This thesis applies classical optimization problems such as assignment or set-covering problem on logical puzzles or brainteasers. Listed in the first part are mathematical model, description and typical example of each optimization problem used in this thesis. The second part contains these models applied to the particular brainteasers for example Sudoku or Einstein's Puzzle. Exercises are divided into simpler and more complex ones. There is specification, source and a described method of solution stated for each of them. The calculation examples use Lingo or MS Excel or both. The aim is to show the possibility to address logical puzzles and brainteasers with the use of optimization problems, and thus confirm the wide possibilities of using these models. These examples can clarify and diversify the curriculum.

A utilização de resíduos industriais gerados pela indústria de papel como material geotécnico, tem se tornado uma prática comum nestes últimos anos. Esta prática se dá devido a dois aspectos importantes: a economia e a aspectos ambientais. As indústrias de papel geram uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, e com o aumento dos custos de disposição e as dificuldades de armazenamento destes materiais está havendo uma preocupação crescente no reaproveitamento destes resíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as propriedades geotécnicas do resíduo de papel gerado pela indústria de papel Rigesa de Valinhos, São Paulo. O estudo deste tipo de resíduo pretende contribuir para redução do custo na disposição final do resíduo para as indústrias de papel e por outro lado oferecer uma alternativa econômica para o sistema de cobertura de outros resíduos. Este resíduo é gerado do lodo do sistema de tratamento de água residuária da indústria. O resíduo é o lodo secundário do processo de tratamento na estação de reciclagem onde são fabricados caixas de papelão. O material apresenta um alto índice de matéria orgânica, um alto teor de umidade inicial e é altamente compressível. Neste trabalho são apresentados em detalhes os ensaios realizados com o resíduo. Salienta-se, no entanto, que os resultados obtidos envolvem aspectos relacionados com a metodologia de ensaio para este material. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir ainda para a adequabilidade dos ensaios convencionais a este resíduo. Os ensaios realizados foram: Limite de Atterberg, Densidade dos Grãos, Granulometria, Adensamento, Permeabilidade, Cisalhamento Direto, Placa de Sucção e Placa de Pressão. / The use of the residues generated by the paper industry as a geotechnical material, has become common practice in recent years. This practice is due to two important aspects: the economical and environmental aspects. The paper industry generates a significant amount of residue and with the increase of the costs related to the disposal of this material, there is a growing need to recycle. The objective of this work is to present the geotechnical properties of the paper residue generated by the Rigesa paper Industry in Valinhos, São Paulo. The study of this kind of residue intends to contribute to the reduction of the cost in the final disposal of the residue for the paper industry and, on the other hand, to offer an economic alternative for covering systems. This residue is generated from the sludges of the system of residuary water treatment of the industry. The residue is the secondary sludges of the process of the treatment in the recycling station where cardboard boxes are manufactured. The material presents a high organic content, a high initial water content and a high compressibility. This is presented in details through tests carried out with the residue. However, it should be pointed out that results obtained involve aspects related to the methodology of the test for this material. In this way the present work intends to contribute to the re-structuring of the conventional tests. The tests performed were: Limit of Atterberg, Specify Gravity, Grain Size Distribution, Consolidation, Permeability, Direct Shear, and the soil water Storage curve.

RESUMO OLIVEIRA, M. F. S. Avaliação da cobertura vacinal em Menores de cinco anos em Bom Jesus, Província do Bengo Angola, 2010. 111f. 2011. (Dissertação) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Ribeirão Preto, 2011. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a cobertura vacinal em crianças menores de cinco anos na comuna de Bom Jesus, Bengo, Angola e descrever as relações entre esse indicador com algumas características do contexto sócio econômico e demográfico local, do saneamento do meio, dos agregados familiares, das crianças e das mães ou responsáveis das mesmas. Material e Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, transversal e censitária, com 1205 crianças menores de cinco anos residentes em Bom Jesus no 1° semestre de 2010, razão pela qual não estabelecemos relações de associação entre as variáveis em estudo. As fontes de dados foram: 1) O inquérito domiciliar por entrevistas as mães ou responsáveis das crianças e aos chefes de família. 2) Cartão de saúde infantil e de saúde materna para os dados referentes ao estado vacinal das crianças e a vacinação antitetânica das mães ou responsáveis, respectivamente. 3) Registros sobre vacinações dos serviços de saúde de Bom Jesus e da província do Bengo. Para o processamento, analise e tratamento dos dados foi utilizado o software Epi-Info, versão 3.5.2. Resultados: Das 1205 crianças, 67,5 não possuíam cartão de vacina; a cobertura vacinal de Bom Jesus foi de 36,6%, sendo mais elevadas nos bairros Coxe e Matabuleiro com 65,2% e 65%, respectivamente e sem diferença entre os sexos; para a VOP, DTP e Hep B, 72,4%, 69,9% e 67,1% das crianças fizeram as doses com intervalos corretos; a maior cobertura vacinal ocorreu nos menores de 30 dias, com 67,9%, sendo esses valores muito menores que a meta de 90%, do PAV/Angola.A cobertura vacinal específica para a BCG, DTP, VOP, contra Hep B, Sarampo, Febre Amarela e antitetânica foi de 90,8%, 47,2 %, 51%, 14,2 %, 43%, 41,5% e 59%%, respectivamente e podem ser consideradas muito baixas com exceção para a BCG; a taxa de abandono para a DTP, VOP e Hep B foi de 32,2%, 32,8% e 25,4% respectivamente, valores muito superiores a meta que OMS/África recomenda é de até 10%; se constatou que aparentemente a cobertura vacinal aumentava conforme houvesse um incremento da escolaridade do chefe de família da e da mãe ou responsável pela criança, quando o chefe de família fosse o pai, mãe doméstica, com a presença da avó, os pais fossem de etnia kimbundo, melhores condições habitacionais, usuários dos serviços públicos de abastecimento de água e de coleta de lixo; os dados sugerem o decréscimo desse indicador conforme aumenta a idade da mãe ou responsável, o tamanho da família, o número de filhos vivos, a ordem de nascimento e a idade da criança. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam a importância dos inquéritos domiciliares como ferramentas indispensáveis na avaliação da cobertura vacinal real e a probabilidade de alguns fatores contextuais, individuais e familiares influenciarem a variabilidade desse indicador, para além de puderem subsidiar a decisão sobre o aperfeiçoamento de programas locais de imunização. Palavras Chaves: Avaliação, Determinantes sociais de Saúde, Vacinação, Programas de Imunização, Cobertura Vacinal e Taxa de Abandono. / ABSTRACT OLIVEIRA, M. F. S. Evaluation of the vaccine covering in Minors of five years in Bom Jesus, Province of the Bengo Angola, 2010. 111f. 2011. (Dissertation) College of Medicine of Brook Black Color, Ribeirão Preto, 2011. This study it has as objective to evaluate the vaccine covering in minors of five years in Good Jesus ,Bengo, Angola and to describe the relations between this pointer with some characteristics of the context economic partner and demographic place, of the sanitation of the way, the family units, the children, the mothers or responsible of the same ones. Methodology: one is about an evaluative, descriptive research and tax, with 1205 lesser children five year residents in Good Jesus in the first semester of 2010. The sources of data had been: 1) the domiciliary inquiry for interviews the responsible or mothers of the children e to the family heads, through the application of a form elaborated for the effect. 2) Card of infantile health and maternal health for the referring data to the vaccine state of the children and the against the tetanus vaccination of the responsible mothers or, respectively. 3) Registers on existing vaccinations in the local services of health of Good Jesus and the province of the Bengo. For the processing, it analyzes and treatment of the data was used software Epi-Info, version 3.5.2. RESULTS: Of the 1205 children, 67,5 do not passim vaccine card; the vaccine covering of Good Jesus was of 36,6%, being more raised in the quarters Coxe and Matabuleiro with 65,2% and 65%, respectively; it was observed that the children with less than 30 days had presented the biggest vaccine covering with 67,9%, without difference between the sexes. These values are placed very on this side of the 90% goal, established for the PAV/Angola. The specific vaccine covering for the BCG, DTP, Antipóliomielite, against Hepatitis B, Measles, Yellow Fever and antitectanic was of 90,8%, 47.2%, 51%, 14.2%, 43%, 41.5% and 59%, respectively and can be considered very low with exception for the BCG; the tax of abandonment for the DTP, Antipóliomielite and Hepatite B was of 32,2%, 32.8% and 25.4% respectively, very superior values the goal that OMS/Africa recommends is of even 10%; if it evidenced that apparently the vaccine covering increased as had an increment of the schooling of head of family, the schooling of the responsible mother or for the child, when the family head was the father, mother domesticates, with the presence of the grandmother, the parents was speakers of the local language (Kimbundo), with better house conditions and using conditions of the public services of supplying of water and basic sanitation of the environment; the data suggest the decrease of this in agreement pointer it increases the age of the responsible mother or, the size of the family, the number of children livings creature, the increment in the birth order and the age of the child. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the importance of the inquiries domiciliary as indispensable tools in the evaluation of real the vaccine covering and the probability of some contextual, individual and familiar factors to influence the variability of this pointer, stops beyond will be able to subsidize the decision on the perfectioning of local programs of immunization. Key Words: Evaluation, Determinative social of Health, Vaccination, Programs of Immunization, Vaccine Covering and Tax of Abandonment.

A utilização de resíduos industriais gerados pela indústria de papel como material geotécnico, tem se tornado uma prática comum nestes últimos anos. Esta prática se dá devido a dois aspectos importantes: a economia e a aspectos ambientais. As indústrias de papel geram uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, e com o aumento dos custos de disposição e as dificuldades de armazenamento destes materiais está havendo uma preocupação crescente no reaproveitamento destes resíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as propriedades geotécnicas do resíduo de papel gerado pela indústria de papel Rigesa de Valinhos, São Paulo. O estudo deste tipo de resíduo pretende contribuir para redução do custo na disposição final do resíduo para as indústrias de papel e por outro lado oferecer uma alternativa econômica para o sistema de cobertura de outros resíduos. Este resíduo é gerado do lodo do sistema de tratamento de água residuária da indústria. O resíduo é o lodo secundário do processo de tratamento na estação de reciclagem onde são fabricados caixas de papelão. O material apresenta um alto índice de matéria orgânica, um alto teor de umidade inicial e é altamente compressível. Neste trabalho são apresentados em detalhes os ensaios realizados com o resíduo. Salienta-se, no entanto, que os resultados obtidos envolvem aspectos relacionados com a metodologia de ensaio para este material. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir ainda para a adequabilidade dos ensaios convencionais a este resíduo. Os ensaios realizados foram: Limite de Atterberg, Densidade dos Grãos, Granulometria, Adensamento, Permeabilidade, Cisalhamento Direto, Placa de Sucção e Placa de Pressão. / The use of the residues generated by the paper industry as a geotechnical material, has become common practice in recent years. This practice is due to two important aspects: the economical and environmental aspects. The paper industry generates a significant amount of residue and with the increase of the costs related to the disposal of this material, there is a growing need to recycle. The objective of this work is to present the geotechnical properties of the paper residue generated by the Rigesa paper Industry in Valinhos, São Paulo. The study of this kind of residue intends to contribute to the reduction of the cost in the final disposal of the residue for the paper industry and, on the other hand, to offer an economic alternative for covering systems. This residue is generated from the sludges of the system of residuary water treatment of the industry. The residue is the secondary sludges of the process of the treatment in the recycling station where cardboard boxes are manufactured. The material presents a high organic content, a high initial water content and a high compressibility. This is presented in details through tests carried out with the residue. However, it should be pointed out that results obtained involve aspects related to the methodology of the test for this material. In this way the present work intends to contribute to the re-structuring of the conventional tests. The tests performed were: Limit of Atterberg, Specify Gravity, Grain Size Distribution, Consolidation, Permeability, Direct Shear, and the soil water Storage curve.

This dissertation treats of the problem of attributing the occurrence of an individual event or state to a single cause — a problem commonly understood either as a question of distinguishing the cause from the mere conditions or as a matter of singling out, from several causes, one cause, as the cause. The main purpose of the study is to clarify some basic concepts, and some criteria of ascertainment of the cause, that may be discerned in the literature on causal attribution. Special attention is devoted to how the adequacy of causal attributions depends on pragmatic factors. The study begins with an analysis of J. S. Mill’s distinction in A System of Logic between a scientific and a common-parlance approach to the problem of causal attribution. Mill’s assumption that causal attribution in science always requires a universal-law subsumption is then examined in the context of a general discussion of the range of applicability of the covering-law model of explanation. Mill’s scientific and common-parlance notions of cause are compared with R. G. Collingwood’s historical (sense-I) and scientific (sense-II and -III) notions of cause. It is argued that there are purposes of inquiry for which Mill’s common-parlance approach is more relevant to causal attribution in natural science than his scientific approach. And, more generally, it is argued that although law subsumptions are necessary for the ascertainment of the causes, more is often required for explaining the effect. Samuel Gorovitz’s differentiating-factor analysis is discussed, and limitations of the model are identified. The relevance of Morton White’s abnormalistic approach to historical research is also examined. Further, a number of objectivistic approaches are discussed, and it is argued that objectivity is not attainable in causal attributions in a sense in which it always implies an improvement of our ability to attribute the occurrence of an individual event or state to a single cause.

This dissertation deals with some crucial building blocks of cryptosystems in symmetric cryptography / namely the Boolean functions that produce a single-bit result for each possible value of the m-bit input vector, where m&gt / 1. Objectives in this study are two-fold / the first objective is to develop relations between cryptographic properties of Boolean functions, and the second one is to form new concepts that associate coding theory with cryptology. For the first objective, we concentrate on the cryptographic properties of Boolean functions such as balancedness, correlation immunity, nonlinearity, resiliency and propagation characteristics / many of which are depending on the Walsh spectrum that gives components of the Boolean function along the direction of linear functions. Another efficient tool to study Boolean functions is the subject of covering sequences introduced by Carlet and Tarannikov in 2000. Covering sequences are defined in terms of the derivatives of the Boolean function. Carlet and Tarannikov relate the correlation immunity and balancedness properties of the Boolean function to its covering sequences. We find further relations between the covering sequence and the Walsh spectrum, and present two theorems for the calculation of covering sequences associated with each null frequency of the Walsh spectrum. As for the second objective of this thesis, we have studied linear codes over the rings Z4 and Z8 and their binary images in the Galois field GF(2). We have investigated the best-known examples of nonlinear binary error-correcting codes such as Kerdock, Preperata and Nordstrom-Robinson, which are -linear codes. We have then reviewed Tokareva&rsquo / s studies on Z4-linear codes and extended them to Z8-linear codes. We have defined a new classes of bent functions. Next, we have shown that the newly defined classes of bent, namely Tokareva&rsquo / s k-bent and our t,k-bent functions are affine equivalent to the well-known Maiorana McFarland class of bent functions. As a cryptological application, we have described the method of cubic cryptanalysis, as a generalization of the linear cryptanalysis given by Matsui in 1993. We conjecture that the newly introduced t,k-bent functions are also strong against cubic cryptanalysis, because they are as far as possible to t,k-bent functions.

The work of mathematical giants, such as Lobachevsky, Gauss, Riemann, Klein and Poincaré, to name a few, lies at the foundation of the study of the highly structured Riemann surfaces, which allow definition of holomorphic maps, corresponding to analytic maps in the theory of complex analysis. A topological result of Poincaré states that every path-connected Riemann surface can be realised by a construction of identifying congruent points in the complex plane, the Riemann sphere or the hyperbolic plane; just three simply connected surfaces that cover the underlying Riemann surface. This requires the discontinuous action of a discrete subgroup of the automorphisms of the corresponding space. In the hyperbolic plane, which is the richest source for Riemann surfaces, these groups are called Fuchsian, and there are several ways to study the action of such groups geometrically by computing fundamental domains. What is accomplished in this thesis is a combination of the methods found by Reidemeister & Schreier, Singerman and Voight, and thus provides a unified way of finding Dirichlet domains for subgroups of cofinite groups with a given index. Several examples are considered in-depth.

We present several new results on the combinatorial properties of a locally restricted version of monomino-domino coverings of rectilinear regions. These are monomino-domino tatami coverings, and the restriction is that no four tiles may meet at any point. The global structure that the tatami restriction induces has numerous implications, and provides a powerful tool for solving enumeration problems on tatami coverings. Among these we address the enumeration of coverings of rectangles, with various parameters, and we develop algorithms for exhaustive generation of coverings, in constant amortised time per covering. We also con- sider computational complexity on two fronts; firstly, the structure shows that the space required to store a covering of the rectangle is linear in its longest dimension, and secondly, it is NP-complete to decide whether an arbitrary polyomino can be tatami-covered only with dominoes. / Graduate / 0984 / 0405 / alejandro.erickson@gmail.com

This dissertation consists of two self-contained studies. The first study, in the domain of stochastic inventory theory, addresses the structure of optimal ordering policies in a periodic review setting. We take multiple sources of a single product to imply an ordering cost function that is nondecreasing, piecewise linear, and convex. Our main contribution is a proof of the optimality of a finite generalized base stock policy under an average cost criterion. Our inventory model is formulated as a Markov decision process with complete observations. Orders are delivered immediately. Excess demand is fully backlogged, and the function describing holding and backlogging costs is convex. All parameters are stationary, and the random demands are independent and identically distributed across periods. The (known) distribution function is subject to mild assumptions along with the holding and backlogging cost function. Our proof uses a vanishing discount approach. We extend our results from a continuous environment to the case where demands and order quantities are integral. The second study is in the area of capacity planning. Our overarching contribution is a relatively simple and fast solution approach for the fleet composition problem faced by a retail distribution firm, focusing on the context of a major beverage distributor. Vehicles to be included in the fleet may be of multiple sizes; we assume that spot transportation capacity will be available to supplement the fleet as needed. We aim to balance the fixed costs of the fleet against exposure to high variable costs due to reliance on spot capacity. We propose a two-stage stochastic linear programming model with fixed recourse. The demand on a particular day in the planning horizon is described by the total quantity to be delivered and the total number of customers to visit. Thus, daily demand throughout the entire planning period is captured by a bivariate probability distribution. We present an algorithm that efficiently generates a "definitive" collection of bases of the recourse program, facilitating rapid computation of the expected cost of a prospective fleet and its gradient. The equivalent convex program may then be solved by a standard gradient projection algorithm.

Η Θεωρία Διαστάσεων είναι από τους παλαιότερους κλάδους της Γενικής Τοπολογίας και μελετά, εκτός των άλλων, τη μικρή επαγωγική διάσταση ind, τη μεγάλη διάσταση Ind και την επονομαζόμενη διάσταση της κάλυψης dim. Οι πρώτοι που έδωσαν αποτελέσματα στη θεωρία διαστάσεων είναι οι Poincare, Brouwer και Lebesgue. Κατά την κατασκευή από τον Ρeano, μιας συνεχούς απεικόνισης από ένα τμήμα επί ενός τετραγώνου, προέκυψε το πρόβλημα: «το κατά πόσον ένα τμήμα και ένα τετράγωνο είναι ομοιόμορφα» και γενικότερα «εάν ο n- κύβος I^n είναι ομοιόμορφος με τον m-κύβο I^m για n διφορετικό του m». Το πρόβλημα αυτό λύθηκε από τον Brouwer [1911] αποδεικνύοντας ότι αν n διαφορετικό του m τότε οι I^n και I^m δεν είναι ομοιόμορφοι. Οι Urysohn [1922, 1925, 1926] και Menger [1923,1924] απέδειξαν με τις εργασίες τους, ότι η θεωρία διαστάσεων είναι μία ανεξάρτητη περιοχή της Γενικής Τοπολογίας. Αυτοί ανέπτυξαν και διατύπωσαν ανεξάρτητα τη θεωρία της μικρής επαγωγικής διάστασης ind για την κλάση των συμπαγών μετρικών χώρων. Αυτή η θεωρία αργότερα επεκτάθηκε για την κλάση των διαχωρίσιμων μετρικών χώρων από τους Tumarkin [1925, 1926] και Hurewicz [1927]. Σήμερα, οι διαστάσεις ορίζονται για οποιονδήποτε τοπολογικό χώρο. Σημειώνουμε ότι, στην κλάση των διαχωρίσιμων μετρικών χώρων, οι τρείς διαστάσεις συμπίπτουν. Δηλαδή: ind(X)=Ind(X)=dim(X), όπου X διαχωρίσιμος μετρικός χώρος. Σε μεγαλύτερη κλάση τοπολογικών χώρων αυτό δεν ισχύει, δηλαδή οι τρείς διαστάσεις διαφέρουν. Στην κλάση των μετρικών χώρων οι διαστάσεις Ind και dim συμπίπτουν. Δηλαδή, αν X μετρικός χώρος: Ind(X)=dim(X). Στην εργασία αυτή δίνουμε τον ορισμό της διάστασης κάλυψης dim, ισοδύναμες εκφράσεις των ορισμών των διαστάσεων και θεωρήματα υποχώρου – αθροίσματος και γινομένου, που αφορούν τη διάσταση αυτή. / The theory of Dimensions is one of the oldest branch of General Topology and studies, among the other, the small inductive dimension ind, the large inductive dimension Ind and the covering dimension dim. Poincare, Brouwer and Lebesgue were the first who gave results in the theory of dimensions. Peano, trying to make a continuous function from a line segment on a square, became the problem: “if a line segment and a square must be uniform” and more generally “if the n- cube I^n can be uniform with the m-cube I^m for n different of m”. Brouwer [1911] gave an answer to this problem by proving that if n different of m then I^n and I^m can not be uniform. Urysohn [1922, 1925, 1926] and Menger [1923,1924] proved that the theory of dimensions is a independent region of General Topology. These developed and formulated independent the theory of the small inductive dimension ind for the class of compact metric spaces. Later, Tumarkin [1925, 1926] and Hurewicz [1927], extended this theory for the class of separable metric spaces. Today, the dimensions are fixed for any topological space. We mention that the three dimensions coincide, in the class of separable metric spaces, that is: ind(X) =Ind (X) =dim (X), where X is a separable metric space. In a bigger class of topological spaces this is not true, that is the three dimensions are different. In the class of metric spaces the dimensions Ind and dim coincide. That is, if X is a metric space then: Ind (X) =dim (X). In this work we give the definition of covering dimension dim, equivalence expressions of the definition of dimensions and also theorems of subspace, addition and product theorems that concern the covering dimension dim.