The constants modernization in the fuels used request improvements in the combustioneffectiveness, as a consequence the material for components as the cylinder heads mustenhance their properties. Seven different compositions of compacted graphite iron (CGI)are analysed with the aim of characterized and select the most suitable material for thecylinder head service condition. The present master thesis report focuses on the impactof the matrix- either pearlitic or ferritic- and alloying elements such as molybdenum andnickel in the fatigue crack propagation ratedadNand fracture toughness (kIc).Tests to determined the fatigue crack growth rate, according to the ASTM standardE647 and fracture toughness (ASTM E399) were conducted. The equipment utilized was aservo hydraulic machine, for the fatigue crack propagation rate test and a electromechanicalmachine for the fracture toughness. Moreover, for measure the crack length a portablemicroscope camera and a camera connected to a DIC(digital image correlation) softwarewas used. The interpretation of the data obtained from the tests were done by TEMA- aDIC software- and MATLAB.The test results are analysed describing the influence of the composition and the microstructurehave over the mechanical properties achieved. Furthermore, an analyse forrelating the graphite average length and the hardness with the fatigue crack growth rateand the fracture toughness of the materials is performed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第22672号 / エネ博第404号 / 新制||エネ||77(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 森下 和功, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 今谷 勝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p>Problems in structural dynamics that involve rapid evolution of the material at multiple scales of length and time are challenging to solve numerically. One such problem is that of a structure un- dergoing fracture, where the material in the vicinity of a crack front may experience high stresses and strains while the remainder of the structure may be unaffected by it. Usually, such problems are solved using numerical methods based on a finite element discretization in space and a finite difference time-stepping scheme to capture dynamic response. Regions of interest within the struc- ture, where high transients are expected, are usually modeled with a fine discretization in space and time for better accuracy. In other regions of the model where the response does not change rapidly, a coarser discretization suffices and helps keep the computational cost down. This variation in spatial and temporal discretization is achieved through domain decomposition and multi-time-step coupling methods which allow the use of different levels of mesh discretization and time-steps in different regions of the mesh.</p>

Le groupe Dassault Aviation conçoit et construit chaque année un large choix de modèles d’avions, à la fois à usage privé comme à usage militaire. Nous nous intéressons ici à certaines pièces structurelles de l'avion, se présentant sous la forme de panneaux renforcés de raidisseurs usinés directement dans la masse de tôles épaisses en alliage Al2024T351. Dans le cadre du processus de mise en forme, ces éléments doivent être formées à froid afin de leur donner une courbure définitive. Ce procédé a pour conséquence de pré-déformer sévèrement certaines régions de la structure. De plus, ces zones sont susceptibles de constituer des sites d’amorçage et de propagation de fissures de fatigue.Cette étude vise à analyser les interactions entre les phénomènes plastiques induits par le formage à froid et la propagation d'une fissure de fatigue lors du chargement en fatigue de la structure. Cette thèse se déroule selon la démarche suivante:Un essai de formage à froid instrumenté a été réalisé sur deux éprouvettes technologiques auto-raidies. A partir, d'une base expérimentale d'essais de traction un modèle de comportement plastique anisotrope de la tôle a été proposé permettant l'élaboration d'une simulation du formage des deux structures ainsi que l'analyse fine de l'état résiduel du matériau suite au procédé. Après connaissance de l'état plastique résiduel, un protocole d'essais de compression et de traction sur éprouvettes grandes dimensions a été mené (des lopins de diamètre 54 mm et des éprouvettes de traction plate de section 75x55 mm) dont le but est de produire un volume homogène de matériau pré-déformé en compression et en traction (jusqu'à +/-10 %).A partir des volumes de matériaux d'origine et pré-déformés, une large campagne d'essais de fatigue a été réalisée sur éprouvettes oligocycliques et éprouvettes de propagation (Compact Tension) permettant en autres la caractérisation des effets de la pré-déformation sur les propriétés en fatigue. Un modèle de propagation de Forman modifié a pu être identifié à partir des courbes de vitesse.Enfin, les structures auto-raidies formées ont été soumises à un chargement cyclique et le comportement à l'amorçage et en propagation a pu être observé expérimentalement. Une simulation du chargement en fatigue de la structure après formage a été proposée. Le module Z-crack du code éléments finis Z-set associé au modèle de propagation à permis de simuler la propagation d'une fissure de fatigue au sein de la structure.Une conclusion sur la contributions des contraintes, de l'angle de formage et de la plasticité sur le trajet et la vitesse de propagation a pu être apportée numériquement et confrontée aux résultats des essais. / The Dassault Aviation Group designs and builds a wide range of aircraft models each year, for both private and military use. Some structural parts of the aircraft, in the form of reinforced stiffener panels machined directly into the bulk of Al2024T351 thick plates are studied. As part of the shaping process, these elements must be cold formed to give their final curvature. This process severely plastified some regions of the structure. In addition, these zones are likely to constitute sites of initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks.This study aims to analyze the interactions between the plastic phenomena induced by cold forming and the propagation of a fatigue crack during fatigue service loading. This thesis is conducted according to the following approach:An instrumented cold forming test has been performed on two self-stiffening technological specimens. From an experimental base of tensile tests, a model of anisotropic plastic behavior of the plate was proposed allowing the development of a cold forming structure simulation and an analysis of the residual state of the material following the process. Using all the results about residual plastic state, a compression and traction test on large test pieces has been performed (54 mm diameter slugs and flat tensile test pieces of 75x55 mm section) whose purpose is to produce a homogeneous volume of pre-deformed material in compression and traction (+/-10 % of plasticity) .A large campaign of fatigue tests has been realized on oligocyclic specimens and specimens of propagation (Compact Tension) extracted from the volumes of original and pre-deformed material allowing the characterization of the effects of the pre-deformation on the fatigue properties. A modified Forman propagation model has been identified from the velocity curves.Finally, self-stiffened structures formed have been subjected to a cyclic loading and the fatigue initiation and propagation behavior has been observed experimentally. A simulation of the fatigue loading of the structure after forming has been proposed. The Z-crack module of the Z-set finite element code associated with the propagation model allowed to simulate the propagation of a fatigue crack within the structure.

<div>Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) consist of energetic material (EM) crystals embedded inside a polymeric binder. These are highly heterogeneous structures designed to explode under controlled conditions. However, accidental ignition of PBXs leading to deflagration, or even detonation, may take place due to non-shock stimulus such as low velocity impacts and vibration. Thus, assessing the safety of PBXs under non-shock stimulus is very important.</div><div><br></div><div>The ignition in PBXs depends on several microstructural features which include mechanical properties of EM particles and polymeric binder, as well as the adhesive properties of interface between EM particles and binder. It is also sensitive to initial defects in EM particles including cracks or voids. EM particle size distribution, distance between particles and their relative location are also shown to be affecting the ignition behavior of PBXs. This study focuses on PBX composition consisting of HMX as EM and Sylgard or HTPB as polymeric binder. Among several mechanisms of hot-spot formation, this study focuses on frictional heating at cracks or debonded surfaces.</div><div><br></div><div>Finite element simulations are performed on a domain containing a single EM particle embedded inside polymer binder under compressive and tensile loading at 10 m/s. The effect of the binder properties and the particle surface properties, on damage evolution and corresponding temperature rise due to frictional heat generation, is investigated. Two binders, Sylgard and HTPB, while two surface qualities for HMX particle, low and high, are compared. The adhesion strength of the particle-polymer interface is varied and damage evolution is qualitatively compared with experimental results to estimate interfacial energy release rate for HMX-Sylgard and HMX-HTPB interfaces. Simulations of two HMX particles inside Sylgard binder, subjected to vibration loading, are performed to analyze the effect of particle-particle distance and relative location of particles on the damage evolution and frictional heating in the particles.</div><div><br></div><div>The results of impact simulations show that the low surface quality HMX particle inside HTPB is likely to propagate cracks as compared to high surface quality particle. The HMX particle inside Sylgard shows crack propagation irrespective of particle surface quality. The impact simulations with the lower stiffness binder do not show a significant increase in temperature after impact. A polymer with higher stiffness induces more particle damage under impact contributing to a larger temperature rise. Furthermore, high quality surface and higher adhesion strength induces larger stresses and increase the temperature rise. The vibration simulations show that a small particle is less likely to damage when it is shielded by a large particle irrespective of its distance, within 40-200$\mu$m, from the large particle. However, the small particle is likely to damage when it is in parallel to the large particle with respect to loading. The temperature rise in the small particle is higher than the larger particle only in case of parallel configuration. The adhesion between the particles and the polymer has a direct effect on the formation of hot-spots due to friction and through local increase of compressive stresses that may cause a surge in heat generation.</div><div><br></div><div>The energetic materials often show anisotropy in elastic and crystalline properties. Fracture in HMX along the preferred cleavage plane is considered. Anisotropy in the elastic constants is also incorporated in the fracture model. The dependence of pressure on temperature is considered using Mie-Gruneisen equation of state which is shown to be important for damage evolution in HMX at impact velocity of 100 m/s.</div>

Composite materials with laminated structure provide advantages which are utilised during component design. Low density, temperature and chemical stability are the profitable properties predetermining application of ceramic laminates. The main obstacle for wide spread of ceramic materials is their inherent brittleness. Therefore, in this thesis, the crack propagation in ceramics laminates has been extensively studied. Laminated structures with various volume fractions of components (alumina and zirconia) were prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Evaluation of crack propagation through the interface and determination of basic mechanical properties was conducted on the basis of extensive literature search. Crack deflection originated in both presence of internal stresses and differences in elastic modulus during the crack interface passing was monitored. A special type of specimen geometry was employed with the aim to set arbitrary angle between crack and interface. It was experimentally found that the degree of crack deflection is dependent on entering angle and volume fraction of components. Higher crack deflection was already found in the bulk of the test piece comparing to the test piece surface. The 3D fracture surface reconstruction generated using laser confocal microscopy was used in this detailed crack propagation study. Further basic elastic and strength characteristics of laminates were determined and compared to those obtained from monolithic materials. The validity of the mix rule for elastic characteristics was confirmed by comparing of elastics modulus. The most reliable method for elastic modulus determination was marked the dynamic resonance method due to low scatter and consistency in measurement. The flexural strength of all laminates tends to be close to the flexural strength of the weakest component. Therefore the mix rule is not applicable for flexural strength estimation on the contrary of elastic characteristics. The change of component volume fraction leads only to change of flexural strength scatter. Thanks to gained knowledge about crack propagation and basic characteristic determination will be possible to design ceramic laminates more efficiently for given needs of application.

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The primary focus in this research is on proposing a methodology for modeling of discrete crack propagation in geomaterials such as soil, rock, and concrete. Structures made of such materials may undergo damage due to several reasons. Here, mechanical loading and chemo-mechanical interactions that result in degradation of strength parameters are considered as the sources of damage initiation. Both tensile and compressive cracks are investigated. For analysis of crack propagation, two different methodologies are employed; the Constitutive Law with Embedded Discontinuity (CLED) and the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). The CLED approach is enhanced here to describe the discrete nature of crack propagation. This is done by coupling the CLED with explicit modeling of crack path using the Level-Set method. The XFEM is used as a verification tool to check the results from CLED analysis. An algorithm is proposed for crack initiation and propagation that results in stable and a mesh-independent solution. The CLED approach is further improved by developing the return-mapping and closest-point projection algorithms. Extensive numerical investigations are conducted that include mode I cracking in a three point bending test, mode I cracking in notched cantilever beam, mixed cracking mode in a plate subjected to shear and tension, and a mixed mode cracking in a notched beam under four point loading. For frictional interfaces, the shear band formation in a sample subjected to bi-axial compression and the shear band formation in a geo-slope are studied. The thesis also addresses the topic of the response of unsaturated cohesive soils undergoing an infiltration process. The problem is approached within the framework of Chemo-Plasticity. It is assumed that the complex chemo-mechanical interactions are the controlling factors for degradation of strength parameters during this process. A return mapping integration scheme is developed and the approach is employed to investigate the stability of a geoslope subjected to a heavy rainfall. Analysis of shear band formation is further investigated in the context of sedimentary rocks. The microstructure tensor approach is used to describe the inherent anisotropy in this class of materials. The orientation of the shear band is defined by invoking the Critical Plane approach and the closest-point projection algorithm is developed for numerical integration of the governing constitutive relations. The model is used along with CLED for analysis of the mechanical response of Tournemire argillite. It is shown that the friction between loading platens and sample can play an important role in the process of shear band formation and the associated assessment of the ultimate load. A mesh-sensitivity analysis employing the CLED framework is also conducted here. The research clearly demonstrates that the discrete representation of crack path propagation is essential for an accurate analysis of failure in various engineering structures. It is shown that if the classical smeared Constitutive Law with Embedded Discontinuity is enhanced to simulate the discrete nature of the damage process, it can yield very accurate results that are virtually identical to those obtained from discrete approaches such as XFEM. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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