Abstract Course: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Institution: Business School at Linneus University in Växjö Authors: André Weichert, Donika Ombashi and Ebba Olson Supervisor: Natalia Semenova Examiner: Elin Funck Title: Balanced Scorecard as fashion and diffusion – A study in Sweden's county councils with focus on healthcare Background: The Balanced Scorecard is a control instrument that mainly focuses on integrating the financial objectives with the non-financial objectives. The control instrument is used for for-profit organizations as well as for nonprofit organizations. Previous research on the Balanced Scorecard indicates that the control instrument has a tendency to a wave-like pattern, called fashion. To determine fashion there must be a diffusion. The term diffusion is further defined as a process where innovation is communicated among the members of a social system. In this paper, the members of the social system refers to Sweden's county councils. The Balanced Scorecard is considered as an innovative control instrument which is spread among different organizations in the social system. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the fashion and the diffusion of the Balanced Scorecard in Sweden's county councils. The paper also intends to explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Balanced Scorecard and what other control instruments are used in the county councils. Method: A quantitative research strategy is applied to this study. The selected approach for the collection of data, consists of a survey assigned to all the county councils in Sweden. Other data has been collected through Internet searching for articles, printed literature and websites. Conclusion: The results in the study indicate that the county councils have, through their survey responses, confirmed the advantages and disadvantages of theories about the Balanced Scorecard. Furthermore, the authors of the study have confirmed that there is a diffusion of the Balanced Scorecard in the Swedish county councils. However, the study has not been able to establish if a fashion exists. To determine whether a fashion exists, further studies are necessary. / Sammanfattning Kurs: Kandidatuppsats, Civilekonomprogrammet Lärosäte: Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö Författare: André Weichert, Donika Ombashi och Ebba Olson Handledare: Natalia Semenova Examinator: Elin Funck Titel: Balanserat styrkort som mode och spridning - En studie inom                             Sveriges landsting med inriktning på sjukvård Bakgrund: Det Balanserade styrkortet är ett styrinstrument som huvudsakligen fokuserar på att integrera de finansiella målen med de icke-finansiella målen. Styrinstrumentet används inom kommersiella- och icke-kommersiella verksamheter. Tidigare forskning kring det Balanserade styrkortet visar att styrinstrumentet har en tendens till ett vågliknande mönster med upp-och nedgångar, vilket benämns för mode. För att ett mode skall fastställas behöver en spridning ske. Termen spridning definieras vidare som en process där innovation kommuniceras mellan olika enheter i ett socialt system. I denna uppsats utgörs enheter av offentliga verksamheter, vilka avser Sveriges landsting. Det Balanserade styrkortet anses vara en innovativ modell som sprids mellan olika verksamheter i det sociala systemet. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga modet och spridningen av det Balanserade styrkortet inom Sveriges landsting. Uppsatsen avser även redogöra för de för- respektive nackdelar det Balanserade styrinstrumentet medför samt vilka andra styrinstrument som används som substitut/komplement till BSc inom landstingen. Metod: Denna uppsats tillämpar en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi. Det valda tillvägagångssätt för insamlad data utgörs av en enkätundersökning som tilldelats samtliga landsting i Sverige. Annan data har samlats in genom internetsökningar för artiklar, tryckt litteratur samt trovärdiga hemsidor. Slutsats: Studien har resulterat i att landstingen, baserat på enkätundersökningen, har bekräftat de för- respektive nackdelar avseendet det Balanserade styrkortet som teorier har benämnt. Vidare har uppsatsens författare konstaterat att det finns en spridning av det Balanserade styrkortet inom de svenska landstingen, det har däremot inte kunnat fastställas att ett mode finns. Ytterligare forskning behöver genomföras för att detta skall kunna konstateras.

This essay is based on the work of arranging and making an inventory for an archive consisting of records from the Board of Education (Utbildningsnämnden) within the administration of the County Council in Uppsala, Sweden. This archive is kept at the County Councils Archives in Uppsala where I have done the work. I have documented the process and discussed the complex of problems relating to it. In this particular case the issue of limitation of the office of origin and the respect of the fonds, or the principle of provenance, have been of interest. This is due to the fact that the records had been rearranged and mixed with records with other origin related to the Board of Education. Records from the early existence of the board have previously been arranged and an inventory had been made. This earlier work covered the period of 1971-1978, when the board of education had a secretariat. The aim of the work was to arrange the records of the board during the period of 1979-1997. After this period the board ended being an independent body. With support from theories of respect of fonds my conclusion is that the Board of Education is a coherent office of origin for the fonds during its entire period of existence dur - ing the years 1971-1997. I decided to make the first inventory a part of the new one in order to keep a logical continuity of the records and the inventory. Creating a subordinate archive with its own inventory would make the whole seem badly arranged and complicate the finding of records. Based on the respect of fonds I used the previous inventory to a large extent. The knowledge and understanding I gained thanks to the fact that I was able see the complete fonds made me do some changes. The archive consist of files based on journals to a large ex - tent, which makes a large part of the records easy to find. The work in combination with the essay constitutes my one year master’s thesis in archival science.

Kungsgärdets sjukhus got its name the fouth of january 1965 and is still in use today. In 1981 the hospital and became merged into Uppsala Västra sjukvårdsdistrikt and stopped being a independet fonds. Predecessor to Kungsgärdets sjukhus was Centralepidemisjukhuset, more specific its Longterm care after the Infektionskliniken had moved to Akademiska sjukhuset the first of september 1965. In the Kungsgärdets sjukhus material of archive several diffrent fonds are included: Tunåsens sjukhus, Wattholma sjukhem, Östra paviljongen and Landstingets verkstäder. Geriatriska klinik is also included in Kungsgärdets sjukhus, however it is not a fonds but a ward. However all this makes it very difficult to establish the provenance of Kungsgärdets sjukhus, because it is impossible to know how all these fonds and its material of archive affects Kungsgärdets sjukhus as a fonds specially since the other fonds have not been organized and catalogued, and There for it is difficult to know were the provenance and the truth of Kungsgärdets sjukhus is. Kungsgärdets sjukhus arrived at Landstingsarkivet in Uppsala län together with several other fonds at different times. The material of archive for Kungsgärdets sjukhus existed originally of 12 running metres, but afterwards it was down to 7,5 running metres. The material och archive existed of bound of books but mostly of folders. The material of archive was well-assorted which made the organizing and cataloguing relativly easy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-296). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-296). Also available on the Internet.

The purpose of this study is to explore patients’ experiences and preferences concerning communication with primary care, as well as their attitude towards a future digital system to manage communication. The Swedish county councils and municipalities (SKL) is developing a new digital tool as a complement in the communication between patients and physicians, thus this research is a preliminary investigation of a larger approach. The research has been based on 20 semi-structured interviews with patients in ages between 21 and 86 from 13 different health care centers in Sweden. The interviews indicate that the communication between patients and physicians needs development in numerous ways and that the system used by the primary care contributes to negative outcomes in the communication. Patients’ attitudes towards a new digital system to manage communication were investigated and a majority was positive. The study’s results pointed out the importance of the physicians’ attitudes in the physician-patient communication, and brought some possible improvements to be done in the actual primary care system; as for example implementing new communication channels to allow an easier contact of patients with their health care center. The new communication tool was overall well received and even appeared to be a suitable solution for some of the problems discovered along the patients’ journey. The overall results obtained are positive and promising towards its implementation in Sweden.

Hemsjukvårdscentralen began its work from Tunåsens Hospital in Uppsala in 1962, with the purpose to give conomic support to people who nursed their chronic sick relatives in home. Hemsjukvårdscentralen ended its work in 1987, and delivered its archive to the County council of Uppsala in 1988. About half of the archive consisted of medical records of the patients who had received economical support, and many of the archival records was considered as ”work papers”, non-archival records that could be discarded. Two obvious problems emerge from the organizing of the records. The first problem was the difficulty to keep the principle of provenance while making a access point to the archive, especially when it's common in Sweden to use the double principle of provenance: a fusion between the respect des fonds, the external order, and the strukturprinzip, the internal order. The second problem was to compile a complete history of the Hemsjukvårdscentralen's activities during its active years, and therefor decide which records to save and which records to discard – and which records who had a value for the future. This analysis therefore focus on the series F1 (the medical records) and F6 (the ”work papers”). This is a one year master's thesis in archival science.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera hur Sveriges landsting och regioner formulerar och visualiserar orsak-verkan-samband mellan perspektiven vid tillämpning av balanserat styrkort. Metod: Uppsatsen använder sig av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys med en dokumentstudie av Sveriges landsting och regioners årsredovisningar och budgetdokument för år 2015. Slutsatser: Av Sveriges landsting och regioner tillämpar 11 av 21 balanserat styrkort som styrmodell. Landstingen och regionernas balanserade styrkort uppnår i relativt hög grad orsak-verkan-samband, dock presenteras orsak-verkan-samband i mycket låg utsträckning för verksamhetens intressenter. Sveriges Landsting och regioner presenterar ingen form av strategikarta som uppfyller rekvisiten som ställs på en strategikarta. Vidare visar författarna att tidsperspektivet mellan perspektiven påverkas av förhållandet mellan utfallsmått och drivande mått i varje perspektiv. En hög andel utfallsmått placerar perspektivet högt upp i det balanserade styrkortet och en hög andel drivande mått placerar perspektivet långt ner i det balanserade styrkortet. / Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyse how Sweden's county councils and regions phrases and visualizes the cause and effect relationship between the perspectives in the implementation of the balanced scorecard. Method: This thesis uses a quantitative content analysis with a document study of Sweden's county councils and regions financial statement and budget documents for the year 2015. Conclusions: 11 of 21 of Sweden's county councils and regions are using balanced scorecard as governance model. The county councils and regions’ balanced scorecards are demonstrating a relatively high degree of cause and effect relationship. However, this is not presented to the organization's stakeholders. Sweden's county councils and regions does not present any form of strategy map that fulfills the demands that is required of a strategy map. The authors also finds that the time dimension between the perspectives is affected by the mixture of outcome measures and performance drivers in each of the perspectives. A high proportion of outcome measures will place the perspective high up in the balances scorecard. A high proportion performance drivers will place the perspective lower in the balanced scorecard.