Scholarly research has documented that environmental stresses affect developmental growth, and the degree of growth retardation is related to the exposure to those stressors (Bennike et al. 2005, Geber 2014, Ivanovsky 1923, Johnson and Gunnar 2011, and Stewart et al. 2013). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects environmental stress has on craniofacial growth and development. It utilized a collection of skeletal remains from the Maagdenhuis Roman Catholic Girl’s Orphanage in Amsterdam, that dates to c 1850-1900AD. Craniometric landmarks from 427 crania were registered with a MicroScribe 3DX digitizer. The data collected was utilized to investigate whether growth retardation was present in the sample, along with an analysis correlating pathological features to growth and development. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to test for significance of growth patterns. The growth patterns were then compared to a dataset of normal growth patterns from the Michigan Craniofacial Growth Study (Riolo et al. 1974) in order to distinguish any differences in development. Further, a Chi-Square analysis and outliers test were used to examine the correlation between pathologies and age of the individuals in the collection. The intra-class correlation resulted in a low intra-observer error, with significant correlations ranging between .939 and .998. Additionally, the results of this study showed gradual positive slope growth curves for the inter-landmark distances tested, with similar shaped growth curves to the Michigan Craniofacial Growth Study (Riolo et al. 1974). Additionally, the multiple regression produced four age predictive models for this collection, with NLH, ZYB, MAL, UFHT, XCB, MAB, BPL and WFB being the most predictive inter-landmark distances. This study found a significant correlation between pathologies present and individuals’ age. Although there is a correlation between age and pathologies, given the data provided by the outlier analysis, having a score of minor porosity is not sufficient enough to influence or cause growth retardation, definitively. The qualitative analysis conducted for this study found that there was growth retardation present in this collection. A modern forensic application of this research can be applied to identify cases of child abuse and/or institutionalized care on skeletal remains in question, based on growth retardation.

The analysis of craniometric data collected from skeletal remains, combined with archaeological data, can provide very valuable information pertaining to biological distance and gene flow among prehistoric populations through space and time. The goal of this study was to examine microevolutionary change among prehistoric populations in south Florida based on the degree of cranial variation among populations at seven prehistoric sites. It was expected that as time progressed, microevolutionary forces caused significant changes in the crania of the various populations based on the relative geographic proximity of the sites and the temporal distance between sites. A Microscribe 3-DX digitizer was used to collect coordinate data using the full protocol of cranial landmarks. Twenty-three interlandmark distances for n=223 skulls from seven sites, ranging in age from 8120 B.P. to 260 B.P., were analyzed using Cluster Analysis, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a Tukey’s Pairwise Comparison (post-hoc test), a Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in SPSS 18.0. The seven sites were Windover (8Br246), Perico Island (8Ma6), Captiva Island (8Ll57), Belle Glade (8Pb40), Horr’s Island (8Cr41), Safety Harbor (8Pi2), and Fuller Mound A (8Br90). Of the 223 crania used, zero (0) skulls were 100% complete. Results of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses indicate that there are significant differences among the seven groups. The agglomerative cluster analysis did not provide significant results. When using Maximum Cranial Length (GOL), the ANOVA (F=5.190, p ≤ 0.000) and post-hoc tests indicated that there was a significant amount of variation among the seven populations. In a series of 12 MANOVA tests, it was determined that significant variation existed between Windover and each of the remaining six sites (F > 5, p ≤ 0.000). Additionally, the MANOVA tests indicated that significant variation existed between Horr’s Island and Safety Harbor (F = 8.151, p ≤ 0.000) and between Safety Harbor and Fuller Mound A (F = 5.549, p ≤ 0.000). Last, a Principal Components Analysis demonstrated that measurements consistent with length or breadth accounted for the largest percentage of variation among the populations. In conclusion, the data strongly demonstrate a significant amount of variation among prehistoric populations as time progressed from 8120 B.P. to 260 B.P. Specifically, changes in gene flow which can be attributed to significant differences among populations based on craniometric data parallel major time gaps and historical events in Florida. More generally, these results can be applied to other past populations to investigate similar patterns of gene flow and changes that may have occurred due to various social, political, and environmental stressors.

abstract: The transition from Late Antiquity to Early Medieval Europe (ca. AD 400-900) is often characterized as a period of ethnogenesis for a number of peoples, such as the Franks. Arising during protracted contact with the Roman Empire, the Franks would eventually form an enduring kingdom in Western Europe. However, there is little consensus about the processes by which they formed an ethnic group. This study takes a fresh look at the question of Frankish ethnogenesis by employing a number of theoretical and methodological subdisciplines, including population genetics and ethnogenetic theory. The goals of this work were 1) to validate the continued use of biological data in questions of historical and archaeological significance; and 2) to elucidate how Frankish population structure changed over time. Toward this end, measurements from the human dentition and crania were subjected to rigorous analytical techniques and interpreted within a theoretical framework of ethnogenetic life cycles. Results validate existing interpretations of intra-regional biological continuity over time. However, they also reveal that 1) there are clear biological and geographical differences between communities, and 2) there are hints of diachronic shifts, whereby some communities became more similar to each other over time. These conclusions complement current ethnohistoric work arguing for the increasing struggle of the Frankish kingdom to unify itself when confronted by strong regionally-based politics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2015

Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:52:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel_Cristiano_M.pdf: 2133778 bytes, checksum: 24f1ce494393f39e56ad26c09d34e4bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Metodos Craniometricos, tem sido regularmente aplicado na determinacao do genero em diversas regioes mundiais. Avaliar morfometricamnte o indice de confiabilidade de tre metodologias distintas para determinacao do genero na populacao brasileira. Foram avaliados 215 cranios humanos brasileiros com genero, idade e etnia identificados, pertencentes a Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Foram utilizadas as metodologias, do cranio, area do triangulo mastoideo e do forame magno, de acordo com os criterios, estabelecidos por Yscan & Steyn (1999), Kemkes & Gobel (2006) e Gunay & Altinkok (2000). Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a analise estatistica, calculo do coeficiente de correlacao Intra-classe, test t student, com nivel de significancia de 5%, regressao logistica multipla, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA multivariada. A analise por meio do metodo craniometrico revelou que o genero influenciou (p<0,05) em todas as mensuracoes. Nao houve diferenca significante da posicao do processo mastoide entre os grupos etnicos e os generos (p>0,05), porem houve prevalencia do genero masculino sobre o feminino nas mensuracoes Po-Ms e As - Po (p<0,05). A analise estatistica (ANOVA e Tukey test) revelou que o genero influenciou na largura do forame magno, sendo os masculinos (30,3±0,20) maiores que os femininos (29,4±0,23), mas nao o comprimento (p<0,05). As tres diferentes metodologias empregadas apresentaram diferencas morfometricas entre os generos para as caracteristica craniofaciais do brasileiro. Portanto, em conjunto com outras tecnicas antropologicas pode contribuir para a determinacao do genero de individuos desconhecidos. / Abstract: Craniometryc methods, has been regularly applied, for providing assistance in the gender determination in various regions in the worldwide. To evaluate morphometrically the reliability of three differents methodologies for gender determination in Brazilian population. Were evaluated 215 Brazilians human skulls with gender, age and ethnicity previously identified, belong to the Federal University of Sao Paulo. The following methodology, the skull craniometry, triangle mastoid area and foramen magnum, according to the criteria established by Yscan & Steyn (1999), Gobel & Kemkes (2006) and Gunay & Altinkok (2000). The datas were submitted to statistical analysis, Intra-class correlation coefficient, student t test, with level significance 5%, multiple logistic regression, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney and multivariate ANOVA. The analysis by the craniometric method showed that gender influenced (p <0.05) in all measurements, more in men than women. There was no significant difference in the mastoid process position between the ethnic groups and genders (p> 0.05), but there was prevalence of male over female in the measurements and the Po-Ms - Po (p <0.05). ANOVA and Tukey test showed that gender influenced the width of the foramen magnum, and the male (30.3 ± 0.20) higher than the female (29.4 ± 0.23) but not the length (p <0.05). The three differents methods show mophometric difference between sexes for the craniofacial characteristics of the Brazilian. Therefore, together with other anthropological techniques can help to determine the gender of unknown individuals and be used in assotiation with medical expertise and odontolegais. / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-09-03T12:14:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Silva Prado - 2018.pdf: 3426266 bytes, checksum: 8677cc417b12183a4ded6032cee7d911 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T11:37:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Silva Prado - 2018.pdf: 3426266 bytes, checksum: 8677cc417b12183a4ded6032cee7d911 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T11:37:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Silva Prado - 2018.pdf: 3426266 bytes, checksum: 8677cc417b12183a4ded6032cee7d911 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Understanding what factors are behind human morphological variation has for many years been one of the key objectives of various research fields, namely evolutionary, genetic and anthropological biology. The morphological diversity of the human skull sparks great scientific interest, seeing as though quantitative data (due to the genetic complexity in play) showing the patterns of microevolution is useful for analyzing and understanding matters concerning the evolutionary history of populations, such as dispersal, gene flow, isolation by distance, large-scale expansion, among others. For this purpose, the use of multivariate techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been supported to assess the human genetic variation on continents. Within this context, the key objective of this article was to characterize human cranial variation, utilizing PCA and Multivariate Spatial Correlation (MSC), so as to assess and identify possible evolutionary processes that contributed to the variation observed. To this end, cranial measurements available on the database obtained by W. Howells (57 variables), sourced from 1248 adult male specimens distributed throughout 30 locations (populations) in the world, were utilized. The results show that there has been spatial structuration of data, as indicated by the spatial autocorrelation statistics (Mantel Test 0.4077, P = 0.001; 59,64% of Moran's Index value with 0.05 significance and average correlogram with positive values in the first few distance bands and negative values in the subsequent bands). The use of PCA and MSC demonstrated that MSC was able to best capture the spatial pattern of data, increasing variation percentages from 54,74% to 69,33% in the first two principal components, where the techniques showed that 26 variables relative to cranial size had positive correlations in these components. The mapping and multivariate regression analyses utilizing environmental data and average dispersion age showed that the variation in the cranial size of populations followed a pattern of increase in cranial size correlated with low temperatures and recent colonization. The results obtained are consistent with Bergmann's Rule, which may thus be applied to modern humans. / Compreender quais são os fatores que estão por trás da variação morfológica humana tem sido há muitos anos um dos principais objetivos de diversas áreas de pesquisa, destacando a biologia evolutiva, genética e antropologia. A diversidade morfológica do crânio humano desperta grande interesse científico, onde o uso de dados quantitativos (devido à complexidade genética que o influencia) demostrando a atuação de processos microevolutivos, é útil para analisar e buscar compreender questões relativas a história evolutiva das populações, como eventos de dispersão genética, fluxo gênico, isolamento por distância e expansão em grande escala, dentre outros. Para tal, o uso das técnicas multivariadas, como a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), tem sido defendido para se avaliar a variação genética humana em regiões continentais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo central deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variação craniana humana, utilizando a PCA e a técnica de Correlação Espacial Multivariada (MSC), a fim de avaliar e identificar possíveis processos evolutivos que contribuíram para a variação observada. Para tal propósito, foram utilizadas as características métricas cranianas disponíveis no banco de dados obtido por W. Howells (57 variáveis) proveniente de 1248 espécimes adultos do sexo masculino distribuídos em 30 localidades (populações) pelo mundo. Os resultados demonstraram que houve estruturação espacial dos dados, indicado pelas estatísticas de autocorrelação espacial (Teste de Mantel 0.4077, P = 0.001; 59,64% dos índices I de Moran significativos a 0.05, e correlograma médio com valores positivos nas primeiras classes de distância e negativos nas seguintes). O uso da PCA e do MSC demonstraram que a técnica do MSC capturou melhor o padrão espacial dos dados, aumentando os valores da percentagem de variação passando de 54,74% para 69,33% nos 2 primeiros componentes principais, onde as técnicas demonstraram que 26 variáveis correspondentes a tamanho neurocraniano, possuíam correlações positivas nos dois primeiros componentes principais. Os mapas sintéticos e as análises de regressão multivariada utilizando dados ambientais e idade média de dispersão demonstraram que a variação do tamanho do crânio nas populações seguiu um padrão de aumento do tamanho craniano correlacionado a temperaturas baixas e idade de colonização recente. Os resultados obtidos são condizentes com a Regra Ecogeográfica de Bergmann, que pode então ser aplicada a humanos modernos.