Usando as facilidades do sistema de tempo de vôo do Acelerador Pelletron 8UD da USP, foram medidas seções de choque diferenciais absolutas para os grupos \'n IND. 0\', \'n IND. 1\', \'n IND. 2\', \'n IND. 3\', (\'n IND. 4\'+\'n IND. 5\'), \'n IND. 6\' e \'n IND. 7\' na reação \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' e para os grupos de nêutrons \'n IND. 0\' e \'n IND. 1\' na reação \'ANTPOT. 10 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 10 C\' nas energias de próton incidente de 14.0, 14.3 e 14.6 MeV no intervalo angular de 20 a 160 graus. Foram também medidas funções de excitação em \'teta IND. lab\' = 30 graus de \'E IND. p\' = 13.7 e 14.7 MeV em intervalos de 100 keV. A análise teórica foi conduzida no sentido de se determinar as contribuições relativas dos processos de mecanismo direto e de núcleo composto. Para este fim, foi assumido um modelo de dois canais acoplados, e os modelos DWBA para o processo direto e de Hauser-Feshbach para o núcleo composto foram usados de maneira a simularem os cálculos exatos de canais acoplados via escolha do termo de absorção W no potencial óptico. Os resultados indicam que aproximadamente a metade da seção de choque é devida ao mecanismo de núcleo composto. A análise teórica visou ainda obter o fator de \"enhancement elástico para o canal \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' em \'E IND. p\' = 14.3 MeV. Este fator foi demonstrado a aparecer em reações de troca de carga que seguem via núcleo composto por Harney, Weidenmüller e Richter e predito a atingir o valor de 2 quando há conservação de isospin. Os nossos resultados mostram um fator de enhancement maior do que 1, indicando que a mistura de isospin é fraca nessa reação. / Using the time-of-flight facilities of the são Paulo 8UD Pelletron Accelerator, absolute differential cross sections for the \'n IND. 0\', \'n IND. 1\', \'n IND. 2\', \'n IND. 3\', (\'n IND. 4\'+\'n IND. 5\'), \'n IND. 6\' and \'n IND. 7\' groups for the reaction \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' and the \'n IND. 0\' and \'n IND. 1\' neutron groups for the reaction \'ANTPOT. 10 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 10 C\' have been measured at incident proton energies of 14.0, 14.3 and 14.6 MeV in the angular interval of 20 to 160 degrees. Excitation functions at \'teta IND. lab\' = 20 deg from \'E IND. p\' = 13.7 to 14.7 MeV in intervals of 100 keV were also measured. The theoretical analysis was conducted to determine the relative contributions of the direct and compound nucleus processes in the differential cross sections. To this end, a two coupled channel model for the reactions was assumed. The DWBA model for the direct and the Hauser-Feshbach for the compound nucleus processes were used in such a way as to simulate the exact coupled channels calculation through an appropriate choice of the absorption term W in the optical potential. The results indicate that about half of the cross section is due to the compound nucleus mechanism. The theoretical analysis aimed at obtaining the elastic enhancement factor for the channel \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' at \'E IND. p\' = 14.3 MeV. This factor has been demonstrated to appear in compound nucleus charge exchange reactions by Harney, Weidenmüller and Richter and predicted to attain the value 2 when isospin is conserved. Our results show an enhancement factor larger than 1 indicating that isospin mixing is weak in this reaction.

Usando as facilidades do sistema de tempo de vôo do Acelerador Pelletron 8UD da USP, foram medidas seções de choque diferenciais absolutas para os grupos \'n IND. 0\', \'n IND. 1\', \'n IND. 2\', \'n IND. 3\', (\'n IND. 4\'+\'n IND. 5\'), \'n IND. 6\' e \'n IND. 7\' na reação \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' e para os grupos de nêutrons \'n IND. 0\' e \'n IND. 1\' na reação \'ANTPOT. 10 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 10 C\' nas energias de próton incidente de 14.0, 14.3 e 14.6 MeV no intervalo angular de 20 a 160 graus. Foram também medidas funções de excitação em \'teta IND. lab\' = 30 graus de \'E IND. p\' = 13.7 e 14.7 MeV em intervalos de 100 keV. A análise teórica foi conduzida no sentido de se determinar as contribuições relativas dos processos de mecanismo direto e de núcleo composto. Para este fim, foi assumido um modelo de dois canais acoplados, e os modelos DWBA para o processo direto e de Hauser-Feshbach para o núcleo composto foram usados de maneira a simularem os cálculos exatos de canais acoplados via escolha do termo de absorção W no potencial óptico. Os resultados indicam que aproximadamente a metade da seção de choque é devida ao mecanismo de núcleo composto. A análise teórica visou ainda obter o fator de \"enhancement elástico para o canal \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' em \'E IND. p\' = 14.3 MeV. Este fator foi demonstrado a aparecer em reações de troca de carga que seguem via núcleo composto por Harney, Weidenmüller e Richter e predito a atingir o valor de 2 quando há conservação de isospin. Os nossos resultados mostram um fator de enhancement maior do que 1, indicando que a mistura de isospin é fraca nessa reação. / Using the time-of-flight facilities of the são Paulo 8UD Pelletron Accelerator, absolute differential cross sections for the \'n IND. 0\', \'n IND. 1\', \'n IND. 2\', \'n IND. 3\', (\'n IND. 4\'+\'n IND. 5\'), \'n IND. 6\' and \'n IND. 7\' groups for the reaction \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' and the \'n IND. 0\' and \'n IND. 1\' neutron groups for the reaction \'ANTPOT. 10 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 10 C\' have been measured at incident proton energies of 14.0, 14.3 and 14.6 MeV in the angular interval of 20 to 160 degrees. Excitation functions at \'teta IND. lab\' = 20 deg from \'E IND. p\' = 13.7 to 14.7 MeV in intervals of 100 keV were also measured. The theoretical analysis was conducted to determine the relative contributions of the direct and compound nucleus processes in the differential cross sections. To this end, a two coupled channel model for the reactions was assumed. The DWBA model for the direct and the Hauser-Feshbach for the compound nucleus processes were used in such a way as to simulate the exact coupled channels calculation through an appropriate choice of the absorption term W in the optical potential. The results indicate that about half of the cross section is due to the compound nucleus mechanism. The theoretical analysis aimed at obtaining the elastic enhancement factor for the channel \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' (p, \'n IND. 0\') \'ANTPOT. 11 C\' at \'E IND. p\' = 14.3 MeV. This factor has been demonstrated to appear in compound nucleus charge exchange reactions by Harney, Weidenmüller and Richter and predicted to attain the value 2 when isospin is conserved. Our results show an enhancement factor larger than 1 indicating that isospin mixing is weak in this reaction.

Foram medidas distribuições angulares completas do espalhamento elástico do sistema \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' + \'ANTPOT. 24 MG\' nas energias \'E IND. CM\' = 10.67 e 11.33 MeV e entre \'E IND. CM\' = 12.0 e 16.0 MeV, usando feixe de \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' produzido no acelerador Pelletron. Esta faixa de energia se localiza parcialmente abaixo e em torno da barreira coulombiana, estando a barreira em 12.53 MeV. Surpreendentemente todas as distribuições angulares apresentam fortes oscilações mesmo aquelas em energias abaixo da barreira coulombiana. As distribuições angulares foram ajustadas com cálculos de modelo óptico, sendo possível determinar o potencial mais raso, sem ambigüidades contínuas. As principais características deste potencial são: potencial extremamente transparente inclusive no interior nuclear e forte dependência com a energia nas profundidades real e imaginária \'V IND. 0\' e \'W IND. 0\'. Em cinco energias também foram analisadas distribuições angulares do espalhamento inelástico e ajustadas por cálculos de canais acoplados. Os potenciais ópticos usados para diferentes canais apresentam a anomalia do limiar e cálculos de relação de dispersão conectando as integrais de volume dos potenciais ópticos reproduzem bem esta anomalia. / Complete angular distributions of the elastic scattering \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' + \'ANTPOT. 24 MG\' were measured at \'E IND. CM\' = 10.67 and 11.33 MeV and from \'E IND. CM\' = 12.0 to 16.0 MeV, using a \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' beam produced at Pelletron Accelerator. This range of energy is close to the Coulomb barrier of the system, which is 12.53 MeV. Surprisingly all the angular distributions show strong oscillations even at energies bellow the Coulomb barrier. The angular distributions were fitted by optical model calculations and we determined the shallowest real potential, without continuos ambiguity. The main features of this potential are: very transparent even at the nuclear interior and strong dependence with energy of the real and imaginary depths \'V IND. 0\' and \'W IND. 0\'. At five energies the inelastic scattering data were also analysed and well fitted by coupled-channels calculations. The optical potentials of all channels present the threshold anomaly and are well reproduced by dispersion relation calculations applied to the volume integrals of the optical potentials.

Foram medidas distribuições angulares completas do espalhamento elástico do sistema \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' + \'ANTPOT. 24 MG\' nas energias \'E IND. CM\' = 10.67 e 11.33 MeV e entre \'E IND. CM\' = 12.0 e 16.0 MeV, usando feixe de \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' produzido no acelerador Pelletron. Esta faixa de energia se localiza parcialmente abaixo e em torno da barreira coulombiana, estando a barreira em 12.53 MeV. Surpreendentemente todas as distribuições angulares apresentam fortes oscilações mesmo aquelas em energias abaixo da barreira coulombiana. As distribuições angulares foram ajustadas com cálculos de modelo óptico, sendo possível determinar o potencial mais raso, sem ambigüidades contínuas. As principais características deste potencial são: potencial extremamente transparente inclusive no interior nuclear e forte dependência com a energia nas profundidades real e imaginária \'V IND. 0\' e \'W IND. 0\'. Em cinco energias também foram analisadas distribuições angulares do espalhamento inelástico e ajustadas por cálculos de canais acoplados. Os potenciais ópticos usados para diferentes canais apresentam a anomalia do limiar e cálculos de relação de dispersão conectando as integrais de volume dos potenciais ópticos reproduzem bem esta anomalia. / Complete angular distributions of the elastic scattering \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' + \'ANTPOT. 24 MG\' were measured at \'E IND. CM\' = 10.67 and 11.33 MeV and from \'E IND. CM\' = 12.0 to 16.0 MeV, using a \'ANTPOT. 12 C\' beam produced at Pelletron Accelerator. This range of energy is close to the Coulomb barrier of the system, which is 12.53 MeV. Surprisingly all the angular distributions show strong oscillations even at energies bellow the Coulomb barrier. The angular distributions were fitted by optical model calculations and we determined the shallowest real potential, without continuos ambiguity. The main features of this potential are: very transparent even at the nuclear interior and strong dependence with energy of the real and imaginary depths \'V IND. 0\' and \'W IND. 0\'. At five energies the inelastic scattering data were also analysed and well fitted by coupled-channels calculations. The optical potentials of all channels present the threshold anomaly and are well reproduced by dispersion relation calculations applied to the volume integrals of the optical potentials.

Funções de excitação para o espalhamento quase-elástico foram medidas com alta precisão e em passos de energia de 500 keV para os sistemas 16,18O + 56,60Ni. Dessas funções de excitação foram extraídas as distribuições de barreiras de fusão. Cálculos de canais acolplados foram realizados com o objetivo de evidenciar os canais responsáveis pelas estruturas observadas nas distribuições. Foram usados dois códigos computacionais, o CCFULL e o FRESCO, e os resultados foram similares. Comparamos Dfus com Dqe fornecidas pelo programa FRESCO para todos os sistemas e verificamos que são praticamente idênticas, confirmando que a aproximação Dfus = Dqe deve ser válida para esta região de massa. O que podemos concluir com o CCFULL é que o stripping de alfa para o sistema 16O + 58Ni é o canal de transferência mais importante em energias acima da barreira. Embora o cálculo com o FRESCO tenha mostrado que a importância desse canal é pequena. Para o sistema 16O + 60Ni, o canal de acoplamento mais forte é o pickup de alfa. Para os dois outros sistemas, 18O + 58,60Ni, foi verificado que o canal de transferência stripping de um nêutron tem forte influência sobre a forma das distribuições da barreira. Além dos canais de transferência, em todos os sistemas verificamos que a excitação do alvo é um canal de reação importante nos acoplamentos que originam as distribuições de barreiras obtidas experimentalmente. / Excitation functions for quasi-elastic scattering were measured with high precision with energy steps of 500 keV for the 16,18O + 56,60Ni systems. Fusion barrier distributions were extracted from the excitation functions. Coupled channel calculations were used in order to determine which channels are responsible for the structures observed in the experimental distributions. Two computation codes were used: CCFULL and FRESCO. Their results are similar. We compared Dfus with Dqe obtained with FRESCO and we have concluded that they are practically identical for all systems. This is a confirmation that the approximation Dfus = Dqe is reasonable in this mass region. The first conclusion with CCFULL code is that alpha stripping for the 16O + 58Ni system is the channel transfer most important at above barrier energies. However, the calculation with FRESCO showed that it has only minor importance. For the 16O + 60Ni system, the more expressive transfer channel is alpha pick-up. In the two other systems, 18O + 58,60Ni, we observed that one-neutron stripping has Strong influence on the barrier distributions. Beside the transfer channels, the target inelastic excitation is a very important reaction channel in all systems.

Funções de excitação para o espalhamento quase-elástico foram medidas com alta precisão e em passos de energia de 500 keV para os sistemas 16,18O + 56,60Ni. Dessas funções de excitação foram extraídas as distribuições de barreiras de fusão. Cálculos de canais acolplados foram realizados com o objetivo de evidenciar os canais responsáveis pelas estruturas observadas nas distribuições. Foram usados dois códigos computacionais, o CCFULL e o FRESCO, e os resultados foram similares. Comparamos Dfus com Dqe fornecidas pelo programa FRESCO para todos os sistemas e verificamos que são praticamente idênticas, confirmando que a aproximação Dfus = Dqe deve ser válida para esta região de massa. O que podemos concluir com o CCFULL é que o stripping de alfa para o sistema 16O + 58Ni é o canal de transferência mais importante em energias acima da barreira. Embora o cálculo com o FRESCO tenha mostrado que a importância desse canal é pequena. Para o sistema 16O + 60Ni, o canal de acoplamento mais forte é o pickup de alfa. Para os dois outros sistemas, 18O + 58,60Ni, foi verificado que o canal de transferência stripping de um nêutron tem forte influência sobre a forma das distribuições da barreira. Além dos canais de transferência, em todos os sistemas verificamos que a excitação do alvo é um canal de reação importante nos acoplamentos que originam as distribuições de barreiras obtidas experimentalmente. / Excitation functions for quasi-elastic scattering were measured with high precision with energy steps of 500 keV for the 16,18O + 56,60Ni systems. Fusion barrier distributions were extracted from the excitation functions. Coupled channel calculations were used in order to determine which channels are responsible for the structures observed in the experimental distributions. Two computation codes were used: CCFULL and FRESCO. Their results are similar. We compared Dfus with Dqe obtained with FRESCO and we have concluded that they are practically identical for all systems. This is a confirmation that the approximation Dfus = Dqe is reasonable in this mass region. The first conclusion with CCFULL code is that alpha stripping for the 16O + 58Ni system is the channel transfer most important at above barrier energies. However, the calculation with FRESCO showed that it has only minor importance. For the 16O + 60Ni system, the more expressive transfer channel is alpha pick-up. In the two other systems, 18O + 58,60Ni, we observed that one-neutron stripping has Strong influence on the barrier distributions. Beside the transfer channels, the target inelastic excitation is a very important reaction channel in all systems.

Une bonne compréhension et une bonne capacité de prédiction de la section efficace de diffusion de neutron est essentielle à un grand nombre de technologies nucléaires, parmi lesquelles les réacteurs à fission. Pour les noyaux déformés, le calcul des observables de diffusion de nucléon pour la voie élastique et les premiers états excités de basse énergie requiert l'utilisation de calcul en voies couplées. Des potentiels optique et de transition phénoménologiques locaux sont le plus couramment utilisés dans les analyses par voies couplées, mais leur précision en dehors de leur domaine d'ajustement est imprévisible. Des approches microscopiques sont en cours de développement pour augmenter les capacités prédictives et résoudre les problèmes d'extrapolation. Un potentiel obtenu microscopiquement est non local, et de récentes études ont souligné l'importance de traiter explicitement cette non localité sans passer par une procédure de localisation. Notre but dans ce travail est d'étudier dans une approche microscopique, sans paramètre ajustable, l'impact de la non localité des potentiels sur les observables de diffusion de nucléon sur noyau cible. Pour ce faire, nous étudions la diffusion de neutron avec la matrice G de Melbourne qui représente l'interaction entre le projectile et un nucléon de la cible, et nous utilisons la RPA pour décrire la structure de la cible dans le cadre de nos premières applications sur le ⁹⁰Zr. Pour pouvoir étudier aussi des noyaux déformés, nous menons notre étude dans le cadre des voies couplées. La première partie de ce document contient la dérivation, faite dans un cadre unique et cohérent, des équations couplées pour la diffusion de nucléons et des potentiels microscopiques obtenues avec la matrice G de Melbourne et une description de la cible via la RPA. La deuxième partie est dédiée à la présentation des codes que nous avons développés durant ce projet de thèse : MINOLOP pour le calcul de potentiels microscopiques à partir de la matrice G de Melbourne et d'informations de structure données sous la forme d'une densité à 1 corps, et ECANOL pour la résolution des équations en voies couplées avec des potentiels non locaux en entrée. Enfin, nous présentons nos premières applications basées sur ces deux codes : l'étude d'émission de pré-équilibre due à des excitations à 2 phonons dans le ⁹⁰Zr. / A good understanding and prediction capacity of neutron scattering cross sections is crucial to many nuclear technologies, among which all kinds of reactors based on fission process. For deformed nuclei, the computation of scattering observables for the elastic channel and the first, low-lying excited states requires coupled channel calculations. Local, phenomenological optical and macroscopic transition potentials are the most commonly used in coupled channel analyses, but their accuracy outside of their fitting range remains unpredictable. Microscopic approaches are being developed in order to improve prediction power and solve the extrapolation issue. Potentials obtained microscopically are nonlocal, and recent studies have emphasized the importance of treating explicitly this nonlocality, without using a localization procedure. Our goal in the present work is to study in a quantum framework with no adjustable parameter, the impact of the nonlocality of potentials on scattering observables of nucleon-nucleus reactions. To achieve this we study neutron scattering with the Melbourne G matrix, which represents the interaction between the projectile and one nucleon of the target, and we describe the target’s structure using the RPA for our first applications to ⁹⁰Zr. In order to be able to study also deformed nuclei, we do our study in the coupled channel framework. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the derivation in a unique, consistent scope of coupled equations for nucleon-nucleus scattering and of the potentials obtained with the Melbourne G matrix and RPA structure input. Secondly, we describe the codes which we wrote during this Ph.D. project: MINOLOP for the computation of microscopic potentials using the Melbourne G matrix and structure inputs given in terms of a 1-body density, and ECANOL for the resolution of coupled channel equations using nonlocal potentials as input. Eventually, we present our first applications using these two codes to study pre-equilibrium emissions due to 2-phonon excitations in ⁹⁰Zr.

No presente trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de medidas de seção de choque do processo de fusão nuclear nos sistemas ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU, em um intervalo de energia correspondente à 0.91.8 vezes a barreira coulombiana. O método experimental utilizado foi a detecção dos resíduos de evaporação através da técnica de tempo de vôo, acoplado à um defletor eletrostático para separar as partículas provenientes do espalhamento elástico dos produtos de fusão. As vantagens e limitações do método são discutidas em detalhes. As funções de excitação de fusão dos sistemas citados foram analisadas via modelo de penetração de barreira unidimensional , utilizando vários potenciais nucleares. Dessa análise comprovou-se que a secção de choque de fusão é subestimada em energias em torno e abaixo da barreira coulombiana. Nesse sentido foi feito um cálculo, utilizando o código computacional CCFUS, que simula o acoplamento de canais, com a finalidade de descobrir quais canais contribuem para o processo de fusão nuclear em baixas energias. As seções de choque de fusão obtidas foram comparadas com outros sistemas - ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU.- que utilizam os mesmos núcleos-alvo. A comparação revelou que os sistemas ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU possuem o maior aumento de seção de choque de fusão subcoulombiana e esse fato pode estar relacionado à deformação estática do projétil. A comparação das distribuições da velocidade dos resíduos de evaporação para os dois de sistemas revelou um canal intenso para o sistema ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63 CU que não está presente para o outro sistema. / In this work we present cross-section measurements for nuclear fusion in the 12C+ 63,65 Cu system, at 12C energy range from 0.9 to 1.8 times the Coulomb barrier. In order to detect and to obtain the mass identification of the evaporation residues following the fusion process, the time of flight method was adopted in conjunction with an eletrostatic deflector capable of separating the evaporation residues from the beam particles. The limitation and advantadges of this method of measurement are discussed. The excitation functions for the above systems were analysed using the unidimensional barrier penetration model with different nuclear potentials. Theoretical fusion cross-section values obtained from this analysis were systematically smaller than our measured values, in the energy region below the Coulomb barrier. In order to discover which channel enhances the fusion cross-section in this region, a coupled channel calculation was performed, with the aid of CCFUS code. The experimental data for the above reactions were compared with the systems 12C+ 63,65 Cu, measured by our group. In this comparison, It was noted that the systems 12C+ 63,65 Cu have greater fusion cross section below the Coulomb barrier. This fact can be related to the static deformation of 12C. The comparison of velocity spectra of the evaporated residues for the two systems shows that 12C+63Cu has a strong reaction channel that was not present in the 12C+ 65Cu system.

No presente trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de medidas de seção de choque do processo de fusão nuclear nos sistemas ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU, em um intervalo de energia correspondente à 0.91.8 vezes a barreira coulombiana. O método experimental utilizado foi a detecção dos resíduos de evaporação através da técnica de tempo de vôo, acoplado à um defletor eletrostático para separar as partículas provenientes do espalhamento elástico dos produtos de fusão. As vantagens e limitações do método são discutidas em detalhes. As funções de excitação de fusão dos sistemas citados foram analisadas via modelo de penetração de barreira unidimensional , utilizando vários potenciais nucleares. Dessa análise comprovou-se que a secção de choque de fusão é subestimada em energias em torno e abaixo da barreira coulombiana. Nesse sentido foi feito um cálculo, utilizando o código computacional CCFUS, que simula o acoplamento de canais, com a finalidade de descobrir quais canais contribuem para o processo de fusão nuclear em baixas energias. As seções de choque de fusão obtidas foram comparadas com outros sistemas - ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU.- que utilizam os mesmos núcleos-alvo. A comparação revelou que os sistemas ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63, 65 CU possuem o maior aumento de seção de choque de fusão subcoulombiana e esse fato pode estar relacionado à deformação estática do projétil. A comparação das distribuições da velocidade dos resíduos de evaporação para os dois de sistemas revelou um canal intenso para o sistema ANTPOT. 12 C + ANTPOT. 63 CU que não está presente para o outro sistema. / In this work we present cross-section measurements for nuclear fusion in the 12C+ 63,65 Cu system, at 12C energy range from 0.9 to 1.8 times the Coulomb barrier. In order to detect and to obtain the mass identification of the evaporation residues following the fusion process, the time of flight method was adopted in conjunction with an eletrostatic deflector capable of separating the evaporation residues from the beam particles. The limitation and advantadges of this method of measurement are discussed. The excitation functions for the above systems were analysed using the unidimensional barrier penetration model with different nuclear potentials. Theoretical fusion cross-section values obtained from this analysis were systematically smaller than our measured values, in the energy region below the Coulomb barrier. In order to discover which channel enhances the fusion cross-section in this region, a coupled channel calculation was performed, with the aid of CCFUS code. The experimental data for the above reactions were compared with the systems 12C+ 63,65 Cu, measured by our group. In this comparison, It was noted that the systems 12C+ 63,65 Cu have greater fusion cross section below the Coulomb barrier. This fact can be related to the static deformation of 12C. The comparison of velocity spectra of the evaporated residues for the two systems shows that 12C+63Cu has a strong reaction channel that was not present in the 12C+ 65Cu system.

The structure of exotic nuclei is one of the main interests in current nuclear physics. Exotic nuclei present unusual properties, such as a low breakup energy, a short lifetime and/or a halo structure. Because of their short lifetimes, they can not be studied by usual spectroscopic techniques. Indeed, targets of such nuclei are impossible to build. But since the availability of radioactive beams, nuclear reactions have provided possibilities of exploring nuclei far from stability.<p><p>The investigation of exotic nuclei has been recently reactivated by the development of intense radioactive nuclear beams. As firstly observed for the deuteron, and then for other exotic projectiles such as $^6$He and $^{11}$Be, the internal structures of the interacting nuclei can have a significant effect on the elastic cross sections. Due to their low binding energy, the projectile dissociation process, leaving the target in its ground state, highly affects elastic cross sections but also other measurements such as transfer and fusion reactions. Accurate reaction theories are therefore needed. The coupled discretized-continuum channel (CDCC) method is one of those theories and assumes a projectile made of N clusters (usually N=2 or 3) impinging on a target which is structureless. The N+1-body Schrödinger equation is approximately solved by expanding the total wave function over the bound and continuum states of the projectile. These latter take into account the dissociation events and are approximately described by a truncated set of square-integrable wave functions. There are two available methods for discretizing the continuum, the pseudostate method where the projectile Hamiltonian is diagonalized within a finite basis of square-integrable functions, or the bin method where exact scattering wave functions of the projectile are averaged over bins in a finite region of space. In both cases, the N+1-body Schrödinger equation is replaced by a set of coupled-channel differential equations, which provides the physical quantities such as the collision matrix. In principle, the CDCC method can be very close to the exact N+1-body wave function and is adapted to low as well as to high energy reactions. However, its main interest consists in the low-energy domain.<p><p>In the present work, we propose a new approach to solve the CDCC equations. This method is based on the R-matrix theory associated with a Lagrange mesh basis. We will show that the combination of both approaches provides a fast and accurate technique to solve the CDCC equations, even for large systems, where traditional methods meet convergence problems. Before investigating collisions with exotic projectiles, we restrict ourselves to the simplest nucleus, the deuteron. Then we make a step towards a more complicated system, the $^6$Li which is a well known stable nucleus. We apply the CDCC method to the d + $^{58}$Ni and $^6$Li + $^{40}$Ca elastic scattering and breakup. These systems are considered in the literature as test cases. They have been investigated by several authors who showed the importance of the breakup channels in the elastic cross sections.<p><p>After having validated the present version of the CDCC method, we focus on $^{11}$Be, a typical example of a halo nucleus, with low binding energy and large quadrupole moment. Elastic, inelastic and breakup cross sections are computed in the CDCC formalism, at energies near the Coulomb barrier, where continuum effects in the scattering of exotic nuclei, and more specifically on the $^{11}$Be + $^{64}$Zn scattering, are observed. We show that converged cross sections need high angular momenta as well as large excitation energies in the wave functions of the projectile.<p><p>A Borromean nucleus is made of three constituents which are weakly linked together, but where each pair of those three constituents does not form a bound system. The name "Borromean" comes from the Borromean rings where, if any one of three rings is removed, the remaining two become unbound. Collisions with $^6$He and $^9$Be Borromean projectiles are studied in the present work. Again we compare our method with the $^6$He + $^{208}$Pb and $^6$He + $^{12}$C benchmark calculations. Afterwards, the convergence against the parameters of the description of the $^9$Be projectile is tested for the elastic cross section. The sensitivity to the technique employed to remove the forbidden states and also the sensitivity to the collision energy are investigated. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished