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In this work, we study the backreaction of high-frequency gravitational waves on cosmological backgrounds. To describe the wave, we use the Isa- acson formalism, specifically the WKB approximation, which allows us to express the backreaction through an effective stress-energy tensor of the gra- vitational wave. First, we consider the inhomogeneous cosmological model of Charach and Malin, which contains gravitational waves and a massless scalar field mini- mally coupled to gravity. We show that although this is a spatially compacti- fied solution, it is possible to add a high-frequency perturbation and solve Einstein's equations with the effective stress-energy tensor in a consistent way. The bacreaction is of the same order as the influence of the scalar field. Second, we add multiple incoherent high-frequency waves to the homoge- neous Kasner background, and discuss the relation to the late-time limit of the Gowdy (vacuum Charach and Malin) model. 1

This thesis deals with the personality and life of the Tuscan Renaissance scientist Galileo Galilei, a time in which he lived, and his relationship with the Catholic Church. The aim of the thesis is to acquaint the reader with the life of Galileo Galilei and Renaissance society, and thus capture important moments and influences that shaped Galileo's personality and life orientation. The thesis is divided into three main chapters. The first part deals with the Renaissance period and the related European Reformation. It focuses on the Renaissance in Italy, then education, religious situation and seeing the world. The second chapter is dedicated to Galileo's biography, with regard to his work and then researchers who were with Galileo joint activity. The last part refers to the religious situation of 16th to 17th century, considering the Council of Trent, the Roman Inquisition and the cosmology of how the people regarded it in antiquity and later the Catholic Church and scientists in the early modern period. This part especially illustrates the conflict Galileo and the Church. It describes the reasons of the conflict, the trial of Galileo and the consequences that flowed from it. The thesis is supplemented with events after Galileo's death. The conclusion summarizes the most important influences that...

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-06T18:02:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEUSALETE CÂMARA VILAR NETA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 962651 bytes, checksum: a355f6b434b034d2c99fa76a8d757ea5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T18:02:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DEUSALETE CÂMARA VILAR NETA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 962651 bytes, checksum: a355f6b434b034d2c99fa76a8d757ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08 / Capes / Modelos cosmológicos envolvendo campos escalares permitem a descrição de uma fase de expansão cósmica acelerada e, portanto, se apresentam como uma alternativa promissora no estudo da inação cósmica e da energia escura. O elemento chave dessa aceleração é a energia escura ou quintessência. Nosso interesse está em analisar soluções cosmológicas baseadas no formalismo de primeira ordem, aqui em particular, o caso para o espaço-tempo plano, por meio do acoplamento de campos escalares, de uma forma não trivial usando o método de extensão. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem calcular parâmetros cosmológicos analíticos, que ilustramos ao longo do texto através de exemplos resolvidos com situações-modelo de possível interesse. Ainda, discutiremos as ferramentas utilizadas em teoria de campos escalares na descrição de defeitos, tomando com o ponto de partida modelos comum campo escalar, e revisando aspectos básicos de teorias que envolvem três campos escalares. Além disso, utilizando o método BPS (Bogomol'nyi, Prasa de Somerfi eld), mostraremos que as soluções das equações de Eüler-Lagrange podem ser satisfeitas através de soluções de equações de primeira ordem. Após todas essas análises, iremos relacionar a teoria de campo escalar com a equação de campo de Einstein. Através dos procedimentos mencionados, esperamos compreender o processo de expansão do Universo acelerado, utilizando as soluções das equações de Friedmann. / Cosmological models involving scalar eld sallow the description of an accelerated cosmic expansion phase, and thus, they appear as apromising alternative in the study of cosmic in action and dark energy. The key element of this acceleration is the dark energy or quintessence. Our interest is to analyze cosmological solutions based on the fi rst-order formalism. In particular, we investigate the case for at space-time, by coupling scalar fi elds in a nontrivial manner using the extension method. The results obtained allowed us to calculate cosmological analytical parameters which are illustrated along the text. Moreover, we will discuss the tools used in scalar eld theory in the defect description, we took as a starting point models with a scalar eld, and by reviewing the basics of theories that involve three scalar elds. Further more, by using the BPS method (Bogomol'nyi, PrasadandSomer eld), we showed that the solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations can be derived from the fi rst-order diferential equations. After all these analyzes, we will connect the fi eld theory tools with the Einstein eld equation. We hope to understand the expansion process of the accelerated universe through the previous procedures and by using the solutions of the Friedmann equations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoES.pdf: 1953348 bytes, checksum: d700754d09d0b7966901ab6cbebb4085 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Recent astronomical observations (involving supernovae type Ia, cosmic background radiation anisotropy and galaxy clusters probes) have provided strong evidence that the observed universe is described by an accelerating, flat model whose space-time properties can be represented by the FriedmannRobertsonWalker (FRW) metric. However, the nature of the substance or mechanism behind the current cosmic acceleration remains unknown and its determination constitutes a challenging problem for modern cosmology. In the general relativistic description, an accelerat ing regime is usually obtained by assuming the existence of an exotic energy component endowed with negative pressure, called dark energy, which is usually represented by a cosmological constant ? associated to the vacuum energy density. All observational data available so far are in good agreement with the concordance cosmic ?CDM model. Nevertheless, such models are plagued with several problems thereby inspiring many authors to propose alternative candidates in the relativistic context. In this thesis, a new kind of accelerating flat model with no dark energy and fully dominated by cold dark matter (CDM) is proposed. The number of CDM particles is not conserved and the present accelerating stage is a consequence of the negative pressure describing the irreversible process of gravitational particle creation. In order to have a transition from a decelerating to an accelerating regime at low redshifts, the matter creation rate proposed here depends on 2 parameters (y and ??): the first one identifies a constant term of the order of H0 and the second one describes a time variation proportional to he Hubble parameter H(t). In this scenario, H0 does not need to be small in order to solve the age problem and the transition happens even if there is no matter creation during the radiation and part of the matter dominated phase (when the ? term is negligible). Like in flat ACDM scenarios, the dimming of distant type Ia supernovae can be fitted with just one free parameter, and the coincidence problem plaguing the models driven by the cosmological constant. ACDM is absent. The limits endowed with with the existence of the quasar APM 08279+5255, located at z = 3:91 and with an estimated ages between 2 and 3 Gyr are also investigated. In the simplest case (? = 0), the model is compatible with the existence of the quasar for y > 0:56 whether the age of the quasar is 2.0 Gyr. For 3 Gyr the limit derived is y > 0:72. New limits for the formation redshift of the quasar are also established / Observa?c~oes astron?micas recentes (envolvendo supernovas do tipo Ia, anisotropias da radia??o c?smica de fundo e aglomerados de gal?xias) sugerem fortemente que o Universo observado ? descrito por um modelo cosmol?gico plano e acelerado, cujas propriedades do espa?o-tempo podem ser representadas pela m?trica de Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW). Entretanto, a natureza ou mecanismo respons?vel pela acelera??o permanece desconhecida e sua determina??o constitui o problema mais candente da Cosmologia moderna. Em cosmologias relativ?sticas, um regime acelerado ? usualmente obtido supondo a exist?ncia de uma componente ex?tica de energia com press?o negativa, denominada energia escura, cuja representa??o te?rica mais simples ? uma constante cosmol?gica ?, usualmente associada com a densidade de energia do v?cuo. Todas as observa??es conhecidas est?o de acordo com o chamado modelo de concordancia c?smica (ACDM). No entanto, tais modelos apresentam v?rios problemas te?ricos e tem inspirado muitos autores a proporem candidatos alternativos para representar a energia escura no contexto relativ?stico. Nesta tese, propomos um novo tipo de modelo plano, acelerado e sem energia escura, que ? completamente dominado pela mat?ria escura fria (CDM). O n?mero de part?culas de mat?ria escura n?o ? conservado e o atual est?gio acelerado ? uma consequ?ncia da press?o negativa descrevendo o processo irrevers?vel de cria??o gravitacional de mat?ria. Para ocorrer uma transi??o de um regime desacelerado para outro acelerado em baixos redshifts, a taxa de cria??o de mat?ria proposta aqui depende de 2 par?metros (y e ?): o primeiro deles identifca um termo constante da ordem de H0 enquanto o segundo especifica uma varia??o proporcional ao parametro de Hubble H(t). Neste cen?rio, H0 n?o precisa ser pequeno para resolver o problema da idade e a transi??o ocorre mesmo quando n?o existe cria??o de mat?ria durante a era da radia??o e parte da era da mat?ria (quando o termo ? ? desprez?vel). Tal como nos modelos ?CDM planos, os dados de supernovas tipo Ia distantes podem ser ajustados com um ?nico par?mero livre. Al?m disso, neste cen?rio n?o h? o problema da coincid?ncia c?smica existente nos modelos dirigidos pela constante cosmol?gica. Os limites oriundos da exist?ncia do quasar APM 08279+5255, localizado em z = 3:91, e com idade estimada entre 2 e 3 bilh?es de anos s?o tamb?m investigados. No caso mais simples (? = 0), o modelo ? compat?vel com a exist?ncia do quasar para y > 0; 56 se a idade do quasar for 2 bilh?es de anos. Para 3 bilh?es de anos o limite obtido ? y > 0; 72. Novos limites para o redshift de forma??o do quasar s?o tamb?m estabelecidos

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-12T14:56:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagomorallesdeabreu.pdf: 433339 bytes, checksum: dc2019985b911c7c131a86a07cac34de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-15T13:36:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagomorallesdeabreu.pdf: 433339 bytes, checksum: dc2019985b911c7c131a86a07cac34de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T13:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagomorallesdeabreu.pdf: 433339 bytes, checksum: dc2019985b911c7c131a86a07cac34de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na presente dissertação é apresentada uma revisão detalhada de modelos cosmológicos, incluindo a dinâmica de perturbações cosmológicas lineares para dois modelos que desempenham interesse do ponto de vista de possíveis aplicações. Todo material discutido é oriundo da literatura recente e não se apresenta elementos originais. Entretanto, o conhecimento desses modelos abre uma possibilidade de extensões que estão agora sob discussão e desenvolvimento. De início é feita uma sucinta exposição do Modelo Cosmológico Padrão, que pode ser associado com o modelo FLRW (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker). Este último descreve um Universo em expansão marcado pela homogeneidade e isotropia em grande escala. Após isso discute-se o modelo com fluido cósmico composto por gás relativístico reduzido, mais conhecido pela sigla RRG, do inglês "reduced relativistic gas". A equação de estado do modelo RRG tem uma correspondência bem próxima ao modelo de gás de partículas massivas com energias cinéticas relativísticas. Considera-se ainda as perturbações cosmológicas em torno do modelo RRG de fundo plano, homogêneo e isotrópico. Por fim, segue-se a discussão sobre a possibilidade de incluir perturbações na constante gravitacional G e na constante cosmológica Λ, no ramo do modelo motivado por correções semiclássicas. / In this thesis we present a detailed review of some cosmological models, including the theory of linear cosmological perturbations for two distinct models which represent certain interest from the point of view of possible applications. All presented material comes from the recent literature and does not include original elements. However, the knowledge of these models opens a possibility of extensions which are now under discussion and development. At first it is presented a brief review of the Standard Cosmological Model, which can be associated with FLRW model (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker). The latter describes an expanding Universe marked by homogeneity and isotropy on a large scale. After that we discuss the model composite by a cosmic fluid described by reduced relativisticgas,betterknownbytheacronymRRG(reducedrelativisticgas). Theequation of state of the RRG model has a very close match to the model of gas of massive particles with relativistic kinetic energies. We consider the cosmological perturbations around the background of flat, homogeneous and isotropic RRG-based model. After that follows the discussion of the possibility of including perturbations of the gravitational constant G and the cosmological constant Λ within the model motivated by semiclassical corrections.