[pt] Com o aumento das interligações elétricas entre países, surgiram vários desafios para reguladores e operadores do setor elétrico desses países. Um dos desafios mais importantes consiste em definir qual o custo pelo uso da transmissão de um país a outro país. O principal problema, neste caso, é que a informação elétrica de um país não está disponível para outros países, o que dificulta a devida alocação internacional pelo uso da transmissão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar possíveis soluções para o problema da alocação de custos pelo uso da transmissão em sistemas multiárea. Para isso, alguns métodos representativos pelo uso da transmissão serão combinados com diferentes técnicas para criar sistemas elétricos equivalentes, representando um país (ou uma área). São analisados os métodos Prorata, divisão proporcional (PS-Proportional Sharing), Zbus e EBE (E-quivalent Bilateral Exchange). Para gerar os equivalentes são considerados os seguintes modelos: equivalente baseado em uma rede otimizada equivalente (ROE), que cria linhas fictícias a partir das barras de fronteira de cada país e das tensões destas barras definidas no caso base; equivalente Ward, em que cada país estabelece seu sistema equivalente com o uso da técnica de fatoração da matriz de admitância nodal e; finalmente, o equivalente REI (Radial Equivalent Indepen-dent), no qual uma rede elétrica é reduzida a um equivalente radial. As análises dos métodos de alocação de custos pelo uso da transmissão junto aos sistemas equivalentes foram realizadas com os sistemas 9 barras e IEEE 24 barras, ambos com três áreas. / [en] With the increase of the electrical interconnections among countries, there were several challenges for regulators and operators in these countries. One of the most important challenges is to define what is the transmission cost usage from one country to another country. The main problem in this case is due to the elec-trical information of one country which is not available to another country, which makes difficult the multiarea transmission cost allocation. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine possible solutions for the multiarea transmission cost allocation problem. To do this, some representative methods for transmission cost allocation will be combined with techniques to create equivalent electrical systems, which will represent a country (or area). The transmission cost allocation methods used are: methods Pro-rata, proportional sharing (PS), Zbus and EBE (Equivalent Bilateral Exchange). To generate the equivalents are considered the following models: equivalent based on an optimized network equivalent (ONE), which creates fictitious lines based on the optimization problem considering the interconnection buses of the frontier of the country and voltage in these buses es-tablished for the base case; The Ward equivalent, in which each country creates an equivalent system based on the internal information of its area and, finally, the REI equivalent (Radial Equivalent Independent), in which the power grid is repre-sented by a radial system. Analyses of those transmission cost allocation methods and equivalent systems were performed for 9 bus and IEEE 24 bus, both with three areas.

This work deals with the principles and methods of executing common managerial accounting tasks using Corporate Performance Management tools and technologies. The aim of the work is to analyze different practices, compare them and assess them against non-CPM solutions, especially ERP and spreadsheet solutions. The selection of tasks is based on a survey conducted among Czech companies and includes planning, budgeting, cost allocations and variance analysis. Conclusions are derived from the managerial accounting theory, fundamental works of Business Intelligence and personal experience gained through twelve CPM implementation projects. The conclusions are mostly platform-independent since functionality of several diverse CPM products is taken into account. The work highlights not only advantages but also restrictions of CPM tools and technologies. Many of the conclusions can be directly applied in practice. Work may be beneficial especially for business consultants and for companies considering the implementation of CPM.

One of the dilemmas that information systems (IS) decision-makers encounter is the identification of the often hidden costs associated with IS adoption, particularly since most of them are reported to be external to the traditional IS budget. The review of the IS literature has identified that much effort to date has focused on the identification and measurement of direct costs, and that much less attention has been paid to indirect costs. One of the main problems reported in the literature associated with looking at indirect costs is that they are intangible and difficult to quantify, and there is evidence suggesting that these indirect costs are rarely completely budgeted for, and thus deserve a much closer consideration by decision-makers. This research investigates this view, arguing that one element of indirect costs, that is, indirect human costs (lRCs), is underestimated and little understood. The author argues that it is not possible to estimate or evaluate IHCs without first identifying all their components, yet there is an absence of models that show how such costs are allocated for IS adoption. This underpins the necessity of the present research. Proposed here is a framework of nine sequential phases for accommodating indirect human costs. In addition to this, 1) three conjectures, 2) cost taxonomy and 3) an interrelationship-mapping cost driver model of IRCs, are proposed based on the literature analysis and underpinning the conceptual phases of the framework. To test the conjectures and validate the models proposed, a case research strategy using case settings were carried out in the private sector. Empirical findings validates the models proposed and reveal that indirect human costs are perceived as costs associated with IS adoption, nevertheless not included in the evaluation process or investment proposals. However, during the empirical research, new cost factors and drivers emerged, which resulted in modifications being made to the previously proposed conceptual models. In doing so, it provides investment decision-makers with novel frames of reference and an extensive list of IRCs that can be used during both the IS budget proposals and the evaluation process of the IS investment.

In this thesis, we investigate synergies between participants in transportation and distribution systems and we explore collaborative approaches to exploit these synergies to reduce transportation and distribution costs. We study collaboration in two environments: truckload transportation and vendor management inventory replenishment. The first part of the thesis addresses the cost allocation problem of a collaborative truckload transportation procurement network. We study a logistics network where shippers identify collaborative routes with few empty truck movements to negotiate better rates with a common carrier. We investigate how to allocate the cost savings of these routes among the members of the collaboration. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate collaboration opportunities among carriers. When several carriers have to satisfy truckload transportation requests from various shippers, they may reduce their transportation costs by exchanging requests. First, we focus on computing the minimum cost to satisfy all requests. Next, we develop and analyze various exchange mechanisms that allow carriers to exchange requests in order to realize some of the potential costs savings. In the last part of the thesis, we study VMI replenishment. Simple cost allocation methods ignore synergies between the customers, due to their locations, usage rates, and storage capacities. As a result, the price charged to a customer for distribution does not represent the actual cost of serving that customer. We design a mechanism capable of computing a cost-to-serve for each customer that properly accounts for the synergies among customers.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 57-63.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This work aimed at to analyze the allocation of the financial costs in projects of multiple uses in the section of water resources, among different purposes of use of the water. Such projects are cheaper because, they present scale savings due to the shared use of the resources, thus, the central problem that appears is as allocating the costs among the participants of the project. It was taken as example the fishing reservoir in the municipal district of Capistrano, and the one of Figueiredo in the municipal district of High Saint, both in CearÃ. The methodology used to allocate the costs among the purposes of the projects was given by the rule of defined allocation as value of Shapley, belonging to the theory of the cooperative games. For the project of the Fishing reservoir, the allocated values of the total cost among the integral purposes, they satisfy the beginnings of justness, resulting in a fair and efficient solution, what indicates for that case studied that the solution is in the nucleus of the game. A different conclusion is removed of the results generated for the other used example. The obtained allocations are not in agreement with one of the beginnings of justness, indicating a solution no belonging to the nucleus of the game, which defines impartiality in the allocations obtained for the project of Figueiredo's reservoir. / Este trabalho objetivou analisar a alocaÃÃo dos custos financeiros em projetos de usos mÃltiplos no setor de recursos hÃdricos, entre diferentes finalidades de uso da Ãgua. Tais projetos sÃo mais baratos porque, apresentam economias de escala devido ao uso compartilhado dos recursos, assim, o problema central que surge à como alocar os custos entre os participantes do projeto. Tomou-se como exemplo o reservatÃrio Pesqueiro no municÃpio de Capistrano, e o de Figueiredo no municÃpio de Alto Santo, ambos no CearÃ. A metodologia utilizada para alocar os custos entre as finalidades dos projetos foi dada pela regra de alocaÃÃo definida como valor de Shapley, pertencente à teoria dos jogos cooperativos. Para o projeto do reservatÃrio Pesqueiro, os valores alocados do custo total entre as finalidades integrantes, satisfazem os princÃpios de equidade, resultando em uma soluÃÃo justa e eficiente, o que indica para esse caso estudado que a soluÃÃo està no nÃcleo do jogo. Uma distinta conclusÃo à retirada dos resultados gerados para o outro exemplo utilizado. As alocaÃÃes obtidas nÃo estÃo de acordo com um dos princÃpios de equidade, indicando uma soluÃÃo nÃo pertencente ao nÃcleo do jogo, que define imparcialidade nas alocaÃÃes obtidas para o projeto do reservatÃrio de Figueiredo.

Obesity is growing at an accelerated rate and has been considered a global epidemic is associated with various comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. The health expenses related to obesity has become a major economic problem for the Brazilian health generating high costs of the treatment of diseases related to overweight and obesity. The calculated cost analysis by the ABC method allows better resource management by managers raising the quality of care. The study aimed to evaluate the costs of outpatient care of patients included in morbid obesity program endocrinology clinic of HU-UFS through the ABC method. This is a prospective study to economic evaluation of the care process of patients included in morbid obesity program. The study population consisted of patients included in the program (N = 43). There was a higher incidence of hypertension (p = 0.004) and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.036) as well as a number of diseases (p = 0.001), and greater use of medications (p = 0.023) in the preoperative period for the postoperative period. The monthly outpatient treatment cost R $ 526.17 per patient. The outcome revealed that the cost of greater importance was related to structure with an average monthly cost per patient of R $ 346.63 compared to R $ 119.26 related to drugs and R $ 60.28 related to exams. significant differences were identified between spending preoperatively and postoperatively with respect to expenses structure the biggest consumer activity were to carry out reception service. It follows that the cost structure is much higher than the costs of tests and drugs, and that activity was higher cost of performing the reception services. The study helps to guide managers on the proper allocation of resources, which are configured as a problem due to lack of resources for health, seeking quality care. / A obesidade vem crescendo de forma acelerada e tem sido considerada uma epidemia global estando associada às mais diversas comorbidades como diabetes e hipertensão. As despesas com saúde relacionadas à obesidade têm se tornado um grande problema econômico para a saúde brasileira, gerando elevados custos com o tratamento das doenças relacionadas ao excesso de peso e à obesidade. A análise apurada de custos, através do método ABC, permite melhor gerenciamento de recursos por parte dos gestores, elevando a qualidade da assistência prestada. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os custos do processo do cuidado ambulatorial dos pacientes inclusos no programa de obesidade mórbida do ambulatório de endocrinologia do HU-UFS através do método ABC. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo para avaliação econômica do processo de cuidado dos pacientes inclusos no programa de obesidade mórbida. A população do estudo foi composta por pacientes inclusos no programa (N=43). Observou-se uma frequência maior de hipertensão (p = 0.004) e diabetes mellitus (p = 0.036), bem como quantidade de doenças (p = 0.001), assim como maior consumo de medicamentos (p = 0.023) no período pré-operatório em relação ao pós-operatório. O tratamento ambulatorial mensal custou R$ 526.17 por paciente. O desfecho revelou que o custo de maior relevância foi o relacionado à estrutura com um gasto mensal médio por paciente de R$346,63, comparado com R$119,26 relacionado a medicamentos e R$60,28 relacionado a exames. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre os gastos no pré-operatório e pós-operatório. Com relação aos gastos com estrutura, a atividade de maior consumo foram a de realizar serviços de recepção. Conclui-se que o custo estrutural foi bem superior aos custos com exames e medicamentos e que a atividade de maior custo foi a de realizar serviços de recepção. O estudo contribui para nortear os gestores na alocação adequada de recursos, que se configuram como um problema devido à escassez de recursos destinados à saúde, visando uma assistência de qualidade.

This thesis deals with issues related to investments and regulation of high-voltage electricity grids, and to the households’ demand for electricity. The thesis consists of four self-contained papers. Papers I and II address the challenge of reaching agreements on the expansions of electricity grid infrastructure across national borders. Agreements can be problematic to reach due to regional welfare-effects from new infrastructure, which leads to questions of how investment costs should be shared and under what circumstances cooperation will be rational for all nations. This relates to both the allocation rule used, and the number of countries involved in the sharing (e.g., bilateral or regional). These issues are analysed by game theoretic methods and a numerical optimisation model of the electricity systems of six European countries. Results show that proportional sharing of investment costs in relation to benefits is the most practical solution, and that it also gives outcomes in terms of welfare and transmission capacity that are very close to the regional welfare optimum.The utilities responsible for the transmission system operation and the grid development are the national Transmission System Operators (TSO). The TSOs are monopoly utilities that operate under regulatory oversight. The absence of competition in this sector means that regulators have an important role in monitoring performance and ensuring overall efficiency. One way to do this is by frontier benchmarking methods. However, there are in general no national comparators for TSO, which means that performance needs to be measured against international comparators. Paper III applies a benchmark model to analyse the technical efficiency of 29 European TSO. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate efficiency scores and different approaches to account for the heterogeneity in operating environments are tested. Results show that the average technical efficiency is between 88% and 94%, depending on model and data sample. While this indicates that there are efficiency differences between the TSOs, the extension to regulation of TSOs is not straight forward since the reasons for inefficiency may be due to factors that are outside the TSO’s control.In Paper IV attention is turned towards the households’ demand for electricity. The question answered is how the ageing populations in OECD countries, and the consequential changes in population age-structures, may affect the residential demand for electricity. The implications of changing demography is analysed by a family life-cycle model, and an empirical analysis is made by specifying an econometric model of electricity demand that includes the population age-structure by four age-group variables. Results show that the oldest age-group has the largest positive effect on aggregate per capita consumption, while the other groups have lower but similar effects. The results have implications for projections of future electricity demand and for policies aimed at influencing households’ electricity demand, not the least since the share of elderly in the populations of western societies will increase by several percentage points over the coming decades. / <p>Godkänd; 2013; 20130809 (hannyl); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-09-06 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen. Namn: Hans Nylund Ämne: Nationalekonomi Avhandling: Electricity Across Borders: Regional Cost Sharing of Grid Investments, International Benchmarking and the Electricity Demand of an Ageing Population Opponent: Professor Andreas Stephan, Jönköping International Business School Ordförande: Professor Robert Lundmark, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 27 september 2013, kl. 13.00 Plats: A109, Luleå tekniska universitet</p>

Diploma thesis aims at cost drivers, cost classification and cost allocation. These issues are described with respect to traditional and modern approach and their comparison. In the thesis selected methods of cost estimation and modern methods of cost management are introduced as well. Following the theoretical part, application part focuses on cost analysis in particular company in order to find out cost drivers, to follow-up of cost management system and to give some suggestions, how to improve this area. The application part is not published because of content of restricted data.

The thesis is focused on relations of managerial accounting and Business Intelligence systems. Main goal is to describe situations when BI solutions can effectively support specific managerial accounting tasks. In these situations multiple options are mentioned. This thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is a theoretical introduction of measurement of performance and managerial accounting (chapter 2). The second part is an introduction of key Business Intelligence solution components and its architecture (chapter 3). Variantsof support of selected managerial accounting tasks with BI are presented in the third part (chapter 4).