Thesis (MA (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Moral questions arising from advances in science and technology are proliferating exponentially. Much controversy surrounds the ways in which biotechnology is used to eradicate a vast range of diseases and injuries. Stem cell research is one such way. Throughout the world stem cell research has been met with varying responses that range from opposition and criticism to approval and advocacy. As a result, it has attracted significant attention from the news media. The media have been accused of bias by focusing only on the controversial aspects of the research as opposed to reporting fully and fairly on the remarkable scientific advances. In this study I look at the patterns of media attention paid to stem cell research in the international weekly magazine Time between November 1998 and September 2005 inclusive. Contrary to the results expected on the basis of my literature study which pointed out the notion that the media tend to focus on sensational news more than non-controversial issues, I found that Time did a fair job in reporting on the scientific aspects of stem cell research. The percentage content of articles by year, focusing on scientific information of stem cells, dominated other news frames. The two years following the 2000 and 2004 American presidential elections, are however marked by the dominance of policy frames. This study found that Time covered controversial issues like embryonic stem cell research, public funding debates and political policy development in direct relation to their rise and fall on the political agenda in the United States.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines how positively or negatively as well as how subjectively or objectively the South African tabloid newspapers represent black celebrities. This examination was primarily conducted by using the content analysis research technique. The researcher selected a total of 85 newspapers spread across four different South African daily and weekend tabloid newspapers that were published during the period February to September 2008. The results from the data collected reveal that tabloid newspapers tend to overemphasize negativity when reporting about black celebrities. The findings also reveal a clear differential in the representation of black female celebrities vis-à-vis male celebrities. Unlike male celebrities whose roles were mainly defined in terms of political activities and personal disputes, female celebrities’ roles were largely confined to relationships and sex. The language used by the four newspapers in their representation of celebrities appears to be humiliating and, in some instances, downright disparaging. There is little doubt that media representations of celebrities, whether positive or negative, serve as mirrors to how some members of society behave. To this end, there needs to be a shift from the current preoccupation with sensationalizing negative news when South African tabloid newspapers report on black celebrities. Tabloid newspapers should judiciously use their greater focus on celebrities’ private lives to report on more positive personal stories that focus on the achievements of celebrities, including how some celebrities are living positively with HIV/AIDS. Since this study only focused on South African tabloid newspapers’ representations of black celebrities, and only employed the content analysis method, further research is recommended on the impact of celebrities’ representations on the South African society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe positief of negatief, asmede subjektief of objektief, daar oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse ponie- of skinderkoerante verslag gedoen word. Die ondersoek is primêr met behulp van die inhoudsanaliseondersoekmetode uitgevoer. Die navorser het 85 koerante uit vier verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse dagblaaie en naweekponiekoerante gekies uit die tydperk Februarie tot September 2008. Die resultate toon ‘n tendens in die poniekoerante dat oorwegend negatiewe verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes vooropgestel word. Die bevindinge toon ook ’n duidelike verskil tussen die verslagdoening oor beroemde swart vroue teenoor dié oor swart mans. In teenstelling met die mans wie se rolle hoofsaaklik ingevolge hulle politieke aktiwiteite en persoonlike dispute gedefinieer word, word beroemde swart vroue se rolle hoofsaaklik beperk tot verhoudings en seks. Die taalgebruik in die verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die vier poniekoerante blyk uiters vernederend, en in sommige gevalle, selfs degraderend en wrang te wees. Daar bestaan min twyfel dat verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die media, hetsy positief of negatief, weerspieël hoe sommige lede van die samelewing lewe. Om hierdie rede is ’n verskuiwing in die huidige beheptheid met die sensasionalisering van negatiewe nuus in die verslaggewing oor swart beroemdes nodig. Poniekoerante wat op die persoonlike lewens van beroemdes fokus behoort na meer positiewe verslagdoening oor hul prestasies te strewe, insluitend, hoe sommige beroemdes positief met MIV/Vigs lewe. Aangesien hierdie navorsing net op verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse poniekoerante kragtens die inhoudsanalisemetorde gefokus het, word verdere navorsing aanbeveel oor die impak van verslagdoening oor beroemdes op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The representation of women in the media has been problematic in many respects. Women have often been portrayed in a limited number of roles and media reports have often unnecessarily focused on their physical appearance. In 2009, South African athlete Caster Semenya astonished the athletics world with her times in the 800 m. However, her performance was soon overshadowed by speculation about her sex. Before long, an Australian publication claimed that Semenya had male sexual organs and no womb or ovaries. The publication of this report left other media with a number of ethical dilemmas. This study examined the representation of Semenya in Beeld and Rapport, two Afrikaans newspapers, during the height of speculation. The aim of the study was to determine whether the specified media, in their portrayal of Semenya, adhered to journalism’s ethical principle of truth-telling. Two theoretical frameworks, namely, Representation and African womanism, were used as analytical tools. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the portrayal of Semenya. The study found that the representation of Caster Semenya did not adhere to journalism’s ethical principle of truth-telling in all respects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uitbeelding van vroue in die media skiet steeds in verskeie opsigte tekort. Studies oor die onderwerp dui daarop dat vroue dikwels in ’n beperkte aantal rolle uitgebeeld word. Daar word ook gereeld onnodig na vroue se fisieke voorkoms verwys. In 2009 het die Suid-Afrikaanse atleet Caster Semenya die atletiekwêreld verras met haar uitstekende tye in die 800 m. Dié prestasie is egter gou oorskadu deur media-spekulasie oor die atleet se geslag. ’n Australiese publikasie het kort daarna ’n berig gepubliseer wat beweer het dat Semenya manlike geslagorgane het en geen baarmoeder of ovaria nie. Die publikasie van dié berig het die media voor verskeie etiese uitdagings te staan gebring. Hierdie studie het die uitbeelding van Semenya in Beeld en Rapport, twee Afrikaanse koerante, gedurende die hoogtepunt van dié spekulasie ondersoek. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal of die spesifieke publikasies gehoor gegee het aan media-etiese voorskrifte met betrekking tot die weergee van die waarheid. Twee teoretiese raamwerke, naamlik Uitbeelding en womanism in Afrika, is in dié verband as vertrekpunt gebruik. Kwalitatiewe inhoudsanalise is gebruik om die uitbeelding van Semenya te ontleed. Die studie het bevind dat die uitbeelding van Semenya nie in alle opsigte in ooreenstemming was met dié beginsel nie.

The following research is a content analysis of 114 articles written by the American and British news media outlets in the first month following the BP Gulf oil spill in April 2010. The goal of the research was to identify any dominant frames evident in the reports and to compare the two countries to see if there was a difference in the dominant frames used. Positive, negative, and neutral tones were also evaluated to determine if there was a difference between the countries. The results show that both countries reports predominantly used an ecology and action frame, while British media outlets also used an economic frame. Both countries reported with primarily a negative and neutral tone. The implications of these findings for crisis communication managers are discussed.

No description available.

The objective of this research is to develop a framework for multi-robot coordination and control with emphasis on human-swarm and inter-agent interactions. We focus on two problems: in the first we address how to enable a single human operator to externally influence large teams of robots. By directly imposing density functions on the environment, the user is able to abstract away the size of the swarm and manipulate it as a whole, e.g., to achieve specified geometric configurations, or to maneuver it around. In order to pursue this approach, contributions are made to the problem of coverage of time-varying density functions. In the second problem, we address the characterization of inter-agent interactions and enforcement of desired interaction patterns in a provably safe (i.e., collision free) manner, e.g., for achieving rich motion patterns in a shared space, or for mixing of sensor information. We use elements of the braid group, which allows us to symbolically characterize classes of interaction patterns. We further construct a new specification language that allows us to provide rich, temporally-layered specifications to the multi-robot mixing framework, and present algorithms that significantly reduce the search space of specification-satisfying symbols with exactness guarantees. We also synthesize provably safe controllers that generate and track trajectories to satisfy these symbolic inputs. These controllers allow us to find bounds on the amount of safe interactions that can be achieved in a given bounded domain.

This thesis has replicated a content analysis study conducted by G. Ray Funkhouser in the 1960s. This study concurs with the Funkhouser assertion that some prominent issues in the news do not necessarily merit the attention from the media at the times they receive it. The findings in this study appear to also indicate a "sampling bias" in the media, whereby the amount of news coverage deviates in a systematic way from the actual flow of events. Additionally, this study indicates a strong relationship between the amount of media attention an issue receives and whether or not that issue was noted as the most important problem by respondents to the Gallup Poll. / Department of Journalism

This study was conducted to analyze the differences in the news coverage of public education by a state and local newspaper, to ascertain if trends exist in the coverage of topics, and if the coverage is negative, positive, or neutral. All issues of The Dallas Morning News and The Piano Star Courier from the years 1988 and 1993 were evaluated. All articles about public education (with the exception of athletics, obituaries, and advertisements) were evaluated using a content analysis form. The content analysis form provided information for classifying all articles. Information was tallied for the number of articles and column inches by newspaper and category. Findings indicated a number of differences between the two newspapers in 1988 and 1993. The Dallas Morning News increased the number of articles and column inches of space it committed to the coverage of public education from 1988 to 1993. During the same period The Piano Star Courier reduced both the number of articles and column inches of space which it used for the topic of education. The Piano Star Courier began publishing editions on only five of the seven days per week in February, 1993. The Dallas Morning News reduced its local coverage and increased its coverage of state and national education topics during the same period. The change in coverage was shown through the increased number of articles and space allocated to state and national topics. Changes also occurred in the number of negative articles published by the newspapers. The Dallas Morning News increased the number of negative articles as it focused on state and national news. The Piano Star Courier reduced the number of negative articles as it focused on local topics. The findings also indicate that certain categories of articles are more likely to present education in a positive manner. Local education news stories are more likely to be positive than state or national stories. Personal stories about students and/or teachers tend to represent schools in a positive light. The topics of discipline, vandalism, finance, and administration usually have a more negative effect. Findings reveal that differing trends exist in major state and local newspaper coverage of public education. Knowledge of these trends can help educators promote a positive image of public education.

The Master thesis Specifics of the tabloid Neue Kronen Zeitung and its position in the Austrian media market. Comparison of the most read Austrian and Czech daily newspapers tries to analyse the unusually strong position of the Austrian tabloid daily Neue Kronen Zeitung in the Austrian print media market and at the same time attempts to compare the Neue Kronen Zeitung with the Czech tabloid daily newspaper Blesk in detail. The first part of the thesis is mainly devoted to the daily newspaper Neue Kronen Zeitung, to its history and to the characteristics of the Austrian print media market. The theoretical part defines the most important aspects of the tabloid press. With regard to these aspects the Neue Kronen Zeitung is thoroughly analysed in the following part of the thesis, especially in terms of its layout, content, language, form and the way it addresses its readers. In conclusion, a comparison of the Austrian most read daily newspaper Neue Kronen Zeitung and the Czech most read daily newspaper Blesk is carried out. The cornerstone of the comparison is the realization of a content analysis which focuses on the political and foreign coverage of both newspapers. This content analysis should contribute to confirmation or disproof of the hypothesis that the characteristics of political and foreign...

Ações de restauração ecológica muitas vezes são requeridas como ferramentas para adequação de propriedades rurais às leis vigentes, para a conservação da biodiversidade e manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos em áreas públicas e privadas. Deste modo, o desenvolvimento de métodos de baixo custo e que possam ser aplicados em larga escala tem grande relevância ecológica, econômica e social, pois além de aplicados em médias e grandes propriedades, têm especial aptidão para serem usados pelos pequenos proprietários. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral: i) avaliar, por meio de dois experimentos, a sobrevivência e o crescimento de indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual introduzidas por meio de semeadura direta ou plantio de mudas; e ii) avaliar a possibilidade de se controlar as gramíneas competidoras nas entrelinhas por meio da capina tradicional, da criação de um dossel transitório nas entrelinhas pela semeadura de milho, ou pelo aumento da área das copas via poda da gema apical das espécies de recobrimento. O primeiro experimento constituiu-se da semeadura direta de 36 espécies arbustivo-arbóreas aliada ao plantio de milho na entrelinha como forma de controle de gramíneas invasoras. Resultados mostram que 77,8% das espécies semeadas emergiram, o número de indivíduos encontrado, quando comparado ao número de indivíduos esperados, representou apenas 8% dos mesmos. As espécies com maiores taxas de emergência foram Hymenaea courbaril, Pterogyne nitens, Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Peltophorum dubium e Mabea fistulifera, representando mais da metade dos indivíduos encontrados. Com relação ao plantio do milho, observou-se que sua presença controlou como desejado as gramíneas invasoras. No segundo experimento, realizou-se o plantio em linhas de mudas de espécies arbóreas aliado a duas estratégias para controle de gramíneas invasoras, criação de um dossel transitório pelo plantio do milho nas entrelinhas, ou a indução do aumento da área das copas de indivíduos das espécies de recobrimento por meio da poda de suas gemas apicais. A sobrevivência dos indivíduos não foi influenciada pela presença do milho e poda das gemas apicais das espécies de recobrimento. O número de bifurcações dos indivíduos podados aumentou. Todavia, a área da copa foi, até os nove meses de observação aqui realizados, menor nos indivíduos podados do que nos não podados. O plantio de milho nas entrelinhas evitou que a área fosse colonizada significativamente por gramíneas invasoras, exercendo um controle sobre essas espécies similar àquele do controle tradicional com capina química. Logo, a utilização do milho para controle de gramíneas é indicada nas ações de restauração, por proporcionar a redução dos custos de restauração, reduz-se os riscos de contaminação química do meio ambiente e do trabalhador rural, e possibilita uma geração de renda proveniente da produção do milho. Além das vantagens ecológicas e econômicas, o milho apresenta uma vantagem social, pois ele torna a prática da restauração mais atrativa para os pequenos produtores, e como consequência há um maior envolvimento dos mesmos nas ações de adequação ambiental de suas propriedades. / Ecological restoration actions are often required as tools for adapting rural properties to existing laws for biodiversity, conservation and maintenance of ecosystem services in public and private areas. Thus, it is necessary to develop techniques that present affordable costs of implantation and maintenance, and that provide a diversification of the income of the owner, through a direct and short term economic return. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate, through two experiments, the survival and growth of individuals of shrub-tree species of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest introduced through direct sowing or planting of seedlings, and the possibility and differences in controlling invasive grasses between the lines through traditional weed control, the creation of a transitional canopy between the lines by sowing maize, or by increasing the area of the canopies via pruning of the apical bud of some species. The first experiment consisted of the direct seeding of 36 shrub-tree species of the Semidecidual Seasonal Forest allied to the planting of maize in the interline as a form of control of invasive grasses. The results of this experiment show that 77.8% of the seeded species emerged, the number of individuals found when compared to the expected number of individuals, represented only 8% of it. The species that most stood out were Hymenaea courbaril, Pterogyne nitens, Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Peltophorum dubium and Mabea fistulifera, representing more than half of the individuals that were found. Regarding the planting of maize, it was observed that its presence controlled the invading grasses as desired. In the second experiment, planting was carried out in seedling lines of arboreal species of the Semidecidual Seasonal Forest with two strategies to control invasive grasses: (i) the creation of a transitional canopy by the planting of maize between the lines; (ii) the induction of the individuals crown area increase of the species from the covering group by pruning their apical buds. The survival of all individuals was not influenced by the presence of maize and pruning of the apical buds of the covering group species. There was no difference between the death of pruned and non pruned individuals, and pruning increased the number of bifurcations of individuals. However, the crown area was, up to nine months of observation, smaller in pruned individuals than in non pruned individuals. Maize planting between the lines prevented the area from being colonized significantly by invasive grasses, controlling these species development in a similar way of the traditional control with herbicide application, thus showing an alternative to it. Therefore, its use is indicated in the restoration actions as reductions in restoration costs are possible in controlling the grasses with this method as well as providing a possible generation of income from the maize production. In addition to the ecological and economic advantages, maize has a social advantage, since it makes the restoration practice more attractive for small producers. Consequently there is a greater involvement of the same in the restoration and environmental conservation actions.