Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1992. / The prisoner, and especially the "board prisoner", is confronted with the possibility of becoming institutionalised. While being incarcerated in the conventional prison, his life world is of necessity institutionally ruled and governed- Upon release he is confronted with a world where he once more has to make his own decisions; he has to be prepared for his reintroduction into a free society and for taking up his responsibilities and obligations as a free citizen. This entails much more than finding accommodation or employment - the question arises whether the conventional prison is the appropriate place for this process of reintegration into community life. The establishment and efficient functioning of transitional havens may be instrumental in preparing the prisoner, who is still under sentence and whose treatment programme makes provision for admittance to such an institution, for reintroduction into free society. The objective of this study was to undertake an investigation of existing research literature relating to transitional havens, in order to describe the origin and development as well as the structure and functioning of these institutions. Arising from the "reintegration model" with its emphasis on community treatment and community integration, the prisoner is assisted and supported towards returning to society as Cx5 a responsible and accountable person- As a community-based release preparatory approach, transitional havens offer a unique opportunity towards addressing the needs of the prisoner. The creation and development as well as the structure and functioning of transitional havens are described. The rapid expansion of transitional havens was originally based on the theoretical assumption that these havens would lower residivism, ensure more humane treatment and reduce expenditure. Apart from different names given to transitional havens by different countries, or even states within countries, it appears that control of these havens may rest with the state or private welfare organisations. Transitional havens controlled by the state are run at lower cost that those controlled by private institutions. State controlled havens utilise the services of personnel, who also serve in conventional prisons, on a rotating basis. It has been found that, with regard to the selection of residents, different criteria is adopted. The intervention programme includes, inter alia, personal counselling, family and marital therapy, reality therapy and social ski1Is training. The transitional haven is regarded as the focus point for the mobilisation of community members and community sources towards addressing the needs of ex-prisoners by facilitating co-operation with existing organi- sations, such as training centres, businesses and service centres. The haven encompasses Cxi> the very important possibility that convicted persons may be transferred there directly, allowing them to continue with professions held prior to conviction. The creation of transitional havens will therefore serve two important objectives: firstly, it wil1 counteract institutional dependency amongst prisoners who qualify for admittance and secondly, it will contribute considerably towards the prisoner's reintegration into community life- > Based on this study it is recommended, as a matter of priority, that the creation of transitional havens by the Department of Correctional Services, be considered- / University of Zululand

The prison officer is central to prison life, yet understandings of this role are limited. This thesis argues that the two overarching (and often competitive)conceptualisations of prison officers' work as custodial work or human services work are limited. Eight conceptualisations of prison officers' work from the correctional literature are identified - Para-military officer, Security Officer, Warehouser of prisoners, Public Servant /bureaucrat, Professional, Manager of Prisoners , Therapist and Case Manager. These conceptualisations are defined and related to one another by examining their construction through discourses of prison purpose and prison process (Adler and Longhurst 1994). The thesis develops the analysis of du Gay (1996) that organisations use discourse as a means of constructing work identities for their employees and the work of Halford and Leonard (1999) who argue that workers are active agents in this process and do not always take on the identity the organisation is seeking to promote. The thesis addresses three research questions How has the role of the prison officer been conceptualised by the South Australian Department for Correctional Services over time? How is the role of the prison officer currently conceptualised by personnel working within South Australian prisons, what influences the way the role is conceptualised and what purposes do these conceptualisations serve? To what extent have the new conceptualisations of the role of the prison officer, articulated by the Department for Correctional Services in the last ten years, been adopted by staff within prisons and what determines the influence of these new conceptualisations? These questions are addressed using qualitative research techniques of document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The thesis identifies that in recent decades the Department has emphasised conceptualisations of the role constructed from normalisation and rehabilitative discourses. Interviewees, forty-four working in three South Australian prisons, (both departmental and privately managed), conceptualised the work of a prison officer as complex and unique and identified three influential audiences for the performance of prison officers' work – prisoners, officers and their colleagues, and the Departmental hierarchy. Interviewees constructed the role of the prison officer in terms that would earn respect for the work from each of these audiences and manage the vulnerability of the officer as a worker and a prison officer. Half of those interviewed conceptualised the prison officer based on a Manager of Prisoners. Other interviewees, critical of the role within their prison, described it as a Warehouser and saw the competition between custodial and human services roles as irreconcilable. The thesis argues that Departmental discourse can be seen to have a significant influence on the conceptualisation of the prison officer’s role by those working within prisons, but that it competes for influence with the discourse of the other powerful audiences for the performance of prison officers' work – prisoners and other staff.

This research project focuses on human rights violation in South African correctional centres. The method of research comprises interviews conducted with correctional officials and inmates. It is a case study of one correctional centre in urban and in rural area of the Eastern Cape Province. The researcher hopes that this study will be a basis for further research into the violation of human rights in South African prisons. The findings of the research indicated that the main causes of human rights violation in South African prisons are overcrowding; gangsterism; and non adherence to Departmental policies by correctional officials. Recommendations have been made that: (i) Provision of adequate prison accommodation; (ii) Upgrading training and staff development.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Overcrowding in prisons is a global phenomenon that undermines efforts by prison or correctional system officials to rehabilitate offenders so that they can be successfully reintegrated into society. Overcrowding in South African correctional facilities has been identified as a key challenge, which negatively affects the ability of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DOJ & CD) and the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) firstly, to guarantee the rights of inmates and secondly, to create an environment that is conducive for rehabilitation. The legislation and statutory framework outline the options available to both South African courts and Correctional Officers for imposing non-custodial sentencing. Non-custodial sentencing can be imposed on: (a) offenders found guilty by courts of law and given noncustodial sentencing; and (b) offenders already in custody who are eligible for parole or correctional community supervision, in accordance with the dictates of applicable legislation. However, despite the visible gains and benefits provided for within the South African legal framework and statutory books on alternative sentencing, South African prisons continue to be overcrowded. Studies show that in the last 15 years South African correctional facilities have not experienced a situation whereby its population was below 120%. This study aims to explore the role of leadership in the implementation of non-custodial sentencing and subsequent reduction in overcrowding within the correctional facilities. Following a qualitative research approach, the researcher conducted interviews with executive leaders and operational managers of the three Western Cape management areas to determine the role of leaders in the implementation of non-custodial sentencing. In total five (5) executive leaders and ten (10) operational managers were interviewed. The findings showed that there is a need for the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DOJ & CD) and the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) to have a structured approach with regard to the implementation of non-custodial sentencing when dealing with problems that affect overcrowding, including the implementation of non-custodial sentences by the leadership of the DOJ & CD and the DCS.

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1992. / Hierdie studie poog om 'n studie van bestaande navorsingsliteratuur in verband met oorskakelingsoorde te onderneem ten einde die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sulke inrigtings as 'n struktuur te beskryf en die funksie van die inrigtings uiteen te sit. = The establishment and efficient functioning of transitional havens may be instrumental in preparing the prisoner, who is still under sentence and whose treatment programme makes provision for admittance to such an institution, for reintroduction into free society. The objective of this study was to undertake an investigation of existing research literature relating to transitional havens, in order to describe the origin and development as well as the structure and functioning of these institutions. Arising from the "reintegration model" with its emphasis on community treatment and community integration, the prisoner is assisted and supported towards returning to society as a responsible and accountable person.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa has one of the highest crime rates in the world. The state aims to reduce the prevalence of crime mainly by sentencing offenders to imprisonment. In turn the goal of imprisonment is to rehabilitate offenders so that they can refrain from reoffending and be reintegrated into society. Unfortunately, due to various factors which exist inside and outside of prisons, rehabilitation and reintegration is difficult to achieve. The study unpacks the perennial question of whether or not the state has a legal duty to reintegrate offenders into society. This question looms particularly, during the post-release phase of offenders’ life. Preliminary indications are that the state currently views reintegration as a ‘societal responsibility.’ This study intends to determine whether or not the state has a legal duty to reintegrate offenders and provide them with support even after their release from imprisonment.

The purpose of this study is to examine the correctional facilities in Örebro and Karlstad, and how they handle the demand for a religiously conditioned diet. Food and drink are perhaps the most central aspects of all people’s lives. Every single person must eat, regardless of health, age and social status. Our wellbeing revolves around food, drink, and the meal preparation. As a result of that the meal throughout history has been covered with various rites in many different cultures, from the saying of prayers to the collective preparation of the food. The meal is intimately connected to religion, both from an institutional perspective but perhaps above all from a purely practical layman's perspective. This report tries to answer how the correctional facilities in Örebro and Karlstad handle the demand for a religiously conditioned diet from three different perspectives. Firstly, from the point of view of the state agency, which is examined by studying the laws and regulations that controls the handling of food in relation to religion. Secondly, from the point of view of those who are preparing the meals who have been interviewed. Thirdly, from the point of view of the inmates who have had the opportunity to answer a survey. Based on the theory of lived religion the essay concludes that the Correctional Services do follow the laws that are set by the Swedish parliament. There is provision of diversified diets which take into consideration religious requirements to an extent that is possible. Additionally, the staff that prepares and handles the food take the religious requirements seriously. The study emphasised the importance of such requirements for inmates. The highest percentage of inmates requesting a religious based diet was between 20 to 25 percent with a diet free from pork.

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / The study investigated the management of the social reintegration programme in the Department of Correctional Services in Mbombela Municipality, Mpumalanga Province. The role played by the stake holders in the programme and the department in rehabilitating and reintegrating the offenders. The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme; social acceptance and the application of skills obtained in the correctional facility as a deterrent to committing a further crime. Section 50 of the Correctional Services Act, 1998 (Act No. 111 of 1998); provide the following mandates; the objectives of the study is amongst others to afford sentenced offenders an opportunity to serve their sentences in a non- custodial manner, to enable persons subject to the programme to lead a specially responsible and crime free life during the period of their sentence and in future, to enable offenders to be rehabilitated in a manner that best keeps them as integral part of society and to enable them to be fully reintegrated into society when they have completed their sentences. The investigation is both qualitative and quantitative whereby; it would be descriptive; analytical, interpretive and evaluative. The findings of this study have shown that the majority of offenders do not lead a crime free life after imprisonment. However, Correctional programmes rendered are designed to equip offenders with skills to lead a responsible life on reintegration and also the level at which other stake-holders are involving themselves in the reintegration of offenders in order to reduce reoffending. The recommendations suggest the following as research findings: • Offenders should be equipped with skills that can make them employable and self-sufficient in the outside world. • Offenders should also be monitored even after hours; there must be no specific time of monitoring. • More resources should be channelled to the programme. • Correctional Services should employ the aid of external service providers in order to equip offenders with skills in the community and reduces the chances of reoffending. • External stake-holders should continue rendering programmes to ex-offenders who exited the system.

The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of exposure of centre-based correctional officials to traumatic events in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) and to determine the extent of support to those who might be exposed to trauma and traumatic events. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted which provided an in-depth knowledge and understanding on the types of exposures, the symptoms that affect individuals and the provision of support and/or intervention to those exposed to traumatic events in DCS. The literature review focused on the causes of trauma, the symptoms related to trauma and traumatic events and the different trauma intervention models that can be applied to those exposed. The information obtained from the literature review was utilised when drafting and consolidating information relevant and necessary for the survey questionnaire. Through a systematic sampling technique within stratified sampling, a sample was selected and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from centre-based correctional officials. The results obtained were used to come to a theoretical conclusion of the study. The empirical study established that centre-based correctional officials are exposed to traumatic events in DCS and that there is limited provision of support upon exposure to traumatic events. Based on analysis and interpretation of the research findings, recommendations were made to management, Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) personnel and to centre-based correctional officials at Kgoši Mampuru II Local correctional centre for Awaiting Trial Detainees (ATD’s) on how to manage issues related to trauma upon exposure in DCS. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the development of a strategic planning guide for the Department of Correctional Services. It was initiated through the realisation, by the author, that new management philosophies were becoming a necessity for the essential improvements required by the Department of Correctional Services. Problems exist in a number of areas, the most prevalent being poor direction from management, costly wrong decision-making, nepotism and fraud, the inability to fully utilise current technology and poor communication. These factors, combined with the dramatic increase in the crime rate causing severely overcrowded prisons, warrant this study. A dramatic transformation in management practises, communication techniques and strategic direction is proposed. The study suggests a proposal to the management of the Department of Correctional Services that contains a detailed plan for the future. New management philosophies are proposed, which will aid the Department of Correctional Services in its future direction including the concepts of Unit Management, the Asset Procurement and Operating Partnership System and strategic insights. Suggestions are also provided in terms of the overcrowding in prisons and measures to deal with budget deficits and the public. The aspects covered in the study will include a new direction for the Department of Correctional Services, the formulation of broad policies, such as employment, management and infrastructure development. The importance of internal and external environmental assessments as well as the needs of the stakeholders will be closely examined, as well as key strategic issues. A strategic plan will be proposed and the review and adoption thereof followed by implementation procedures and action steps. A ten-step approach is suggested to fulfil these requirements and each step is discussed in detail. The steps are: Step 1: Determine a strategic planning process Step 2: Clarify planning objectives Step 3: Identify and understand stakeholders and develop and refine the mission and values Step 4: Assess the environment to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Step 5: Identify and frame strategic issues Step 6: Formulate strategies to manage the issues Step 7: Review and adopt the strategic plan Step 8: Establish an effective organisational vision for the future Step 9: Develop an effective implementation process Step 10: Reassess strategies as well as the strategic planning process / AFIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die ontwikkeling van 'n gids vir strategiese beplanning vir die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Die studie is geinisieer as gevolg van 'n behoefte aan nuwe bestuurspraktyke wat deur die skrywer geidentifiseer is. Nuwe praktyke is absoluut essensieel vir die noodsaaklike verbeterings wat die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste benodig. 'n Aantal probleme word geidentifiseer in die studie waarvan die mees kritiese die gebrek aan rigtinggewing deur bestuur, die hoë koste van verkeerde besluite, nepotisme en bedrog, die onbevoegdheid om huidige tegnologie te gebruik en swak kommunikasie is. 'n Kombinasie van hierdie faktore en die dramatiese toename in misdaad wat oorvol tronke veroorsaak, maak die studie noodsaaklik. 'n Dramatiese transformasie in bestuurspraktyke, kommunikasie metodes en strategiese koers word voorgestel. Die studie bied 'n gespesifiseerde plan aan die bestuur van die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Nuwe bestuurspraktyke word voorgestel, insluitende eenheidbestuur en die gebruik van die "Asset Procurement and Operating Partnership System" wat bestuurders sal help met toekomstige besluite en strategiese insig. Voorstelle word ook gemaak in terme van oorvol tronke en maatstawwe word gegee vir begrotingsgebreke en optrede met die publiek. Die aspekte wat bespreek word sluit 'n nuwe koers vir die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, die formulering van 'n bree beleid in terme van arbeidsbestuur en infrastruktuur-ontwikkeling in. Die belangrikheid van 'n interne en eksteme omgewingsanalise asook die behoeftes van deelnemers en strategiese probleme word ook bespreek. 'n Strategiese plan word voorgestel en metodes vir die hersiening, aanneming en implementering daarvan word bespreek. 'n Noukeurige proses wat bestaan uit tien stappe word voorgestel om aan bogenoemde vereistes te voldoen. Hierdie stappe word breedvoerig bespreek en bestaan uit die volgende: Stap 1: Bepaal 'n proses van strategiese beplanning Stap 2: Omskryf die beplanningsdoelwitte Stap 3: Identifiseer en verstaan die verskillende deelnemers en ontwerp en verfyn die missie en waardes Stap 4: Ontleed die omgewing en identifiseer die sterk punte, swak punte, geleenthede en bedreigings Stap 5: Identifiseer die strategiese probleme en punte van belang Stap 6: Formuleer die strategie en bestuur die proses Stap 7: Hersien die plan en neem dit aan Stap 8: Bepaal 'n effektiewe visie vir die toekoms Stap 9: Ontwikkel 'n effektiewe implementeringsproses Stap 10: Herevalueer die strategie en die proses van strategiese beplanning