ evaluations - either positive or negative opinions, towards various facets of correctional supervision. With minor exceptions, the findings of the study overwhelmingly emphasise favourable perceptions towards the present policies in regard to correctional supervision adopted by the Department of Correctional Services in the 2005-White Paper. The conclusions and recommendations are based on data contained in various statistical tables, either included in the text or attached as annexure at the end of this manuscript. / The Research Committee of the University of Zululand.

Youth in detention centers often have intellectual disabilities. Correctional officers often they lack the knowledge and training needed to work with these youths. The purpose of this study was to determine how much knowledge and training correctional officers have about the youth that they work with, specifically, youth with intellectual disabilities. Four detention centers from the southeastern United States were chosen to participate in the study and the population of interest was comprised of correctional officers who work with youth in juvenile detention centers. Surveys were administered through a combination of pencil/paper and online administration as a result of institutional preferences. The results of this study suggested that correctional officers do not receive the level of education and training (formal, informal, on-the-job, or elsewhere) necessary to work with youth who have intellectual disabilities.

Bibliography: leaves 82-87. / The aim of the present study is to assess the level of learners' exposure to gang violence and their participation in high-risk behaviour in and outside of a selected secondary school in the Western Cape. The study was exploratory and a self-report questionnaire - 'School Safety Survey' devised by Cornell and Loper of the Virginia University School Project, appropriately modified to fit the South African context was employed to gather qualitative and quantitative data. Disproportional stratified sampling was employed to select the initial sample of 125 learners because the race, grade and gender subgroups varied with regard to the proportion of their members appearing in the study population, but only a total ofll21earners attended school and participated in the study on the day. Even though the survey was administered to 112 learners, the researcher only retained 97 surveys that had complete data on all variables. In this study descriptive statistics are used to analyse the demographic details of the final sample population. The chi-square test was used to determine if there are significant differences in learners' exposure to gang and non-gang violence and their participation in high-risk behaviours in and outside of school. The two factors that were considered to potentially impact on the scores obtained for these categories are Grade and Gender. The survey results identified that in general, the observed frequency of learners' exposure to gang and non-gang violence was relatively higher outside of school than their exposure to gang and non-gang violence in school. Moreover, there were also no statistically significant grade and/or gender differences in learners' overall exposure to gang and non-gang violence in and/or outside of school at 95% confidence level (p = 0.05). In addition the observed frequency of learners' overall participation or endorsement of high-risk behaviour was relatively higher outside of school than in school. There were also no statistically significant grade and gender differences in learners' overall participation in high-risk behaviour in school at 95% confidence level (p=0.05) but there were significant gender differences in learner's participation in high-risk behaviour outside of school. In response to the findings a number of recommendations are made to stabilise and develop the school infrastructure, taking particular cognisance of the physical resources required for making the school a safer environment. In addition, it was proposed that educators create opportunities to develop leadership within the pupil body and introduce age-appropriate life skills and empowerment workshops to address the difficulties that these learners may experience.

Includes bibliographical references. / The aim of this study is to detennine the experiences of NICRO volunteers and diversion workers in the implementation of the YES programme as a diversion option in the Western Cape. This stems from the need to examine the current practice of diversion services in anticipation of the implementation of the Child Justice Bill (Bill 49 of 2002). The implementation of this Bill will have far-reaching repercussions for diversion service providers as it will mean an increase in demand for diversion services and the implementation of minimum standards for such services. A qualitative, evaluative research design was used for this cross-sectional study. The population of NICRO diversion workers in the Western Cape and a sample of volunteers from each of the NICRO offices in the Western Cape were included in the study. Individual interviews were conduded with the volunteers in their respective towns across the Western Cape using an interview schedule. Two focus group sessions were held with the diversion workers. Audio recordings were made of the interviews with volunteers and of the focus group sessions. The transcripts were then analysed for trends, themes and categories. The results were compiled and conclusions drawn. Volunteers and diversion workers generally experienced the YES programme as being positive and making a difference to the lives of participants. The volunteers derived personal satisfaction from facilitating programmes and receiving positive feedback from parents and participants alike. They faced a number of challenges, though, when facilitating the programme. Examples of such problems are with diversity of language, culture, age and educational levels within groups and the lack of co-operation of parents and resistant participants. These challenges volunteers faced with the assistance and guidance of the diversion workers and drawing on their own strengths and capacities.

The qualitative study was conducted, within the judicial and social welfare system. Using convenience sampling (non-probability), magistrates, prosecutors and probation officers were specifically targeted to ascertain to what extend participants were currently implementing the approach of restorative justice in the sentencing of young offenders. Data was collected from charge sheets with regard to sentence remarks and the type of crime committed, and served as proof of implementation of such an approach. The study also explores the knowledge of these three professional groups with regard to restorative justice and their attitudes towards its implementation.

Lee Po Keung Tommy. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1997-98, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Introduction / Chapter 1 --- Needs / Chapter 2 --- Client and Users / Chapter 3 --- Site Selection and Context / Chapter 4 --- Planning (statutory) constraints / Chapter 5 --- Design Objectives / Project Analysis / Chapter 1 --- Subject Analysis / Roles and Goals of Prisons / Typology Studies / Precedents / Chapter 2 --- Users Analysis / Schedule of Activities / Schedule of Accommodation / Chapter 3 --- Site/ Context Analysis / Design Development / Chapter 1 --- First Review / Chapter 2 --- Second Review / Chapter 3 --- Third review / Final Project / Chapter 1 --- Refinements for Final Project / Chapter 2 --- Final Drawings / Chapter 3 --- Special Studies / Evaluation / Appendix

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Leicester in association with University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-136). Also available in print.

The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of exposure of centre-based correctional officials to traumatic events in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) and to determine the extent of support to those who might be exposed to trauma and traumatic events. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted which provided an in-depth knowledge and understanding on the types of exposures, the symptoms that affect individuals and the provision of support and/or intervention to those exposed to traumatic events in DCS. The literature review focused on the causes of trauma, the symptoms related to trauma and traumatic events and the different trauma intervention models that can be applied to those exposed. The information obtained from the literature review was utilised when drafting and consolidating information relevant and necessary for the survey questionnaire. Through a systematic sampling technique within stratified sampling, a sample was selected and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from centre-based correctional officials. The results obtained were used to come to a theoretical conclusion of the study. The empirical study established that centre-based correctional officials are exposed to traumatic events in DCS and that there is limited provision of support upon exposure to traumatic events. Based on analysis and interpretation of the research findings, recommendations were made to management, Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) personnel and to centre-based correctional officials at Kgoši Mampuru II Local correctional centre for Awaiting Trial Detainees (ATD’s) on how to manage issues related to trauma upon exposure in DCS. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted