D.Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Counselling Psychology) at the University of Zululand, 2006. / The problem of career development in disadvantaged communities in South Africa is a product of historical discriminatory practices that have resulted in large numbers of young people not having access to appropriate career guidance services. As a solution to mass career guidance needs, a non-profit, self-help career guidance program serves as a supplement to curriculum based school programs and provides people with the opportunity to access career guidance services in an empowering environment. This case study qualitatively describes the development and evaluation of a career guidance centre as a resource for large numbers of learners, educators and unemployed youth. Specifically, the role that the hands-on permanent career exhibition plays in a self-help career choice model is discussed, together with the subjective experience of the centre by a number of people who used the services provided by the Zululand Career Centre in Richards Bay, South Africa. A logic model provides a view of the resources, influencing factors, implementation activities and outputs that make up the development of the centre. The design of the career centre embodies several relevant psychological theories and is essentially a self-help exhibition-led process. Its development provided an opportunity for the innovative application of existing trait and type, life-span, constructivist, social learning, decision-making and socio-economic approaches within the South African context. The life-span and decision-making approaches provided the theoretical background for the problem-solving exploration processes used in the centre, while the trait and factor theories provided techniques for self-knowledge acquisition and career information classification. Social learning theory provided insight into the pivotal role the staff members of the centre would have to play in the learning processes, while the constructivist theories led to an understanding that users of the centre would be able to construct their knowledge of careers from their experiences with the centre displays and their own lived experiences. The importance of up-to-date, contextually relevant information was highlighted by the socio-economic approaches. The centre provided insights into how exhibition-led learning is able to assist a large number of people to access career and labour market information and actively participate in the career decision-making process. / National Research Foundation

For over four decades, segregation, as the master narrative in South Africa, favoured the development of whites as mental health workers and empowered them to research and write about the lives of people of colour, thus becoming the experts on their lives. In this project I do something in reverse by being an Indian pastoral therapist to white counsellees. The project describes a postmodern narrative approach and social construction epistemology and the application of these towards culturally sensitive and respectful ways of doing pastoral therapy. Important feedback from white counsellees on race, culture and spirituality enabled me to reflect on culturally sensitive ways of doing pastoral therapy in a multicultural post Apartheid South Africa. A narrative perspective also provided me with a voice to tell my own story in a way that was healing to me. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology (Pastoral Therapy))

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie studie toon dat vroue wat vir terminasie van swangerskappe aanmeld, se behoeftes wyer as bloot die verwydering van die fetus strek. Die diversiteit van probleme, vra 'n beradingsbenadering wat holisties van aard is. Indien die sosiale, psigiese en spirituele behoeftes nie aangespreek word nie, het ons in die holistiese hantering gefaal. Die Department Huisartskunde waar ek werksaam is, beywer hom vir 'n holistiese benadering van die pasient. Hierdie benadering word ook deur die huidige SuidAfrikaanse Regering onderskryf. Die vrou met die ongewenste swangerskap het 'n behoefte om, behalwe die fisieke probleme, in totaliteit verstaan en gehoor te word. Sy smag na 'n berader wat saam met haar deur die kompleksiteit van die probleem kan dink en voel. Die holistiese benadering behels die fisieke sowel as die psigiese, maatskaplike en spirituele behoeftes. Die studie het te doen met 'n soeke na 'n beradingsbenadering wat in al die behoeftesvan die vrou sal voorsien. / This study demonstrates that the needs of women requesting a termination of pregnancy extend much further than the mere removal of the foetus. The diversity of problems demands a counselling approach that is holistic in nature. We will fail in this holistic management, should the social, psychological and spiritual needs not be addressed. The Department of Family Medicine where I am employed strives towards a holistic approach to the patient. This approach is also endorsed by the present South African Government. The woman with an unwanted pregnancy needs to be heard and understood in totality, over-and-above the physical problem. She yearns for a counsellor who can think and feel through the complexity of the problem together with her. The holistic approach includes the physical, as well as the psychological, social and spiritual aspects. The study involves a search for a counselling approach which provides for all these needs of the women. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Praktiese Teologie - met spesialisering in Pastorale Terapie)

For over four decades, segregation, as the master narrative in South Africa, favoured the development of whites as mental health workers and empowered them to research and write about the lives of people of colour, thus becoming the experts on their lives. In this project I do something in reverse by being an Indian pastoral therapist to white counsellees. The project describes a postmodern narrative approach and social construction epistemology and the application of these towards culturally sensitive and respectful ways of doing pastoral therapy. Important feedback from white counsellees on race, culture and spirituality enabled me to reflect on culturally sensitive ways of doing pastoral therapy in a multicultural post Apartheid South Africa. A narrative perspective also provided me with a voice to tell my own story in a way that was healing to me. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology (Pastoral Therapy))

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie studie toon dat vroue wat vir terminasie van swangerskappe aanmeld, se behoeftes wyer as bloot die verwydering van die fetus strek. Die diversiteit van probleme, vra 'n beradingsbenadering wat holisties van aard is. Indien die sosiale, psigiese en spirituele behoeftes nie aangespreek word nie, het ons in die holistiese hantering gefaal. Die Department Huisartskunde waar ek werksaam is, beywer hom vir 'n holistiese benadering van die pasient. Hierdie benadering word ook deur die huidige SuidAfrikaanse Regering onderskryf. Die vrou met die ongewenste swangerskap het 'n behoefte om, behalwe die fisieke probleme, in totaliteit verstaan en gehoor te word. Sy smag na 'n berader wat saam met haar deur die kompleksiteit van die probleem kan dink en voel. Die holistiese benadering behels die fisieke sowel as die psigiese, maatskaplike en spirituele behoeftes. Die studie het te doen met 'n soeke na 'n beradingsbenadering wat in al die behoeftesvan die vrou sal voorsien. / This study demonstrates that the needs of women requesting a termination of pregnancy extend much further than the mere removal of the foetus. The diversity of problems demands a counselling approach that is holistic in nature. We will fail in this holistic management, should the social, psychological and spiritual needs not be addressed. The Department of Family Medicine where I am employed strives towards a holistic approach to the patient. This approach is also endorsed by the present South African Government. The woman with an unwanted pregnancy needs to be heard and understood in totality, over-and-above the physical problem. She yearns for a counsellor who can think and feel through the complexity of the problem together with her. The holistic approach includes the physical, as well as the psychological, social and spiritual aspects. The study involves a search for a counselling approach which provides for all these needs of the women. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Praktiese Teologie - met spesialisering in Pastorale Terapie)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility ofusingJlelational Theory as a basis for the design of a support group programme for divorced single-parent families. This programme aimed at improving their interpersonal relationships and then to form new identities realistically, thus helping them to self-actualise. The categories of involvement, experience and meaningful attribution as well as the stages of awareness, exploration, personalisation and change initiation formed the basis of the programme. The effects of marital disruption on the interpersonal relationships and identities of singleparent families were also examined through a literature review. Pre and posttest interviews were conducted individually with single parents and their children to evaluate the effectiveness of the support group programme. The pretest interviews were administered a month before the implementation of the programme and the posttest interviews done two months after to gauge the longitudinal effect of the programme. The interviews and the progranune included the following aspects : awareness, exploration and evaluation of relationships (including aspects such as parental and spousal conflicts, parent alignment and parent availability, sibling rivalry and parent-child interaction); awareness, exploration and evaluation of identities (including identity conflicts stemming from role strain, role reversals and parent alignment); self-evaluation and selfactualisation. The conclusions from the literature study, the outcome of the support group progranune and the results of the interviews confirmed that marital disruption does adversely affect the interpersonal relationships of single-parent families and their formation of new, realistic identities. Single-parent families attribute unrealistic meaning to relationships and identities causing problematic relationships and identity conflicts. The nature and quality of the relationships also affect the formation of realistic identities resulting in a failure to self-actualise. In conclusion, the support group programme helped the single-parent families to attribute realistic meaning to their relationships and identities, resulting in improved relationships and the formation of realistic identities / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Study project (BCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem statement: The abortion regulation was implemented in 1997 before the necessary infrastructure was in place. The shortage of educated healthcare providers in abortion facilities led to uninformed women. Aims for this research was exploratory-describing of nature and was aimed on pre-abortion counselling to women with unwanted pregnancies in the state facilities in the Western Cape metropole to be evaluated from a nursing perspective. Methodology: Two samplings was done namely a 50% randomized, proportional stratified sampling from the State Health facilities in the Western Cape Metropole which offer abortion care service, as well as the non-randomized convenient sampling of pregnant women that received pre-abortion counselling. Data was gathered with the help of self compiled questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyse with the help of Statistika 7 and qualitative data according to Tesch’s approach. Results: Of the respondents 79% was between the age 16 and 30 and 72% was single. Although the Department of Health strives that abortion care services should be offered by a level 1 health facility, only 43% have been counselled through a registered nurse. While 49% consider preabortion counselling as important, 39% of the respondents received no, or information in groups regarding the termination of the pregnancy, 77% received information with regarding to the procedure and 50% was informed when they could go forth with normal activities. Approximately 54% received no information regarding post-abortion complications and 59% did not received a follow-up date. Approximately 68% of the respondents received information regarding family planning. Conclusion: It seems that pre-abortion counselling is not done according to guidelines and there is many gaps in the existing counselling methods in the different health facilities. Recommendations: Counselling should be based on the WHO and the Department of Health’s guidelines for abortion care. Nurses should be more involved in education programs. Abortion care facility’s should promote the total spectrum of abortion care and counsellors should receive special training and annually be re-evaluated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemstelling: Die aborsiewetgewing is in 1997 geïmplementeer voordat die nodige infrastruktuur in plek was. Die tekort aan doeltreffend-opgeleide gesondheidswerkers in aborsiesorgdienste het tot gevolg gehad dat vroue oningelig is met betrekking tot aborsiesorgdienste. Doelwitte vir hierdie navorsing was ondersoekend-beskrywend van aard en daarop gerig om preaborsie berading aan vroue met ongewenste swangerskappe in staatsaangewysde fasiliteite in die Wes-Kaapse metropool te evalueer vanuit ‘n verpleegkundige perspektief. Metodologie: Twee steekproefnemings is gedoen, naamlik ‘n 50% ewekansige, proporsionele, gestratifiseerde steekproefneming van die staatsgesondheidsfasiliteite in die Wes-Kaapse metropool wat aborsiesorgdienste aanbied, sowel as ‘n nie-waarskynlike, gerieflikheidssteekproefneming van swanger vroue wat pre-aborsie berading ontvang. Data is met behulp van selfopgestelde vraelyste ingesamel. Kwantitatiewe data is ontleed met behulp van Statistica 7 en die kwalitatiewe data deur middel van Tesch se benadering. Resultate: Van die respondente was 79% tussen die ouderdom van 16 en 30 jaar en 72% was enkellopend. Alhoewel die Departement van Gesondheid strewe dat aborsiesorgdienste by ‘n vlak 1 gesondheidsfasiliteite aangebied word, het slegs 43% hul berading hier deur geregistreerde verpleegkundiges ontvang. Terwyl 94% pre-aborsie berading beskou as belangrik, het 39% óf geen, óf inligting in groepe ontvang betreffende die beëindiging van die swangerskappe, 77% het inligting ontvang met betrekking tot die prosedure en 50% was ingelig wanneer hul kon voortgaan met normale aktiwiteite. Sowat 54% het geen inligting ontvang betreffende post-aborsie komplikasies nie en 59% het nie ‘n opvolgdatum gekry nie. Sowat 68% van die respondente het wel inligting ontvang oor gesinsbeplanning. Slotsom: Dit blyk dus dat pre-aborsie berading nie volgens riglyne gedoen word nie en dat daar baie leemtes is in die bestaande beradingsmetodes in die verskillende gesondheidsfasiliteite. Aanbevelings: Berading moet gebaseer word op die WGO en die Departement van Gesondheid se riglyne vir aborsiesorg. Verpleegkundiges moet meer betrokke raak by voorligtingsprogramme. Aborsiesorgfasiliteite moet die totale spektrum van aborsiesorg kan behartig en aborsiesorgberaders moet spesiale opleiding ontvang en jaarliks her-evalueer word.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility ofusingJlelational Theory as a basis for the design of a support group programme for divorced single-parent families. This programme aimed at improving their interpersonal relationships and then to form new identities realistically, thus helping them to self-actualise. The categories of involvement, experience and meaningful attribution as well as the stages of awareness, exploration, personalisation and change initiation formed the basis of the programme. The effects of marital disruption on the interpersonal relationships and identities of singleparent families were also examined through a literature review. Pre and posttest interviews were conducted individually with single parents and their children to evaluate the effectiveness of the support group programme. The pretest interviews were administered a month before the implementation of the programme and the posttest interviews done two months after to gauge the longitudinal effect of the programme. The interviews and the progranune included the following aspects : awareness, exploration and evaluation of relationships (including aspects such as parental and spousal conflicts, parent alignment and parent availability, sibling rivalry and parent-child interaction); awareness, exploration and evaluation of identities (including identity conflicts stemming from role strain, role reversals and parent alignment); self-evaluation and selfactualisation. The conclusions from the literature study, the outcome of the support group progranune and the results of the interviews confirmed that marital disruption does adversely affect the interpersonal relationships of single-parent families and their formation of new, realistic identities. Single-parent families attribute unrealistic meaning to relationships and identities causing problematic relationships and identity conflicts. The nature and quality of the relationships also affect the formation of realistic identities resulting in a failure to self-actualise. In conclusion, the support group programme helped the single-parent families to attribute realistic meaning to their relationships and identities, resulting in improved relationships and the formation of realistic identities / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

M.A. (Clinical Social Work) / Please refer to full text to view abstract