Shihmen Reservoir has contributed to the economic development of northern Taiwan since it was built in 1964. As result of natural disasters and improper development, Shihmen Reservoir had a big problem with sediment deposition. To solve this problem, government executed the first stage of integrated treatments planning on Shihmen Reservoir.The period of program is from 2006 to 2008 and divided into three parts. From the government point of view, this study recognized the use of agriculture water¡Nindustrial water¡Ndomestic water¡Nelectricity generation¡Ntourism and decreased sediment extraction expense as benefit index ¡F recognized budgets and natural disasters as cost index to evaluate the effect of this program.The value of benefit-cost ratio before integrated treatments is 2.817 and the value of benefit-cost ratio after integrated treatments is 3.566. The value of benefit-cost ratio after integrated treatments is bigger than the value of benefit-cost ratio before integrated treatments.It means that it is workable for this program. Considering the reason that the water rate and utility bills are much cheaper in Taiwan, this study adjust the rate of water and utility individually. With the adjustment of water rate, the value of benefit-cost ratio before integrated treatments is 3.519 and the value of benefit-cost ratio after integrated treatments is 4.31. With the adjustment of utility rate, the value of benefit-cost ratio before integrated treatments is 3.689 and the value of benefit-cost ratio after integrated treatments is 4.074. It is also beneficial for this program.

The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the financial, technical and social feasibility of investing in modern Automated People Movers (APM) transportation systems, generally known as monorails, in METU campus which presents a unique opportunity to fulfill the modern-day transportation needs of METU campus. This study complements the Presidency Office&rsquo / s long term goal to integrate environmental, social and economic sustainability into the policies, practices and culture of the university and ultimately reduce the consumption of all resources on campus and traffic congestion and accidents. In this context, the consequent cost-benefit effects of the proposed monorail system on campus life were quantified in monetary expressions and the corresponding multi-criteria feasibility assessment including: Break-even Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Assessments and Cost Benefit Analysis have been done successfully. According to these analyses the overall capital cost of system is $46.5 million which covers the 24 months project construction period, and an additional annual operating and maintenance cost of $2 million will span the 30 year project life time. Three different scenarios were proposed for financing the project and relevant break-even points were determined for each of the scenarios. Eventually, it appears that based on the evaluations, constructing such a transit system in METU campus will be cost effective and will certainly enhance the transportation, and will contribute to the institutional improvements and environmental preservation schemes of METU campus.

<p>Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.</p><p>This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.</p><p>The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.</p>

<p>Global warming is an international problem which has led to that many corporations today has an increased environmental awareness.</p><p>This thesis includes a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach which evaluates whether carbon offsetting is a profitable alternative for corporations and society wide. The study is predominately focusing on the emissions of the greenhouse gas . The calculations of CBA show the difference between the scenarios with or without the carbon offsetting. In the CBA approach effects are divided into benefits and costs.</p><p>The study includes a case study of Husqvarna AB and is carried through with aim to get a decision support whether or not to make the corporation carbon neutral. Basic data from Husqvarna AB has been used.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-143).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 3, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75).

Tidigare studier har visat att det finns en övervägande nytta för samhället som helhet vid införandet och användandet av förstainsatsaktörer. I Sverige har nyttjandet av förstainsatsperson, FIP, inom räddningstjänsten visat på en kortare responstid än övrig styrka vid en olycka. Vid en byggnadsbrand är det enligt räddningstjänstens lagföreskrift ett rökdykarpar som utför livräddningen med resterande styrka (släckbil) verkande i bakgrunden. Den här studien utvärderar på nationell nivå tidsbesparingen (den kortare responstiden för två FIP-enheter jämfört med nästkommande enhet) samt den nytta som införandet och användandet av två FIP-enheter resulterar i för samhället som helhet vid en byggnadsbrand. Metoden för att analysera den minskning i skadevärde som en tidigare påbörjad insats medför genom nyttjandet av två FIP-enheter är en kostnadsnyttometod, även kallad CBA (Cost- benefit analysis). Kostnadsnyttoanalysen ställer den merkostnad som investeringen i FIP- enheter medför i kontrast till den nytta som FIP-enheter bidrar med, har nyttan ett större värde än kostnaden så är projektet samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt. Efter sortering av analysunderlaget genomförts återstod 210 stycken fall med fatal utkomst vid brand i byggnad mellan åren 2010 – 2014. Datamaterialet är från räddningstjänstens insats- samt dödsrapporter som ifyllts vid en olyckshändelse som räddningstjänsten larmats till. Resultatet från analysen visar att den genomsnittliga årliga nyttan av FIP-enheterna är beroende på hur stor andel av den avsedda populationen som återfinns inom stationsområde (benämns som täckningsgrad i studien) samt om stationen väljer att investera i en FIP-enhet eller två FIP-enheter. Täckningsgraden för att det ska vara lönsamt att investera i en FIP-enhet är 5311 stycken individer, för att det ska vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att investera i två FIP-enheter måste stationen täcka 10 621 stycken individer. Investeringsalternativen är till följd av att utgångsläget för räddningstjänstens stationer är av olika art, d.v.s. en del stationer har redan en verksam FIP-enhet. För att stationen i fråga ska kunna ta del av den tänkta åtgärden med tidsbesparingen av två stycken FIP-enheter presenteras därav ett case scenario med investeringsalternativet om en FIP-enhet. Slutsatsen som dras är att det är samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att implementera och nyttja två FIP-enheter för Sveriges räddningstjänster beroende på hur stor andel av Sveriges befolkning som den aktuella stationen täcker och vilket investeringsalternativ som är av intresse. / Previous studies have shown that there is an overwhelming benefit to society as a whole for the introduction and use of first responders. In Sweden, the use of first responders, FIP, for the civil protection demonstrated a shorter response time than the other rescue force when an accident occurred. When there is a fire in a building, according to rescue services regulations a smoke-diving couple performs the lifesaving operation with the residual rescue force (fire engine) acting in the background. This study evaluates if the national time savings; the shorter response time for two FIP units compared with the next unit arriving at the scene of an accident. If the introduction and use of two FIP units and the time saved results in a benefit to the society as a whole when there is a fire in a building. The method for analyzing the reduction in the damaged value as a previously initiated effort involving the use of two FIP units is a cost-benefit approach, also called CBA. Cost-benefit analysis makes the extra cost an investment in FIP units brings in contrast to the benefits that FIP units contributes, is the benefit of greater value than the cost the project is said to be economically viable. After sorting the analytical framework remained 210 cases, with fatal outcomes, for the variable fire in building between the years 2010 - 2014. The data material obtained is from the emergency input and death reports completed after an accident occurred that the rescue services were alerted to. The results of the analysis show that the average annual benefit of FIP units is dependent on the proportion of the intended population found in the station area (referred to as coverage in the study) and if the station chooses to invest in one FIP unit or two FIP units. Adequacy for it to be profitable to invest in one FIP unit requires that the station covers 5311 individuals, for it to be economically profitable to invest in two FIP units the station must cover 10 621 individuals. The investment options are due to the starting position for the rescue stations are of different kinds, i.e. some stations already have an effective FIP unit. For the station in question to take part of the division and time savings with two FIP units therefore a case scenario is presented with the investment option of one FIP unit. The conclusion is that it is economically viable to implement and use two FIP units for Sweden's emergency services depending on the proportion of the population of Sweden that the current station covers and what investment options that are of interest.

Over the last 10 years, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market has experienced tremendous growth due in part to government incentive programs. However the effect and welfare analysis of these policy instruments remain ambiguous. In the first chapter of my dissertation, we estimate a dynamic model of households investment decisions on rooftop PV systems to understand the impact of these programs on residential solar installations and evaluate the outcome of alternative incentive policies. The model separately evaluates the effect of system prices, up-front subsidies, tax credits and production revenues using a 5-year data set collected by the California Solar Initiative program, which subsidized solar installations in California. The results indicate that capacity-based subsidies are equally effective as production-based subsidies, but that the latter are more efficient. With a $100 social cost of carbon, the total subsidies in California would be welfare neutral. If California were only as sunny as Frankfurt, Germany, this value has to be $200 to be welfare neutral. We find that without subsidies, 85% of the existing installations would not have occurred. The second chapter of my dissertation is on the political economics of corruption. This is a relevant question in the Environmental Economics due to the human factors involved in government regulations. We investigate the effects of unhindered corruption in the entry-certifying process of an industry on market structure and social welfare. To gain entry, a firm must pay a bribe-maximizing official an exogenous percentage of anticipated profit, in addition to the usual set up cost. This would lead to a monopoly, but only in markets without pre-existing firms. A benevolent social planner may use bribery to the benefit of society by either manipulating the number of pre-existing firms in the market, or by setting up independent (corrupt) licensing authorities. A socially optimal number of firms in the market may be reached by choosing the right number of pre-existing firms or by having exactly two licensing authorities. These mechanisms may be seen as restoring second-best efficiency in settings characterized by two major sources of distortion: Imperfect competition and corruption.

Bensinpriset i Sverige har den senaste tiden stigit kraftigt och åsikterna går isär om huruvida detta ska uppfattas som positivt eller negativt för samhället. Denna studie kartlägger de samhällsekonomiska effekterna av ett högre bensinpris och studerar skillnaden i resultat mellan en oljeprisbaserad bensinprisökning och en bensinprisökning som grundar sig på en högre bensinskatt. I en cost-benefit kalkyl har effekter av ett högre bensinpris identifierats och värderats. Resultatet visar att en oljeprisbaserad bensinprishöjning är att uppfatta som negativ för samhället. Även en skattebaserad bensinprishöjning är dock negativ för samhället. En oljeprisbaserad bensinprishöjning åsamkar emellertid samhället en betydligt större nettoförlust än en skattebaserad bensinprishöjning. En marginalkostnadsberäkning har utförts som ett alternativt beräkningssätt av det samhällsekonomiska resultatet av de två olika bensinprishöjningarna. Marginalkostnadsberäkningen uppskattar den samhälleliga marginalkostnaden av en liter bensin till cirka 9,31 kr och att marginalkostnaden ligger under prisnivån bekräftar slutsatsen att ett högre bensinpris är negativt för samhället, då det, vid en bensinskattehöjning, leder till en situation där bensinpriset hamnar längre från det pris som är optimalt för samhället. Vid en oljeprishöjning stiger både pris och marginalkostnad för samhället och att detta scenario är att uppfatta som negativt för samhället beror på att den ökade kostnaden för bensin som betalas av svenska bilister går till utländska oljeproducenter. Slutligen har centrala faktorer i beräkningarna analyserats och diskuterats. Denna diskussion mynnar ut i en rekommendation till vidare forskning mot beräkningsfaktorer som baserar sig på fordonskilometer. / Recently the Swedish gasoline price has risen considerable and the opinions are divided however this should be perceived as positive or negative for society. In this study, the influences of a higher gasoline price on society and the differences between a scenario with a higher oil price and a higher gasoline tax as ground for the rise of prices are studied. Within the frames of a cost-benefit analysis the effects of a higher gasoline price have been identified and valued. The results show that a higher gasoline price based on a higher oil price is negative for a society. A higher gasoline tax causing a higher gasoline price also has negative effects. The latter type of price increase however, causes far less damage than the former. An estimation of marginal cost has been conducted as an alternative calculation of the results. The marginal cost has been estimated to 9,31 SEK and the fact that the marginal cost is below the price level confirms the conclusion that a higher gasoline price, disregarded the cause, is negative for society, since a tax increase will bring a situation where the gasoline price now is situated further from its optimum price. In the case of an increase in oil price, both the marginal cost and the gasoline price increase and that this scenario is negative for society is due to the increasing payments of the Swedish motorists to foreign oil producers. Finally, central factors in the calculations have been discussed and analysed. The discussion has ended in a recommendation of further research with vehicle kilometers as basis of calculation.

Darbo tikslas – įvertinti elektroninio recepto, kaip vieno iš el. sveikatos komponentų, panaudojimo tiesioginius ir netiesioginius kaštus bei galimą naudą. Metodologija: siekiant pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą buvo atliekama sisteminė elektroninio recepto ekonominio įvertinimo analizė. Tyrimo metu remtasi kaštų-naudingumo analizės metodologijos gairėmis. Nustatant su tiesioginiais ir netiesioginiais kaštais susijusius kintamuosius, buvo atliktos sveikatos priežiūros specialistų ir įmonių apklausos. Palyginamuoju būdu apskaičiuota galima nauda pacientams. Gauti rezultatai diskontuoti į dabartinę vertinę reikšmę. Atlikta sistemos jautrumo analizė. Rezultatai: Dabar veikiančios receptų sistemos vidutiniai metiniai kaštai sudaro 30.082.691,68 litų. Iš jų 1.489.601,90 litų tenka tiesioginėms išlaidos, o likusioji 28.593.189,71 litų dalis – netiesioginėms išlaidoms. Tarp netiesioginių išlaidų 53,49 proc. sudaro gydytojų darbo laiko išrašant receptus piniginė išraiška, o vaistininkų darbo laiko vertė – 46,51 proc. Elektroninio recepto naudojimo kaštai kasmet sudarytų 19.443.948,08 litus, kurių tarpe 13,85 proc. tenka tiesioginiams kaštams, 86,15 proc. – netiesioginiams kaštams. Tarp netiesioginių išlaidų 63,91 proc. sudaro gydytojų darbo laiko piniginė išraiška, o likusioji dalis - 36.09 proc. vaistininkų darbo laiko vertė. Išvados: Lietuvoje kuriami elektroninio recepto modeliai naudoja naujausias šiuo metu esančias informacines technologijas, turinčias aukščiausius saugumo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object: evaluate the costs and impact of electronic prescription running stage for routine operation. Methodology: Systemic analysis of electronic prescription economical evaluation. It was used guidelines of Cost-Benefit analysis methodology. To estimate the parameters of direct and indirect costs it was made questioning of associated health care specialists and companies; for indirect impact for patients – comparative evaluation. All monetary values are converted onto a comparable base by presenting them in present values, using the discounted cash flow technique. The results of the evaluation were tested by a sensitivity analysis. Results: Present average costs per year – 30,082,691.68 litas. 1,489,601.90 litas – directs costs; 28,593,189.71 – indirect costs. Indirect costs consist of 53.49 % - payment issues for physicians and 46.51 % - for pharmacists. The costs of electronic prescription could be 19,443,948.08 litas per year. This consists of 13.85 % direct and 86.15 % indirect costs (63.91 % – payment issues for physicians; 36.09 % - for pharmacists). Conclusions: Present Lithuanian “e-recept” models use the newest information technologies with the highest standards of safety and security. Preferable method of evaluation of electronic prescribing model is Cost-Benefit analysis. In utilization of this method it was counted that electronic prescription system could help minimize direct and indirect cost by 39.43 % per year. All impact of utilization of electronic... [to full text]