Esta dissertação parte da indagação sobre o arquétipo residencial arquitetônico da casa-pátio, que se configura como um vazio na habitação, um espaço confinado, protegido e oculto. Este pátio interno, fechado, com suas sutis mas ricas características, conferem a ele uma ambiência única, com uma peculiar atmosfera. Essa indagação originou-se a partir da vivência do autor, como estagiário de arquitetura, em uma casa na cidade de Porto Alegre, construída na década de 1970, de autoria do arquiteto Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935- 2008), formado em 1958, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi aluno do primeiro corpo docente da instituição. A investigação consolida a busca do autor pela compreensão sobre o que estava em jogo na clareira da residência, quem eram os atuantes, e se haveria uma forma de mimetizar aquela condição em novos projetos ou outras situações. A identificação do pátio interno como uma clareira na casa e sua aproximação metafórica com o conceito heideggeriano da clareira do ser (Lichtung) conduz a pesquisa à investigação sobre a fenomenologia de acordo com a visão de Heidegger, relacionando a clareira filosófica, existencial, à clareira física, doméstica. Nestas condições, a clareira da casa-pátio Mascarello torna-se o cerne central da pesquisa, na busca pelas nuances presentes que a configuram, que a potencializam. A clareira de Heidegger é definida e aproximada à casa sagrada, existencial. No âmbito doméstico, outros exemplos de tipologias de clareiras em casas-pátio são desvelados, analisando-se suas potencialidades de clareiras. Este trabalho busca, portanto, trazer uma nova luz à casa com pátio interno, sob a égide da ancestralidade conceitual da casa, analisando o microcosmos criado, a presença da natureza e do cosmos em diferentes tipologias de casas-pátio. / This dissertation arose out of the inquiry concerning to the architectonic residential archetype of the courtyard house, which is configured by an empty area in the habitation, a confined, protected and occult space. This enclosed inner courtyard, with its subtle yet rich features, gives it a unique ambience with a peculiar atmosphere. This investigation was originated from the author’s experience, as an architectural intern, in a house located in Porto Alegre, built in the 1970s, by the architect Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935-2008). Mascarello graduated in 1958, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where he had been a student of the first academic teachers of the institution. The investigation consolidates the author's search for an understanding of what was at stake in the clearing of the residence, what were the active elements, and whether there would be a way of miming that condition into new projects or into other situations. The identification of the internal courtyard as a clearing in the house and its metaphorical relation, with the Heideggerian concept of the clearing of being (Lichtung), leads the research to the investigation of phenomenology, according to Heidegger's view, relating the existential philosophical clearing to the physical domestic clearing. Under these conditions, the clearing of Mascarello’s courtyard house becomes the central focus of the research, aiming to find the existing nuances, which configures and enhances the clearing. Heidegger's clearing is defined and related to the sacred, existential house. Within the domestic scope, other examples of clearing typologies in courtyard houses are unveiled, analyzing their potential for clearings. This work thus aims to shed a new light on the house with internal courtyard, under the aegis of the conceptual ancestry of the house, analyzing the created microcosm, the presence of nature and of the cosmos in different courtyard house typologies.

Esta dissertação parte da indagação sobre o arquétipo residencial arquitetônico da casa-pátio, que se configura como um vazio na habitação, um espaço confinado, protegido e oculto. Este pátio interno, fechado, com suas sutis mas ricas características, conferem a ele uma ambiência única, com uma peculiar atmosfera. Essa indagação originou-se a partir da vivência do autor, como estagiário de arquitetura, em uma casa na cidade de Porto Alegre, construída na década de 1970, de autoria do arquiteto Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935- 2008), formado em 1958, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi aluno do primeiro corpo docente da instituição. A investigação consolida a busca do autor pela compreensão sobre o que estava em jogo na clareira da residência, quem eram os atuantes, e se haveria uma forma de mimetizar aquela condição em novos projetos ou outras situações. A identificação do pátio interno como uma clareira na casa e sua aproximação metafórica com o conceito heideggeriano da clareira do ser (Lichtung) conduz a pesquisa à investigação sobre a fenomenologia de acordo com a visão de Heidegger, relacionando a clareira filosófica, existencial, à clareira física, doméstica. Nestas condições, a clareira da casa-pátio Mascarello torna-se o cerne central da pesquisa, na busca pelas nuances presentes que a configuram, que a potencializam. A clareira de Heidegger é definida e aproximada à casa sagrada, existencial. No âmbito doméstico, outros exemplos de tipologias de clareiras em casas-pátio são desvelados, analisando-se suas potencialidades de clareiras. Este trabalho busca, portanto, trazer uma nova luz à casa com pátio interno, sob a égide da ancestralidade conceitual da casa, analisando o microcosmos criado, a presença da natureza e do cosmos em diferentes tipologias de casas-pátio. / This dissertation arose out of the inquiry concerning to the architectonic residential archetype of the courtyard house, which is configured by an empty area in the habitation, a confined, protected and occult space. This enclosed inner courtyard, with its subtle yet rich features, gives it a unique ambience with a peculiar atmosphere. This investigation was originated from the author’s experience, as an architectural intern, in a house located in Porto Alegre, built in the 1970s, by the architect Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935-2008). Mascarello graduated in 1958, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where he had been a student of the first academic teachers of the institution. The investigation consolidates the author's search for an understanding of what was at stake in the clearing of the residence, what were the active elements, and whether there would be a way of miming that condition into new projects or into other situations. The identification of the internal courtyard as a clearing in the house and its metaphorical relation, with the Heideggerian concept of the clearing of being (Lichtung), leads the research to the investigation of phenomenology, according to Heidegger's view, relating the existential philosophical clearing to the physical domestic clearing. Under these conditions, the clearing of Mascarello’s courtyard house becomes the central focus of the research, aiming to find the existing nuances, which configures and enhances the clearing. Heidegger's clearing is defined and related to the sacred, existential house. Within the domestic scope, other examples of clearing typologies in courtyard houses are unveiled, analyzing their potential for clearings. This work thus aims to shed a new light on the house with internal courtyard, under the aegis of the conceptual ancestry of the house, analyzing the created microcosm, the presence of nature and of the cosmos in different courtyard house typologies.

Esta dissertação parte da indagação sobre o arquétipo residencial arquitetônico da casa-pátio, que se configura como um vazio na habitação, um espaço confinado, protegido e oculto. Este pátio interno, fechado, com suas sutis mas ricas características, conferem a ele uma ambiência única, com uma peculiar atmosfera. Essa indagação originou-se a partir da vivência do autor, como estagiário de arquitetura, em uma casa na cidade de Porto Alegre, construída na década de 1970, de autoria do arquiteto Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935- 2008), formado em 1958, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi aluno do primeiro corpo docente da instituição. A investigação consolida a busca do autor pela compreensão sobre o que estava em jogo na clareira da residência, quem eram os atuantes, e se haveria uma forma de mimetizar aquela condição em novos projetos ou outras situações. A identificação do pátio interno como uma clareira na casa e sua aproximação metafórica com o conceito heideggeriano da clareira do ser (Lichtung) conduz a pesquisa à investigação sobre a fenomenologia de acordo com a visão de Heidegger, relacionando a clareira filosófica, existencial, à clareira física, doméstica. Nestas condições, a clareira da casa-pátio Mascarello torna-se o cerne central da pesquisa, na busca pelas nuances presentes que a configuram, que a potencializam. A clareira de Heidegger é definida e aproximada à casa sagrada, existencial. No âmbito doméstico, outros exemplos de tipologias de clareiras em casas-pátio são desvelados, analisando-se suas potencialidades de clareiras. Este trabalho busca, portanto, trazer uma nova luz à casa com pátio interno, sob a égide da ancestralidade conceitual da casa, analisando o microcosmos criado, a presença da natureza e do cosmos em diferentes tipologias de casas-pátio. / This dissertation arose out of the inquiry concerning to the architectonic residential archetype of the courtyard house, which is configured by an empty area in the habitation, a confined, protected and occult space. This enclosed inner courtyard, with its subtle yet rich features, gives it a unique ambience with a peculiar atmosphere. This investigation was originated from the author’s experience, as an architectural intern, in a house located in Porto Alegre, built in the 1970s, by the architect Elyseu Victor Mascarello (1935-2008). Mascarello graduated in 1958, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where he had been a student of the first academic teachers of the institution. The investigation consolidates the author's search for an understanding of what was at stake in the clearing of the residence, what were the active elements, and whether there would be a way of miming that condition into new projects or into other situations. The identification of the internal courtyard as a clearing in the house and its metaphorical relation, with the Heideggerian concept of the clearing of being (Lichtung), leads the research to the investigation of phenomenology, according to Heidegger's view, relating the existential philosophical clearing to the physical domestic clearing. Under these conditions, the clearing of Mascarello’s courtyard house becomes the central focus of the research, aiming to find the existing nuances, which configures and enhances the clearing. Heidegger's clearing is defined and related to the sacred, existential house. Within the domestic scope, other examples of clearing typologies in courtyard houses are unveiled, analyzing their potential for clearings. This work thus aims to shed a new light on the house with internal courtyard, under the aegis of the conceptual ancestry of the house, analyzing the created microcosm, the presence of nature and of the cosmos in different courtyard house typologies.

Master of Science / Architecture / Gary J. Coates / Sustainability is essential for survival on this planet but only focusing on the green aspects is not a comprehensive solution. The idea of Deep Beauty provides a more thorough and complete framework that is the answer to the sustainability problem of today. This framework is comprised of three levels: functional, typological and archetypal. These three levels combined, look at a building in terms of its functionality, its relevance to its region and the universal beauty that it must possess to exist long term. The union of aesthetics with function is what can save the planet. For this research, the focus of study is the traditional residential architecture of the city of Lahore, Pakistan, a city with a rich cultural background. Throughout history, Lahore has seen many transformations with respect to its architecture. Its architectural history can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization in the 3rd millennium BC, to a predominance of Buddhism, to a prevalence of Hinduism transformed further by the advent of Islam, the arrival of the British and the founding of the independent state of Pakistan. Currently, the housing trends are continuing to become more and more westernized in a pattern that is not fit for the region because of their inability to provide comfortable living environments and life-enriching spaces. In order to provide better housing solutions for the future, it is important that we look back at examples that have passed the test of time. This report discusses the present day and traditional housing trends of Lahore. With the purpose of improving the current residential designs, an analysis of a traditional house of Lahore has been performed to learn how it meets the criteria of Deep Beauty and sustainability. The results from this analysis provide design strategies that can be incorporated into present day houses to achieve sustainability. Based on these conclusions, a more sustainable design has been proposed for the modern house.

This thesis studies the use of night ventilation as a passive cooling strategy for a traditional courtyard house in a hot dry climate. This was done by CFD simulation of the house and its surroundings, using weather data for Baghdad. The simulation was done for a large number of scenarios in which each represented a change in one of the house elements, such as courtyard and room dimensions, and in some cases included modern technologies such as a ceiling fan. The thesis suggests that performance should be calculated with the aid of a "Night Time Effectiveness Ratio" (NTER) and time constants. The findings show that building elements can change the performance to various degrees, that the airflow patterns inside the rooms change from day to night, and that the thermal conditions during the day depend more on the intensity of solar radiation than other factors. The results show that a courtyard house can ensure the thermal comfort for its residents. However, it needs some assistance from new techniques such as fans to keep the air quality inside the house within acceptable limits. The values for NTER from initial simulations are around ten, which indicate that night ventilation is not enough for cooling the building. However, the values drop to less than one by using a small and narrow courtyard with a two-level house and a gallery around the courtyard. Also, it is necessary to have a connection between the courtyard and alleyway at ground level in the night only and to cover the courtyard during the day. The windows have the largest role in deciding the performance of night ventilation. Ideally they should be small and tall, or preferably a pair of windows separated by a vertical distance and kept closed during the day. The effects of room dimension are clearer in affecting the thermal comfort more than improving the performance of night ventilation. The research also examines the indoor air quality and suggests ways to improve it. Some of the ways are traditional like the use of a wind catcher in ventilating the courtyard and the basement, and others are more modern like using an exhaust fan. Furthermore, it suggests an algorithm to control these ways and to introduce only a limited quantity of fresh air to avoid excessive warming. Suggestions for future work are given, including tests for more elements in the courtyard house and for longer duration runs. It would also be helpful to study the use of latent heat storage (e.g. phase change material) as an additional effective thermal mass.

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Traditional architectural and urban artefacts are showed over the centuries as a powerful imprint of human actions and practices and are being developed on the basis of concrete socio-cultural factors and environmental rationalities. Spatial and morphological patterns of traditional environments have exceedingly evolved to fulfill and accomplish the social and cultural needs of the populace in their dialectical interplay with the surrounding environment. This relationship conceptualises the man-made environment, as the repository of meaning, in users‟ reciprocal relation with the surrounding environment. In the context of history, the human tends to dwell when experiencing the built environment as meaningful. Traditional contexts are highlighted as physical and spatial interpretations of human activities, skills, thoughts and resources creating identifiable and meaningful realms related to space/place, time and society. The study uncovers the process of the formation of the house and mahalla in order to shed light on how the built environment responds to inhabitants‟ socio-cultural determinants and everyday lives. It unfolds how changes in the nature of Iraqi society and its priorities affect the architecture of home and mahalla by reference to the impact of modernity with all its alien socio-cultural principles. This thesis focuses on the architecture of home and mahalla within the traditional core of Kadhimiya city and similar Iraqi socio-cultural contexts. At the macro analytical level, the research investigates the spatial and physical formation of the mahalla as a whole through detecting the socio-spatial aspects of its realms, and how its spontaneous form has responded to the socio-cultural aspects of the community in an integral pattern. At the micro level, the research will go deeper in the perception of the basic aspects of the individual and the family. It investigates how the traditional house reflects and satisfies the personal values of the individual, and achieves his socio-cultural beliefs and everyday life on the basis of inherent norms and conventions. In this vein, public, semi-public/private and private domains are investigated to highlight the mutual interplay between these spheres as key factors in understanding the architecture of the house and mahalla. The research discusses indigenous aspects and principles contained or embedded in the structure of the traditional environment, such as privacy, social solidarity and stability, neighbourliness and so on. It reveals insight into the male-female relationship in the social life of the traditional context, and how the position of women and their idle qualities impact the structure of the house and the hierarchical sequence and organisation of spaces. Identity, tradition, sustainability and everyday life are the main fields discussed with a specific end goal to outline and uncover the role of social factors, cultural beliefs and daily practices in the creation of this particular form. Building on these values, the research adopts an interpretive historical method in revealing the characters of the traditional environment referring to residents‟ habits, customs, rituals and traditions. Several approaches to the built and home environment are discussed for paving or detecting reliable one in the methodological inquiry within which many tools and methods have been utilised and used i.e. archival records, interviews, historical narratives, personal observation and photographic surveys. Data generated consists of photos, maps, interviewees‟ comments, analytical diagrams and historical and travellers‟ descriptions. Research findings indicate many of the inherent and underlying principles upon which the architecture of Iraqi traditional house depends. Within this context, the study has tried to unfold how the formation of the traditional house and the mahalla responded to the socio-cultural aspects of the community and the daily life of its members. Findings, concerning the design principles of the traditional mahalla, were realised as indigenous norms and standards embedded in the structure of society, which can be useful for architects, designers and planners to reconcile traditional and contemporary urban forms through the application of former rules and conventions in City‟s conservation or redevelopment plans. The study reveals that the traditional environment had less socio-cultural contradictions, active day-to-day practices and clear, identifiable and meaningful identity compared with contemporary built environments. Research findings, thus, lead to a set of relevant recommendations addressed to many of the community categories, architects, planners, stakeholders and those interested in this field. They aim to promote the impressive role of socio-cultural factors and strengthen users‟ competence in their physical and spatial settings for home. Moreover, research recommendations discuss how social factors, cultural values, beliefs, practices and rituals can be re-employed in our approach to achieving a more sustainable living environment. Recommendations relating to identity and tradition aim to draw attention and shed light on the significance of traditional built environments in the development of special identity, which played a big role in the sustainability of these contexts for centuries.

The built environment in the old city of Homs has been brutally destroyed by the conflict in Syria. The research gap in post-conflict planning and architectural design in the old city of Homs is alarming as it indicates that there are no clear roadmaps on how to deal with post-conflict housing units in such a historic area. This study aims to investigate the possible design basis of housing typologies and plans for the housing units in the old city after the conflict. This study is primarily based on a literature review and extensive discussions with a specialist architect from the city of Homs, who helped to gain a deeper understanding of how to approach such a topic. The literature review deals with the historical Arab cities’ components and the elements of courtyard houses both in general and in the old city of Homs in particular. Likewise, it looks at the city’s urban plans and building code and their shortcomings and highlights the current conditions there. It also highlights proposed strategies for post-conflict construction and discusses them. The findings of the study propose a design ideology for reconstruction strategies and translate these ideologies and findings from the literature into a practical design of typologies placed on a proposed plot of land in the old city, along with a proposal of what the plans of these houses might look like.

Cette thèse interroge le processus de transformation du savoir architectural dans la Chine moderne par le biais de l’observation de la relation entre la création architecturale et l’histoire. En tenant compte de l’évolution diachronique de ces deux cultures, cette étude analyse la circulation des savoirs entre le monde occidental et la Chine et les effets discursifs qu’elle a produits dans la création architecturale et artistique chinoises. L’architecture moderne se généralise en Chine à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle en parallèle avec le développement de l’industrie. Au début du XXe siècle, apparait une nouvelle forme de conception de l’historiographie moderne qui se réfère à l’Occident. Des enjeux complexes qui impliquent des références idéologiques et qui concernent la méthode historiographique percent au travers des premières études modernes consacrées à l’architecture chinoisetraditionnelle. En s’appuyant sur cette base historique, le travail de cette thèse analyse la conception des projets architecturaux afin de mettre en évidence les recherches, très personnelles, des architectes et des historiens chinois et, notamment, leurs interprétations de certains concepts clés de la discipline. Les discours et les pratiques qui émaillent le milieu architectural des années 1950 aux années 1990 décrivent une histoire de l’architecture en pleine évolution. La discipline absorbe à la fois des influences provenant de pays étrangers et hérite de la tradition établie pendant les années « rouges ». A partir de l’ouverture du pays et des réformes économiques qui s’ensuivent, elle est aussi confrontée à un développement urbain à grande échelle. Vers la fin des années 1990, l’apparition des architectes chinois d’avant-garde révèle un courant qui vise à réinterpréter la tradition et signe le retour à la discipline elle-même. / This thesis goes through the changes that occur in the architecture’s knowledge in modern China, observing the relation between architectural creation and the historical background. Taking into account the diachronic differences between the two cultures, this study analyzes the interpenetration of that knowledge between western countries and China as well as its influence upon Chinese architectural and artistic creation. Modern architecture started spreading over China from late XIXth century, together with the industrial development. In early XXth century, a new approach to modern historiography appears referring to the west. Some complex issues referring to ideology and regarding historiographical methods started to emerge through the first modern studies on Chinese traditional architecture. This thesis, based on such an historical background, analyzes the architectural projects and concepts in order to enlighten the researches, quite personal, made by the Chinese architects and historians and to emphasize their own interpretations of the key concepts on this field. The statements and practices that pave the way of architecture from the 1950s to the 1990s bring up the question of the evolution occurring in the architectural history. Chinese architecture draws its inspiration from abroad mixing it with the tradition established during the Chinese « red years ». After the opening policy and economical reforms were settled, architecture faces a great urban development. Around the end of the 1990s, some Chineseavant-garde architects started a new way aiming at re-interprating the tradition within the discipline itself.