Architecture is an act of agency, and a technology that can be learned by anyone for their own purpose. It evolved as a system of organization and a protective shell for our fragile bodies, a vast, complex technology that enables human survival. Yet despite its universal nature, we have artificially limited our control over it, and who has access to it; we limit its potentials, its adaptive capacities, its diversity, and our continued survival. Walled-up in universities, behind certifications and dissertations, we have removed architecture from the public’s mind so that few understand it and use it. The city, in its surging complexity, is ever more opaque; the systems, infrastructure, and regulations that govern its formation are hidden from view, behind doors, walls, and fences. Hack seeks to make the city legible and architecture accessible, by leveraging a growing tide of hacker culture, and its subcultures – makers and DIY drone enthusiasts – and their respective technologies. Since the birth of the computer, Hackers have sought to democratize information technology held by military, government, and corporate interests. In doing so they’ve provided a number of methods, that enable free sharing and collaboration between individuals, distributing problem-solving practices, open-source systems, hands-on education, and free access to tools, all applicable to the challenges and opportunities facing architecture and city building today. Hack bootstraps itself to these ideals with hands-on experiments and reflections on those experiments, reframing architecture as a basic skill, a technology to be used by anyone, democratizing architecture through online communities, and the Hacker culture, in order to define a new active role for the architect. Internalizing the Hacker Ethic, and appropriate existing technologies to build new tools – devices to survey space, architecture and the city. – Hack traces the construction of a kite, a model car, a quadrocopter, and a remote-control airplane, each capable of gathering intimate information about the local environment. Hack concludes by reexamining the role of the aerial view in making cities and exercising power, speculating on the potential to level the fields of perception through online co-operation and these small-scale cartographic technologies.

Architecture is an act of agency, and a technology that can be learned by anyone for their own purpose. It evolved as a system of organization and a protective shell for our fragile bodies, a vast, complex technology that enables human survival. Yet despite its universal nature, we have artificially limited our control over it, and who has access to it; we limit its potentials, its adaptive capacities, its diversity, and our continued survival. Walled-up in universities, behind certifications and dissertations, we have removed architecture from the public’s mind so that few understand it and use it. The city, in its surging complexity, is ever more opaque; the systems, infrastructure, and regulations that govern its formation are hidden from view, behind doors, walls, and fences. Hack seeks to make the city legible and architecture accessible, by leveraging a growing tide of hacker culture, and its subcultures – makers and DIY drone enthusiasts – and their respective technologies. Since the birth of the computer, Hackers have sought to democratize information technology held by military, government, and corporate interests. In doing so they’ve provided a number of methods, that enable free sharing and collaboration between individuals, distributing problem-solving practices, open-source systems, hands-on education, and free access to tools, all applicable to the challenges and opportunities facing architecture and city building today. Hack bootstraps itself to these ideals with hands-on experiments and reflections on those experiments, reframing architecture as a basic skill, a technology to be used by anyone, democratizing architecture through online communities, and the Hacker culture, in order to define a new active role for the architect. Internalizing the Hacker Ethic, and appropriate existing technologies to build new tools – devices to survey space, architecture and the city. – Hack traces the construction of a kite, a model car, a quadrocopter, and a remote-control airplane, each capable of gathering intimate information about the local environment. Hack concludes by reexamining the role of the aerial view in making cities and exercising power, speculating on the potential to level the fields of perception through online co-operation and these small-scale cartographic technologies.

En un informe del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas MEF del año 2020, se indica que 534 inversiones en la Cartera de Infraestructura Educativa recibieron transferencias para la ejecución de obras. El 87% de estas inversiones presentaron interferencias por deficiencias en el Expediente Técnico, lo cual originó que S/ 447 millones fueran devueltos al Tesoro Público. Ello, evidencia que, el aparato gubernamental realiza una deficiente gestión de las inversiones en los proyectos sociales y de infraestructura. Por lo tanto, es importante enfocar esfuerzos en realizar los estudios previos adecuados para el proyecto. La optimización de los recursos y una mayor eficiencia en la elaboración del Expediente Técnico, disminuirán los cambios inesperados durante la ejecución y redundará en un mayor beneficio para el usuario final. El presente trabajo de investigación desarrollará pautas para la elaboración de un Expediente Técnico más eficiente y consistente, valiéndonos de herramientas de la Metodología BIM, teniendo en cuenta la normatividad legal que promueve su uso. Para lograr una mayor eficiencia en la elaboración del Expediente Técnico, se propone un entorno colaborativo, en el que se programarán reuniones con la participación de todo el equipo del proyecto, se intercambiará información, se resolverán las deficiencias detectadas y finalmente se consolidará la información de los modelos 3D generados por los diversos especialistas, surgiendo el modelo BIM integrado. Con esta información se podrán elaborar todos los documentos que forman parte del Expediente Técnico, conformándose un documento más eficiente y consistente. Dentro del contenido de este trabajo, se incluye un Análisis del Impacto en el Plazo y Costo del proyecto como producto de las deficiencias detectadas en el Expediente Técnico del Caso de Estudio. Y al final, se incluirá una propuesta de mejora en el proceso de elaboración del Expediente Técnico. / In a report from the Ministry of Economy and Finance MEF for the year 2020, it is indicated that 534 Investments in the Educational Infrastructure Portfolio received transfers for the execution of works. 87% of these investments presented interferences due to deficiencies in the Technical File, which caused S/ 447 million to be returned to the Public Treasury. This shows that the government apparatus performs a deficient management of investments in social and infrastructure projects. Therefore, it is important to focus efforts on conducting the appropriate preliminary studies for the project. The optimization of resources and greater efficiency in the preparation of the Technical File will reduce unexpected changes during execution and will result in greater benefit for the end user. This research work will develop guidelines for the elaboration of a more efficient and consistent Technical File, using the tools of the BIM methodology, acording to the current legal regulations. To achieve greater efficiency in the preparation of the Technical File, a collaborative process is proposed, in which meetings will be scheduled with the participation of the entire project team, information will be exchanged, the deficiencies detected will be resolved and finally the information on the 3D models generated by the various specialists, emerging the integrated BIM model. With this information, all the documents that are part of the Technical File can be prepared, forming a more efficient and consistent document. Within the content of this work, an Analysis of the Impact on the Term and Cost of the project is included as a result of the deficiencies detected in the Technical File of the Case Study. And at the end, an Improvement Proposal will be included in the process of preparing the Technical File. / Trabajo de investigación

The diploma thesis is focused on solution of technology optimization of steam turbine rotor blades machining. Main goal is to evaluate machining cost accord-ing to change of tools feedrate speed and proposed production technology. During experimental production was monitored the tool wearing VBB of roughing and finishing mill cutter depending on machining time tA. Further, there was evaluated new technology time saving – two piece production and material consumption. The results of experiment are material cost saving and noticeable time reduction for machining of rotor blade, mainly reduction of non-machine working time.