O presente trabalho tem como proposta principal analisar a trajetória de José Maria Cândido Ribeiro, pintor português condenado por falsificação de moeda, enfatizando suas relações com a justiça no Brasil do século XIX. Cândido Ribeiro chegou ao Rio de Janeiro entre as décadas de 1820 e 1830, onde passaria a viver de sua arte de retratista e pintor a óleo. Casando-se com uma brasileira, em algum momento das décadas de 1830 e 1840 partiria para a província da Bahia, onde aconteceria sua principal condenação por falsificação de moeda, em 1849. A partir dessa condenação passou a se desenvolver uma complexa relação entre José Maria Cândido Ribeiro, a justiça do período e seus agentes. Preso em Salvador e agindo como delator e espião da polícia baiana entre 1851 e 1855, Ribeiro conseguiu paulatinamente atenuar e retardar o cumprimento de sua sentença, para isso estabelecendo relações com personalidades importantes ligadas a política e a justiça do período imperial. Em 1855, após participar de uma bem-sucedida operação contra a moeda falsa na Bahia, Cândido Ribeiro seguiu para a Corte do Rio de Janeiro, onde conseguiu a comutação de sua pena de galés para degredo no interior da província do Paraná, onde terminaria seus dias, no início da década de 1860. Perseguindo o personagem pelos lugares por onde passou, o trabalho reconstrói suas principais relações, observando de que forma elas podem ter influenciado nos processos e nas decisões da justiça. A tese propõe analisar, através de uma trajetória específica, o funcionamento de práticas de hierarquização, reciprocidade e clientelismo existentes na sociedade brasileira oitocentista, que interferiam no funcionamento da justiça, e que em alguma medida remetem a práticas existentes nas antigas monarquias coorporativas. / The main goal of this dissertation is to analyze the trajectory of José Maria Cândido Ribeiro, a Portuguese painter convicted of currency counterfeiting, emphasizing his relations with justice in Brazil of the nineteenth century. Cândido Ribeiro arrived in Rio de Janeiro between the 1820s and 1830s, making a living there from his art as a portraitist and oil painter. As he had married a Brazilian woman, at some point from the 1830s to the 1840s, he left for the province of Bahia, where his main condemnation for forgery of money took place in 1849. From this conviction, a complex relationship developed between José Maria Cândido Ribeiro, the justice of that period and its agents. Imprisoned in Salvador and acting as an informant and spy of the Bahian police between 1851 and 1855, Ribeiro gradually managed to mitigate and delay the execution of his sentence by establishing relationships with important personalities linked to politics and justice of the imperial period. In 1855, after taking part in a successful operation against the counterfeit currency in Bahia, Cândido Ribeiro went to the Court of Rio de Janeiro, where he could commute his Welsh judgment for exile in the interior of the province of Paraná, the place in which he had ended his days in the early 1860s. Pursuing the character throughout the places he had passed, the research reconstructs his main relationships, noting how they may have influenced the processes and decisions of justice. The dissertation aims to analyze, through a specific trajectory, the operation of the practices of hierarchization, reciprocity and clientelism existing in the nineteenth-century Brazilian society, which interfered in the operation of justice, and to some extend refer to the existing practices in the old corporative monarchies.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-22T19:12:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Willian Ricardo da Rosa de Almeida.pdf: 1728935 bytes, checksum: add5d55f493e0f08fd42042f07a7a9b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-22T19:15:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Willian Ricardo da Rosa de Almeida.pdf: 1728935 bytes, checksum: add5d55f493e0f08fd42042f07a7a9b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T19:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Willian Ricardo da Rosa de Almeida.pdf: 1728935 bytes, checksum: add5d55f493e0f08fd42042f07a7a9b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A sildenafila é um fármaco utilizado como tratamento de primeira escolha para a disfunção erétil, sendo disponível comercialmente na forma farmacêutica de comprimidos. Atualmente, a sildenafila está entre os medicamentos mais vendidos no mercado mundial. Por esta razão, também está entre os medicamentos que mais são contrabandeados e/ou falsificados. O desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para avaliar a qualidade de produtos farmacêuticos bem como aqueles voltados para análise de amostras forenses são de extrema importância e constituem-se como ferramentas para a disponibilização de medicamentos com qualidade garantida. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar um método analítico indicativo de estabilidade por UFLC para a quantificação de sildenafila em comprimidos, bem como avaliar a cinética de degradação fotolítica e a segurança biológica dos fotoprodutos de degradação obtidos. Ainda, amostras suspeitas de falsificação de comprimidos de sildenafila (cedidas pela Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) foram avaliadas em relação aos critérios de qualidade estabelecidos em compêndios internacionais através dos testes de: (a) resistência mecânica, (b) desintegração, (c) dissolução, (d) teor, (e) perfil químico por espectrometria no infravermelho médio e (f) perfil físico (diâmetro, peso e altura). Os resultados foram avaliados utilizando ferramentas de controle estatístico de processo e análise multivariada. No desenvolvimento do método por UFLC, as seguintes condições foram estabelecidas: fase móvel acetonitrila:trietilamina pH 4,0 (60:40, v:v), fluxo 0,7 ml min-1, coluna C18 (100mm x 4,6mm x 5μm), temperatura 50°C e detecção em 290 nm. O método foi validado segundo a normativa do ICH e mostrou-se específico, linear, preciso, exato e robusto. A segurança biológica foi determinada pelos ensaios de: (a) de Azul de Tripan, (b) Teste de Micronúcleos e (c) Ensaio Cometa. O fármaco e seus produtos de fotodegradação apresentaram citotoxicidade, no entanto não foram observados mutagenicidade e genotoxicidade. Na avaliação dos comprimidos suspeitos de falsificação não foram encontrados desvios de qualidade e a análise multivariada (por Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos) se mostrou adequada para classificação das amostras quanto ao perfil físico. / Sildenafil is the first choice pharmaceutical product for erectile dysfunction treatment and commercially available in tablets dosage form. Nowadays, Sildenafil is among the largest selling pharmaceutical products in the worldwide marketing. For this reason, is also among the most falsified and/or smuggled in the world. The development of analytical techniques that aim to evaluate pharmaceutical products’ quality, as well as those that aim forensic samples, are extremely valuable, once they are resources for quality guaranteed pharmaceutical products availability. Thus, our present study aimed to develop and validate a stability-indicative analytical method by UFLC, in order to quantify Sildenafil in tablets. Photolytic degradation’s kinetics and biological safety of Sildenafil’s photoproducts were evaluated. Additionally, Sildenafil tablets that were suspect of falsification (conceded by Regional Superintendence of Federal Police), were evaluated according to quality criteria previously established by international compendiums, being them: (a) mechanical resistance, (b) disintegration, (c) dissolution, (d) assay, (e) chemical profile by infrared spectroscopy, and (f) physical profile. The results were evaluated by control-process statistical and multivariate analysis. The following conditions were established for UFLC method: acetonitrile:triethylamine (60:40, v:v) as mobile phase, flux at 0.7mL.min-1, C18 column (100mm x 4,6mm x 5μm), 50°C, pH 4.0 and 290 nm. Proposed method was validated following ICH’s guidance, and showed specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Biological safety was determined by the following assays: (a) Trypan Blue, (b) Micronucleus, and (c) Comet assay. The intact molecule, as well as its photoproducts showed cytotoxicity even no mutagenicity or genotoxicity was detected. Finally, tablets (suspected of falsification) had no quality deviation and multivariate analysis (Hierarchical Component Analysis) applied in physical profile showed adequate for sample’s classification.

Malaria is still an epidemic in many parts of the world-about 220 million people are still infected with malaria worldwide and about 700 thousand people die from this disease per year. Most of the drugs used to treat malaria work well if they are used as required and they contain the right amounts of the active ingredient; however, it is estimated that more than 10% of drugs traded worldwide are counterfeits including 38% to 53% of antimalarial tablets produced in China and India. Due to the lack of data covering the extent of counterfeit antimalarial drugs in Ghana, the purpose of this quantitative study was to determine the percentage of counterfeit antimalarial drugs sold in Ghana by assessing the amounts of the 2 most common antimalarial drugs, artemether (ATMT) and lumefantrine (LMFT) in drugs sold in Ghana retail outlets. These drugs were purchased from retail outlets in Ghana and analyses at the Mayo Clinic Pharmacology core lab (Rochester, MN). The quality of the drugs were characterized by comparing the actual amount of ATMT & LMFT in each tablet to the expected amount. Using explanatory theory along with dose response-response occupancy theory, the researcher addressed quantitative solutions to questions related to the percentage and distribution of counterfeit ATMT and LMFT tablets. The results revealed that overall 20% of the drugs are counterfeit; this is not dependent on the location or kind of outlet but rather depends on whether the tablets were imported or locally manufactured and whether the tablets had a pedigree scratch panel. This study provides a better understanding of how much antimalarial medication is counterfeit in Ghana, which will aid interventions to minimize the adverse effects of counterfeit antimalarial medication in Ghana

The emergence of ‘new luxury’ available at affordable prices has resulted in abundance of counterfeit products in the markets. As the extent of counterfeiting is increasing in almost every industry, it becomes critical to develop measures that can help to prevent buying and selling of counterfeit products. In exploring consumers’ buying behavior of counterfeit products, this study was designed to examine the influence of individuals’ characteristics or consumer orientations, both social and personal, on that generate the demand for counterfeit brands. This study employed four theoretical frameworks: (a) the Theory of Planned behavior, (b) Value-Attitude-Behavioral intention system, (c) Bandwagon effect in the theory of consumer demand, and (d) Aberrant consumer behavior. Specifically, this study investigates consumers’ intention to purchase counterfeit brands based on their social consumer orientation (social conformity, status seeking, fashion consciousness, and price-quality schema) and personal consumer orientation (ethical value, social responsibility, and integrity), attitudes toward the purchase of counterfeit brands, subjective norm, and perceived control over the purchase of counterfeit brands. Further, this study aims to explore the role of price sensitivity as a moderator in understanding the relationship between attitudes and intentions to purchase counterfeit and original luxury brands. This study was conducted in the context of fashion luxury brands that sell handbags and wallets. An online self-administered survey methodology was employed to collect the data from 500 subjects. The data were analyzed by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure using structural equation modeling (SEM). Out of total 14 proposed hypotheses, 10 were significant, as expected. However, the rest 4 were not found to be significant. Status seeking was found to have an insignificant relationship with subjective norm to purchase a counterfeit brand. Fashion consciousness was found to have a negative influence on attitude while the relationship of price-quality schema with attitude was not found to be significant. Also, integrity was not found to significantly influence subjective norm. Price sensitivity did not act as a moderator due to non significant relationships between attitude and intensions to purchase counterfeit and original brands. Research and managerial implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research were drawn based on the results.

When a network packet is formed by a computer's protocol stack, there are many components (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) of the computer that are involved in the process. The objective of this research is to identify, characterize and analyze the effects of the various components of a device (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) on the device's network traffic by measuring the changes in its network traffic with changes in its components. We also show how this characterization can be used to effectively perform counterfeit detection of devices which have counterfeit components (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.). To obtain this characterization, we measure and apply statistical analyses like probability distribution fucntions (PDFs) on the interarrival times (IATs) of the device's network packets (e.g., ICMP, UDP, TCP, etc.). The device is then modified by changing just one component (e.g., Memory, CPU, etc.) at a time while holding the rest constant and acquiring the IATs again. This, over many such iterations provides an understanding of the effect of each component on the overall device IAT statistics. Such statistics are captured for devices (e.g., field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and personal computers (PCs)) of different types. Some of these statistics remain stable across different IAT captures for the same device and differ for different devices (completely different devices or even the same device with its components changed). Hence, these statistical variations can be used to detect changes in a device's composition, which lends itself well to counterfeit detection. Counterfeit devices are abundant in today's world and cause billions of dollars of loss in revenue. Device components are substituted with inferior quality components or are replaced by lower capacity components. Armed with our understanding of the effects of various device components on the device's network traffic, we show how such substitutions or alterations of legitimate device components can be detected and hence perform effective counterfeit detection by statistically analyzing the deviation of the device's IATs from that of the original legitimate device. We perform such counterfeit detection experiments on various types of device configurations (e.g., PC with changed CPU, RAM, etc.) to prove the technique's efficacy. Since this technique is a fully network-based solution, it is also a non-destructive technique which can quickly, inexpensively and easily verify the device's legitimacy. This research also discusses the limitations of network-based counterfeit detection.

Introduction: Counterfeiting is considered as the crime of the 21st century. A highly affected market of counterfeits is the market of luxury branded goods. These goods are bought by consumers who want to express their social class and belonging by being admired, recognized and accepted by other people. The counterfeits of luxury brands that flourish on the market makes it possible for anyone to be a luxury brand user which is against the core of luxury brand, which strives for a low distribution to keep the demand high to be able to keep the consumer associations of luxury brands.   Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to create knowledge of how counterfeit products affect the consumer perception of luxury brands. Methodology: The research approach was a deductive, quantitative research and the data was collected through a questionnaire distributed through Facebook and the internal e-mail of the Linnaeus University. The sample frame was generation Y in Sweden. A total of 432 completed questionnaires were collected and was the foundation for the analysis and result.   Conclusion: The consumers' perception of counterfeit products have a negative effect on the consumer perception of luxury brands. Both the consumer's brand associations and how consumers perceive the quality of luxury brands are affected by counterfeit products. However, what the consequences are of this negative relationship cannot be answered by the result of this thesis.

With the blooming of economy after the policy of reforming and opening up, China has become the world's factory, and meanwhile, the increasing income level has led to the demand for luxury consumption. However, those who cannot afford luxury consumption in the Chinese market turned to the counterfeit goods to meet their needs for a conspicuous satisfaction. For the counterfeiting issues in Chinese market, Chinese cultural has been blamed for the main cause, but rarely have researchers taken a delicate view of Chinese culture. This study take the concepts of authoritarian personality and face maintenance which are important in the Chinese cultural characteristics, combining with normative beliefs and cognition of regulative failure as independent variables to identify their relations with the attitude toward counterfeit boutique purchasing behavior, the dependent variable in this study. Meanwhile, we discovered some interesting findings after comparing data from Taiwan and China. In this study, cultural dimensions are used in market segmentation of strategic consideration, hoping for discuss the rampant counterfeiting problems in China. This study provides quality brands in the Chinese market different ways of thinking to fight against counterfeiting.

Herewith are presented the results of an investigation the statistical power of USP compendial release tests and recommended alternatives. <br>The U.S. drug supply chain, formerly protected by a closed distribution network, is now threatened by the legal and illegal importation of drug products. Whereas quality can never be inspected into final products, compendial release standards may represent the only valid assessment that products of dubious origin would receive. Reliable tests for content uniformity and dissolution are required to protect the safety of the supply chain. A study was designed to test the hypothesis that existing compendial tests for content uniformity and dissolution would protect the supply chain against substandard and counterfeit drugs if basic field tests failed. <br>Compendial tests for content uniformity and dissolution were evaluated for statistical power using simulation studies. The results revealed that the revised content uniformity test, based on tolerance analysis, was subject to an unacceptable level of consumers' risk. The Bergum method proved to be an excellent secondary standard for product assessment and is recommended as an alternative to the USP method. Simulations with the USP dissolution test revealed significant weaknesses and inconsistencies in the test structure. Theoretical models and power assessments confirmed that the coverage specification of the dissolution test was an unacceptably high 50% coverage with 50% confidence. <br>A Bayesian D-optimal design program was used to investigate alternative methods to improve the coverage capability of the USP dissolution test. The result of this program was the identification of two alternatives to the existing USP procedure. The first alternative is based on the addition of attribute coverage tests to stages 2 and 3 of the USP test, whereas the second alternative is based on the concept of tolerance analysis. <br>Validation studies confirmed that both alternatives significantly improved the statistical power of the USP dissolution test without increasing the sample size or modifying the current three-stage procedure. The attribute test is non-parametric and behaves similarly to the existing USP with improved coverage, whereas the continuous alternative is more sensitive and is consistent with the recent revisions to the content uniformity test. / Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Pharmaceutics / PhD / Dissertation

The World Health Organization estimates that about 10-30% of pharmaceuticals in the world are either substandard or counterfeit. The number is even higher in the developing countries. From a public health perspective, a key contributor to the development and proliferation drug resistant strains of infections, including tuberculosis (TB), malaria and other infections that are leading killers in resource limited settings is poor quality medicines. Most of the main causes are profit driven corruption in many pharmaceutical companies, the poor manufacture and quality control, and/or the inappropriate storage conditions. Poor quality drugs lead to loss of life, create morbidity, strain the financial structure of the health system and lead to long-term drug resistance that affects us all. The current technology for screening poor quality drugs can be divided into 2 categories: the high end, precise and high cost technologies (such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and lower cost and qualitative technologies (such as Thin-Layered Chromatography). The high-end methods can give a precise measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) concentration and the presence of impurities in the tablets, but require trained personnel, advanced machine and lab set up, not suitable for field testing where most of poor quality pharmaceuticals have been found. The lower cost techniques require little training and simple equipment to operate at a relatively inexpensive price, but only gives qualitative results. In addition, most of current methods do not look at the dissolution profile of the tablets simultaneously with the concentration of API. Therefore, we propose to develop an assay that can quantify the concentrations of multiple APIs simultaneously and measure dissolution rates. In order to address current gaps in knowledge, my research proposal has three main parts in the assay development: 1) Development of an fluorescent/luminescent assay for detection of counterfeit/substandard antimalarial using small-molecules-based methods and field testing in Ghana; 2) Development of a fluorescent assay for detection of water-soluble pharmaceuticals using SELEX; and 3) Design a detection platform using microfluidic chips for real time quantification of multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients. For proof-of-concept, an antimalarial drug (artesunate and amodiaquine) and antibacterial antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) are selected to demonstrate the probe development and test the chip performance. Overall, the assay will be rapid, robust, portable, inexpensive, multiplexed, quantitative, specific, and sensitive. At a big picture level, emphasizing drug quality and creating robust mechanisms of drug testing will improve health outcomes and enhance treatment efficacy in resource limited settings.

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Author Barbora Boltnarová Supervisor PharmDr. Jan Kostriba, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis Analysis of Counterfeit Medicines from the Perspective of Medicines Policy Objectives: The aim of the theoretical part of this diploma thesis was the analysis of the counterfeiting of medicinal products and a summary of the most critical topics and issues related to this illegal activity. Another purpose of the theoretical part was the mapping of trends in counterfeiting of medicinal products on the domestic and world scale and to compile a summary of the instruments used to combat counterfeiting of medicinal products. The aim of the practical part was the analysis of the reports of falsified medicinal products and to compare the obtained results with hypotheses based on theoretical knowledge. Methods: The data was obtained by analyzing the reports of counterfeit medicinal products published by State Institute for Drug Control in the period from 2nd March 2006 to 14th November 2017. Altogether, 115 reports from the Czech Republic and from abroad were analyzed. Results: The results of the analysis show that the situation regarding counterfeiting of medicinal products in the Czech Republic is relatively safe...