Orientadores: Roberto Perez Xavier, Rúbia Ribeiro Viana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_RosanaMara_M.pdf: 7467149 bytes, checksum: 0b427a9b34399220f506b5a3a8d909f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Depósitos auríferos na Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (PAAF), localizada no centro-sul do Craton Amazônico, extremo norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, geralmente hospedam-se em suítes graníticas geradas em ambiente de arcos magmáticos que se desenvolveram e se agregaram progressivamente no decorrer do Paleoproterozóico (1,98 Ga - 1,87 Ga). A mineralização aurífera nesses depósitos está comumente associada a sulfetos (dominantemente pirita) que ocorrem tanto disseminados quanto em veios de quartzo. Em especial na sua porção leste, essa província contém mais de uma centena de depósitos e ocorrências auríferas que se concentram ao longo de um cinturão de direção NW-SE, denominado informalmente de Peru-Trairão, na região correspondente aos municípios de Nova Santa Helena, Peixoto de Azevedo, Matupá, Guarantã do Norte e Novo Mundo (MT). Neste contexto, o depósito X1 (alvo deste trabalho) representa um dos principais exemplos neste setor da PAAF de mineralização aurífera sulfetada e disseminada em rochas graníticas. Descrições de testemunhos de sondagem e estudos petrográficos no depósito X1 revelaram que o minério está hospedado em dois litotipos: (i) granodiorito fino a grosso e (ii) quartzo-feldspato pórfiro (QFP). Dados litogeoquímicos mostram que o granodiorito do depósito X1 representa um magmatismo cálcio-alcalino, de médio K, peraluminoso, magnesiano, moderado a fortemente oxidado e evoluído (granito tipo I). Entretanto, estudos geoquímicos no QFP não foram realizados em virtude da escassez de amostras sem ou com pouca alteração hidrotermal. Ambos litotipos mostram-se afetados por ampla alteração potássica com feldspato potássico que comumente baliza as zonas mineralizadas do depósito e alteração com muscovita + quartzo + sulfetos. De forma bastante restrita, ainda ocorrem alteração propilítica distal à mineralização, além de cloritização e carbonatação. Nesse cenário, as zonas mineralizadas encontram-se espacial e geneticamente relacionadas à intensa alteração com muscovita + quartzo que oblitera as zonas de alteração potássica. O minério é caracterizado por concentrações significativas de pirita disseminada, frequentemente acompanhada por calcopirita, rutilo e hematita, e mostra teores de ouro entre 0,5 e 10 ppm. De modo mais restrito, essa mesma associação paragenética também é encontrada em veios de quartzo sulfetados, porém com menores teores de ouro (~0,2 ppm). O ouro, frequentemente associado a minerais de Bi, Te e Ag, como tsumoita e hessita, além de galena, monazita, esfalerita e apatita, possui concentrações de Ag que variam de 20% a 30% e ocorre como inclusões de 20?m na pirita. Adicionalmente, as zonas mineralizadas do depósito X1 exibem assinatura geoquímica representada por Au + Ag + Bi ± Cu. Estudos de inclusões fluidas em amostras de veios de quartzo ± pirita ± calcopirita ± muscovita provenientes da zona mineralizada do depósito X1 revelam a existência de dois tipos de fluidos. O tipo I é representado por inclusões aquo-carbônicas trifásicas à temperatura ambiente. Essas inclusões mostram baixa salinidade (6 a 9% eq. NaCl) e temperaturas de homogeneização total entre 251,6 e 297,4ºC. Esses fluidos exibem variação no grau de preenchimento (40% - 95%) indicando aprisionamento heterogêneo, possivelmente por meio de imiscibilidade. O tipo II é representado por inclusões fluidas aquosas bifásicas à temperatura ambiente. São geralmente pobres em CO2, de salinidade baixa a elevada (0 a 25% eq. NaCl) e mostram temperaturas de homogeneização total entre 68,4ºC e 126,5. A forte relação da alteração hidrotermal e mineralização aurífera associada com dois pulsos magmáticos (granodiorito e QFP) sugerem que o depósito X1 tenha se originado a partir de um sistema magmático-hidrotermal. A presença de estruturas (e.g. lineamentos NW e NE observados na área do depósito X1) podem ter promovido ou auxiliado uma maior circulação de fluidos provenientes da cristalização magmática e/ou permitido o acesso de fluidos externos (e.g. meteóricos?). A mineralização aurífera pode estar relacionada tanto à imiscibilidade de fluidos como à interação de fluidos magmáticos quentes, aquo-carbônicos, provenientes da cristalização do sistema magmático local, com fluidos externos, mais frios e oxidantes. Esse mecanismo teria causado o resfriamento do sistema, intensificação da zona de muscovita e quartzo através da substituição progressiva do feldspato potássico e aumento da ¿O2 (hematita estável) causando a precipitação do ouro. Neste contexto, a íntima associação espacial com plútons graníticos oxidados, do tipo I, alojados em ambiente de arcos vulcânicos, os tipos e padrões da alteração hidrotermal assim como a associação paragenética do minério, sugerem que o depósito X1 possa estar geneticamente relacionado a sistemas magmáticos-hidrotermais similares aos sistemas do tipo ouro pórfiro, ricos em ouro, porém, pobres em cobre, similar aos depósitos de Maricunga (Chile) e La Colosa (Colômbia). O depósito X1 também poderia ser enquadrado no modelo IRGS (intrusion-related gold systems), pela forte associação do Au com minerais de Bi e Te, contudo, a natureza oxidada das hospedeiras graníticas e dos fluidos mineralizantes, presença de hematita no minério, assim como o extenso e zonado padrão da alteração hidrotermal, não se mostram coerentes com essa classe de depósitos auríferos / Abstract: The Alta Floresta Gold Province (PAAF) is located in the southern sector of the Amazon Craton, northern sector of Mato Grosso state, and contains a series of gold deposits hosted by granitic suites generated in continental arc settings during the Paleoproterozoic (1.98 Ga - 1.87 Ga). Gold mineralization in these deposits is commonly associated with sulfides (dominantly pyrite) that occur disseminated in the host rocks, as well in quartz veins. Particularly in the eastern portion of this province, in the Nova Santa Helena, Peixoto de Azevedo, Matupá, Guarantã do Norte and Novo Mundo (MT) region, the great majority of these gold occurrences and deposits concentrate along a NW-SE-striking belt informally named Peru-Trairão. In this context, the X1 deposit (case study of this work) represents a prime example in this sector of the PAAF of disseminated gold - sulfide mineralization in granitic rocks. Descriptions of drill core samples and petrographic investigations reveal that the gold mineralization at the X1 deposit is hosted by two granitic rock types: (i) fine to coarse-grained granodiorite and (ii) quartz-feldspar porphyry (QFP). Lithogeochemical data show that the granodiorite represents a calc-alkaline, medium K, peraluminous, magnesium, moderate to strongly oxidized and I-type magmatism. No geochemical data could be obtained for the QFP due to the lack of samples without or with little hydrothermal alteration. Both rocks have been affected by pervasive potassic alteration with K-feldspar, which usually envelope the main orebodies and by muscovite + quartz + sulfide alteration. Propylitic alteration, generally distal to the mineralized zones, chloritization and carbonation, are very restricted alteration types. In this scenario, the mineralized zones are spatially and genetically related to intense muscovite + quartz alteration that overprints the potassic alteration. The mineralization is marked by significant concentrations of disseminated pyrite, often accompanied by chalcopyrite, rutile and hematite, with gold grades ranging from 0.5 to 10 ppm. More subordinately, the same paragenetic association is also found in quartz veins, but with lower gold grades (~ 0.2 ppm). Gold is frequently found as inclusions of up to 20 ?m in pyrite, often in association with Bi, Te and Ag-bearing minerals, such as tsumoite (Bi = 60% + Te = 40%), Bi + Mo, hessita (Ag = 63% + Te = 37%), as well as galena, monazite, sphalerite and apatite. Gold also contains Ag concentrations in the 20% - 30% range. As a consequence, the X1 deposit exhibits a geochemical signature represented by Au + Ag + Bi ± Pb ± Cu. Fluid inclusion studies in quartz ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± muscovite veins from the mineralized zones reveal the existence of two types of fluids. The type I is represented by three-phase inclusions with aqueous-carbonic fluids of low salinity (6-9% eq. NaCl) and total homogenization varying from 251,6 to 297.4ºC. These aqueous-carbonic fluids exhibit variation in the degree of fill (40% - 95%) which indicates heterogeneous entrapment, possibly by means of immiscibility. The type II is represented by two-phase CO2-poor aqueous fluids of low to high salinity (0-25% eq. NaCl) and total homogenization between 68.4 ° C to 126.5. The strong spatial relationship between the hydrothermal alteration types and the gold mineralization with two magmatic pulses (granodiorite and QFP) suggest that the deposit X1 may have developed from a magmatic-hydrothermal system. The presence of structures, such as the NW and NE lineaments observed in the X1 deposit area may have promoted a higher flow rate of magmatic fluids and/or allowed access of external fluids (e.g. meteoric?). The gold mineralization may be related both to fluid immiscibility and the interaction of magmatic fluids with colder and oxidizing fluids. This mechanism likely caused the development of the muscovite - quartz zone with the progressive cooling of the system, as well as increase in ¿O2 (hematite stable) which may have caused the gold precipitation. Collectively, the close spatial relationship with relatively oxidized (magnetite-bearing) I-type granitic plutons emplaced in a volcanic arc setting, the types and distribution of the hydrothermal alteration and the ore mineral association, suggest that the X1 deposit may be genetically linked to magmatic-hydrothermal systems similar to gold-only, Cu-poor porphyry systems, as those from the Maricunga belt (Chile) and La Colosa (Colombia). Despite containing some features also encountered in intrusion-related gold deposit class, such as the correlation of Au with Bi and Te, the oxidized nature of the granitic host rocks and the conspicuous occurrence of hematite in the gold ore, seem not to be consistent with this gold mineral system / Mestrado / Metalogenese / Mestre em Geociências

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of the Witwatersrand School of Geosciences and Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies School of Cosmic Physics Geophysics Section February 2016 / Archean cratons, and the Proterozoic orogenic belts on their flanks, form an integral part of the Southern Africa tectonic landscape. Of these, virtually nothing is known of the position and thickness of the southern boundary of the composite Congo craton and the Neoproterozoic Pan African orogenic belt due to thick sedimentary cover. In this work I present the first lithospheric-scale geophysical study of that cryptic boundary and define its geometry at depth. The results are derived from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) inversion of magnetotelluric data acquired along four semi-parallel profiles crossing the Kalahari craton across the Damara-Ghanzi-Chobe belts (DGC) and extending into the Congo craton. Two dimensional and three-dimensional electrical resistivity models show significant lateral variation in the crust and upper mantle across strike from the younger DGC orogen to the older adjacent cratons. The Damara belt lithosphere is found to be more conductive and significantly thinner than that of the adjacent Congo craton. The Congo craton is characterized by very thick (to depths of 250 km) and resistive (i.e. cold) lithosphere. Resistive upper crustal features are interpreted as caused by igneous intrusions emplaced during Pan-African magmatism. Graphite-bearing calcite marbles and sulfides are widespread in the Damara belt and account for the high crustal conductivity in the Central Zone. The resistivity models provide new constraints on the southern extent of the greater Congo craton, and suggest that the current boundary drawn on geological maps needs revision and that the craton should be extended further south. The storage possibilities for the Karoo Basins were found to be poor because of the very low porosity and permeability of the sandstones, the presence of extensive dolerite sills and dykes. The obvious limitation of the above study is the large spacings between the MT stations (> 10km). This is particularly more limiting in resolving the horizontal layers in the Karoo basin. However the 1D models provide layered Earth models that are consistent with the known geology. The resistivity values from the 1D models allowed porosity of the Ecca and Beaufort group lithologies to be calculated. It is inferred that the porosities values are in the range 5-15 % in the region below the profile. This value is considered too low for CO2 storage as the average porosity of rock used for CO2 is generally more than 10 to 12 percent of the total rock unit volume.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_lmb_dr_rcla.pdf: 5931582 bytes, checksum: 06361dc85c9ed92cb3664deb385c584b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta pesquisa enfoca duas áreas distintas pertencentes ao Domínio Tectônico Cachoeirinha que corresponde ao setor oriental dos terrenos pré-cambrianos do sudoeste do Cráton Amazônico em Mato Grosso, constituído pelas seguintes unidades litoestratigráficas: Complexos Metavulcano- sedimentares Cabaçal e Quatro Meninas, Suíte Intrusiva Máfica- ultramáfica, Unidades Ortognáissicas, Tonalito Cabaçal, pelas suítes intrusivas Santa Cruz, Alvorada, Batólito Rio Branco, Grupo Aguapeí e Suíte Intrusiva Salto do Céu. A Área 1, representada pelas rochas granitóides da Suíte Intrusiva Santa Cruz, um batólito com direção NNW, foliado, com três fácies petrográficas principais compostas por biotita monzo a sienogranito e pela Suíte Intrusiva Alvorada, unidade intrusiva individualizada, fracamente anisotrópica composta por vários corpos de pequeno porte plugs, stocks e plutons, subcirculares a subelípiticos e composição monzo a granodiorítica. Os resultados geoquímicos para as suítes Santa Cruz e Alvorada relacionam estas, a Série Monzogranítica, cálcio- alcalina de alto a médio potássio, peraluminosas a metaluminosas sugerindo quanto ao ambiente tectônico, características sin a tardi- colisionais gerados em arco magmático. O padrão de distribuição REE, sugere a intensificação do processo de fracionamento do magma a partir da fase inicial e, possível geração de magmas contemporâneos e cogenéticos de mesmas fontes diferenciadas. A idade U-Pb para a S.I. Santa Cruz apresenta valor de 1561 ± 260 Ma. e a idade TDM sugere um sofreu fracionamento mantélico por volta de 2,0 Ga., enquanto o valor negativo de εNd(t) -0,89 a -2,75 assinalam a participação de material crustal, mais diferenciadas na formação do magma. / This research deals with two distinct areas both within the Tectonic Domain of Cachoeirinha that correspond to the eastern portion of the Pre Cambrian terrains in the southwestern region of the Amazonian Craton in the State of Mato Gosso, Brazil. The lithostratigraphic units are: the metavolcanosedimentary Complex of Cabaçal and Quatro Meninas; intrusive mafic-ultramafic suits; orthogneisses Units; Cabaçal Tonalite; intrusive suits of Santa Cruz and Alvorada; Rio Branco Batholith, Aguapeí Group and intrusive Suit of Salto do Céu. The area 1 is represented by the granitic botholith of the Santa Cruz Suit, foliated with NNW direction, showing three petrographic facies dominated by biotite monzo to sienogranite and the Alvorada Intrusive Suit, weakly anisotropic and made up by many small bodies as plugs, stocks and plutons with circular to elliptic shapes and monzo to granitic compositions. Geochemical data for Santa Cruz and Alvorada Suits indicate that they belong to a Monzogranitic series of high to medium K calc alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous suit suggesting a tardi-collisional magmatic arc environment. The REE distribution suggests an intense process of fractionation of the magma and possible generation of magmas of the same age and co genetic, derived of the same source. U/Pb age determinations shows values of 1551 ± 260 Ma. for the Santa Cruz Intrusive Suit with TDM ages suggesting the fractionate from the mantle at 2.0 Ga. The positive value of +3.50 for εND(t) indicates the presence of magmatic material with mantle signature, while an εND(t) negative of -0,89 to -1,20 characterize the participation of crustal material derived from more differentiated magma source.

Orientador: Elson Paiva de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T05:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DonattiFilho_JosePaulo_D.pdf: 4183333 bytes, checksum: fdab4641a69f3e0cb09bddeb14a2dedf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente tese concentrou-se na classificação do magmatismo kimberlítico do Campo Kimberlítico Brauna no nordeste do Craton do São Francisco, e sua relação com as rochas encaixantes, xenólitos (e.g. crustais e mantélicos), mineralizações diamantíferas e contexto tectônico regional associado ao Greenstone Belt do Rio Itapicuru e Bloco Serrinha. O escopo do estudo refere-se à utilização de técnicas analíticas convencionais como microscopia, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microssonda eletrônica e difratometria de raios-X para a classificação da mineralogia e da química mineral dos kimberlitos e xenólitos associados. Somado a isto, utilizou-se técnicas analíticas mais avançadas aplicadas ao estudo de kimberlitos, como a obtenção de dados geoquímicos de alto poder interpretativo (e.g. HFSE e REE) por ICPMS e XRF, com a finalidade de se entender a petrogênese dessas rochas. Além de análises isotópicas de Sr-Nd em rocha total e perovskita da matriz kimberlítica, e U-Pb em grãos de zircão e perovskita por SHRIMP e TIMS respectivamente, para definir e determinar fontes geradoras do magmatismo do campo kimberlítico. Este volume foi organizado sob forma de dois artigos completos, onde a grande maioria dos resultados desta tese foram apresentados. O primeiro artigo intitulado ?Age and Origin of the Neoproterozoic Brauna Kimberlites: magma generation within the metasomatized base of the São Francisco craton, Brazil?, teve como principal objetivo a classificação petrogenética dos kimberlitos e xenólitos associados do Campo Kimberlítica Brauna, desde então superficialmente explorada por empresas de exploração de diamantes na década de 80 e 90. Neste artigo foram utilizadas técnicas convencionais de classificação de rocha bem como: descrições petrográficas, relações de campo, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microssonda RAMAM, difratometria de Raio-X e geoquímica de elementos maiores e traços. O artigo contempla também a utilização de técnicas mais avançadas até então inexistentes na literatura sobre kimberlitos no Brasil, são elas: datação radiométrica U-Pb em fenocristais de perovskita por Termal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS), dados isotópicos de Sr-Nd em rocha total e isótopos de Nd em fenocristal de perovskita. Além disso, o artigo contribui de forma representativa para uma discussão freqüente entre a comunidade internacional de kimberlitólogos sobre tipos de magmas kimberlíticos heterogêneos. O segundo artigo intitulado ?Zircon xenocrysts U-Pb dating from the Neoproterozoic Brauna Kimberlite Field, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: geodynamic implications for kimberlitic intrusion?, foi contemplado com dados isotópicos precisos de U-Pb em xenocristais de zircão do kimberlito e fenocristais de zircão do granodiorite encaixante por Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP II). Este artigo teve como principal objetivo a identificação das diferentes idades registradas nos xenocristais de zircão trazidos à superfície da Terra pelo magmatismo kimberlítico com o intuito de se entender a constituição da litosfera sob o Bloco Serrinha, onde o campo kimberlítico Brauna encontra-se intrudido. Além disso, o estudo isotópico detalhado do granodiorito encaixante também se fez importante para o entendimento da mecânica de colocação e forma de contaminação crustal desse tipo de magmatismo tão peculiar, tornando este artigo o segundo no mundo com esse tipo de abordagem / Abstract: The present thesis deals with the classification of the Brauna Kimberlite Field magmatism, northeast São Francisco Craton, and its relationship with the host-rock, xenoliths (e.g. crustal and mantelic), diamondiferous mineralization and the regional tectonic context associated to the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt and Serrinha Block. The scope of this study refers to conventional methodologies such as scanning electron microscope, electronic microprobe and X-ray difratometry for the mineralogy classification of the Brauna kimberlites and the related xenoliths. Additionally, we have used more robust analytical techniques applied to the kimberlite study, such as ICPMS and XRF and also isotopic analysis of whole rock and perovskite Sr-Nd isotope, and also zircon U-Pb geochronology, using TIMS and SHRIMP respectively, to understand the kimberlitic source and magma generation process. This volume was organized under paper form where the results, discussions and conclusions are reported. The first manuscript entitle -Age and Origin of the Neoproterozoic Brauna Kimberlites: magma generation within the metasomatized base of the São Francisco craton, Brazil, had the main subject the Brauna kimberlites and xenoliths petrogenetic classifications, since then superficially explored by the exploration Companies during the 80's and 90's decades. In this article we have utilized conventional techniques for rock classification such as petrographic descriptions, field relationships i.e. SEM, RAMAM and X-Ray difratometry for major and trace elements geochemistry. Also we have analysed the samples by most advanced techniques inexistent in the Brazilian literature so far, for example: trace elements using ICPMS, U-Pb perovskite dating and whole rock Sr-Nd and perovskite Nd isotope by TIMS. Furthermore, this manuscript has contributed for the international kimberlite community discussion about the heterogeneous kimberlitic magma types. The second manuscript entitled -Zircon xenocrysts U-Pb dating from the Neoproterozoic Brauna Kimberlite Field, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: geodynamic implications for kimberlitic intrusion, was awarded with U-Pb isotopic data in zircon xenocrysts in Brauna kimberlites and its host rock Nordestina granodiorite batholith using the SHRIMP. This article had the principal objective, to place constraints on the lithosphere beneath the Archean Serrinha Block. Furthermore, the detailed isotopic study on the host-rock was important to improve our understanding about the form and dynamic of the kimberlitic intrusion. It is important to note that this paper is the second published paper with this subject in the world / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutor em Ciências

Ce travail retrace l’évolution de la suture panafricaine le long de l’axe Anti-Atlas, Hoggar occidental, Gourma, depuis l’activité tectono-magmatique néoprotérozoïque pré-panafricaine jusqu’à l’activité magmatique anorogénique cénozoïque via l’étude de quatre massifs basiques-ultrabasiques disposés à la périphérie du craton ouest-africain.<p><p>Le massif d’Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali) est interprété comme la racine d’un arc intra-océanique ayant enregistré la mise en place de magmas basiques (unité des métagabbros) à un stade immature de l’évolution de l’arc (subduction naissante) vers 800-790 Ma. Les gabbros quartziques (~720 Ma) et les gabbros à hornblende de l’unité supérieure ont des signatures de magmas d’arc plus franche, témoins d’une source mantellique plus enrichie par l’apport de la plaque océanique plongeante. Les métagabbros sont ensuite affectés par une recristallisation et localement par une anatexie en conditions du faciès granulitique. De nombreuses veines leucocrates se développent à ce stade, ce sont principalement des anorthosites et des tonalites (mises en place vers 660 Ma) provenant de la fusion partielle des métagabbros (850°C-1000°C, P>10 kbar). Cette fusion génère également des résidus denses à grenat-clinopyroxène-rutile, associations fréquemment présentes dans les racines d’arcs plus récents et reflétant la maturation de l’arc. L’arc d’Amalaoulaou est ensuite exhumé et charrié sur le craton ouest-africain dans des conditions de basse température et moyenne pression (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probablement au même moment que l’exhumation des éclogites du Gourma (~620 Ma).<p><p>L ‘épisode de subduction océanique est suivi par la subduction continentale dans le Gourma et le Hoggar occidental. Les éclogites/amphibolites de Tiléouine et Tin Zebbane (Hoggar occidental) sont des métabasaltes tholéiitiques enrichis et alcalins intracontinentaux ayant plongé à 60 km de profondeur (600°C, 17 kbar) lors de la subduction d’une partie du terrane du Tassendjanet. Même si la nature géochimique du protolithe est encore reconnaissable, ces métabasaltes ont subi une différenciation chimique lors de la recristallisation à haute pression par interaction avec les fluides issus de la déshydratation des métasédiments. L’exhumation (615-600 Ma) se fait relativement lentement, ce qui induit un rééquilibrage thermique (750°C, ~10 kbar) avant l’exhumation à basse température (660 °C, 7-8 kbar) précédant de peu voire synchrone à la phase collisionnelle.<p><p>L’intrusion basique-ultrabasique de Tiléouine marque la fin de la collision panafricaine dans le Hoggar occidental (600-590 Ma). C’est une ancienne chambre magmatique différenciée, mise en place entre 10 et 20 km de profondeur, et montrant une évolution magmatique depuis des cumulats ultramafiques riches en olivine, spinelle et pyroxène vers des gabbros riches en plagioclase. Le magma parental est d’affinité tholéiitique enrichie et tire probablement sa source de la lithosphère sous-continentale. La mise en place de cette intrusion est contemporaine d’un contexte tectonique transtensif induisant un amincissement lithosphérique au niveau du Tassendjanet.<p><p>Cette suture péri-cratonique est réactivée au Cénozoïque, lors de la convergence Afrique-Europe, ce qui se marque par la mise en place de laves alcalines, notamment dans l'Est de l’Anti-Atlas marocain (Saghro :10-3 Ma). Les néphélinites du Saghro sont issues de faibles taux de fusion partielle d’une source mantellique contenant un composant HIMU et localisée à la limite asthénosphère/lithosphère (70-100 km sous l’Anti-Atlas). La cristallisation fractionnée de ces magmas génère des phonolites, par fractionnement de feldspath, néphéline, apatite et sphène, principalement. L’étape finale de différenciation se marque par la formation de phases peu communes comme la hainite et la lorenzenite. Ces magmas se sont mis en place à la faveur de fentes de tension et de fractures ouvertes ayant la même orientation que la contrainte principale au Mio-Pliocène.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis presents the application of the magnetotelluric (MT) sounding method to image Earth’s crust in Oman and South Australia. The aim of these MT surveys is to provide constraints on the geological interpretation of emplacement scenarios and the tectonic evolution of the geological domain. The thesis concentrates on the methodological aspects of the MT technique, e.g. the data analysis and modelling of electromagnetic fields. The phase tensor approach by Caldwell et al. (2004) is applied to the data and provides insights into the dimensionality of the MT data in even complex and electrically distorted terranes. Modelling and inversion of the MT data is performed with various 2-D and 3-D codes to show how the interpretation of the data can benefit from multiple modelling approaches. Data collected in a 2-D survey across the Oman ophiolite mountains show complex behaviour and 2-D inversion and 3-D forward modelling resolve ambiguities in the emplacement scenario of the Oman ophiolite. It is believed that initial underthrusting of the Jurassic-Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere was followed by exhumation. Further oceanic thrusting subsequently led to rising of lower-plate eclogites and eventually gravitational collapse of the ophiolite onto the margin (Gray et al., 2000). The 3-D inversion code by (Siripunvaraporn et al., 2005a) was expanded to incorporate static shift corrections and inversion model misfits have therefore improved significantly compared to inversion models without static shift correction. 2-D and 3-D surveys across the South Australian Gawler Craton reveal deep crustal conductors which are connected to near surface mineralisation systems of the IOCG Olympic Dam deposit in the north-eastern part of the craton and the Au-dominated central Gawler Craton provinces. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

The Archean basement rocks in Shandong Province are important components of the Eastern Block in the North China Craton, consisting predominantly of granitoid gneisses with minor mafic and felsic supracrustal rocks and charnockites. They are exposed, from west to east, in the Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Yishui Terrane and Jiaodong Terrane, of which the low-grade Luxi Granite-Greenstone Terrane has been well studied, whereas little work has been done on the medium- to high-grade Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. Controversies have long surrounded the timing of crustal growth and tectonic setting of these two terranes. This project is designed to resolve these issues by integrating field investigations, petrography, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphism of the Yishui and Jiaodong Terranes. New zircon U-Pb data from the major lithologies have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane experienced multi-stage magmatism at ~2.9 Ga, ~2.7 Ga and 2.6-2.5 Ga followed by two metamorphic events at ~2.50 Ga and 1.9-1.8 Ga, whereas the Yishui Terrane underwent single magmatism at 2.57-2.53 Ga followed by a single metamorphic event at ~2.50 Ga. Zircon Hf isotopic data have revealed that the Jiaodong Terrane underwent juvenile crustal growth with significant ancient crustal material additions at 3.4-3.1 and 2.8-2.7 Ga, while the Yishui Terrane experienced juvenile crustal growth with significant addition of crustal material at 2.8-2.7 Ga. Both the Jiaodong and Yishui Terranes experienced crustal reworking with minor juvenile additions at 2.6-2.5 Ga. Whole-rock compositions and Nd isotopes from the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses suggest that their protoliths are typical Archean tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) suite. They are high in SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, Sr and Sr/Y ratios, but low in MgO, K2O, TiO2, Cr, Ni, Y and Mg#. They are generally enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements, with slight Eu anomalies. Two groups of granitoid gneisses have been recognized: low- and high-HREE groups, of which the former was generated from partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving eclogite in the residue, whereas the latter was formed by partial melting of metabasaltic rocks leaving garnet-amphibolite in the residue. Whole-rock Nd isotopes reveal that the protoliths of Mesoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived mainly from juvenile sources, whereas the early Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were derived from juvenile sources with significant additions of crustal material and the late Neoarchean granitoid gneisses were mainly derived from continental crustal sources. These features indicate that the protoliths of the Jiaodong granitoid gneisses were possibly formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust related to underplating of mafic magmas. Mafic granulites (~2.50 Ga) of the Yishui Terrane show three distinct mineral assemblages corresponding to the pre-peak, peak and post-peak metamorphic stages, with P-T conditions constrained at 660-730℃/<6.6 kbar, 800-820℃ /8.0-8.5 kbar and 686-710℃/7.6-8.6 kbar, respectively, by using THERMOCALC pseudosection modeling. The results define an anticlockwise P-T path involving near-isobaric cooling following the peak metamorphism, suggesting that the ~2.50 Ga metamorphism was most likely related to the intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the underplating of mantle-derived magmas was most likely related to a mantle plume, which is favored to account for the significant Neoarchean crustal growth and the large-scale metamorphism at the end of Neoarchean in Shandong Province as well as the whole Eastern Block in the North China Craton. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Includes copies of articles co-authored by the author during the preparation of this thesis. / Addendum attached to back cover. / Bibliography: leaves 125-135. / x, 135 leaves [98] : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Focuses on the use of geophysical, geochemical and isotopic data in order to identify the timing and processes of crustal heat-producing element enrichment within South Australia. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Adelaide University, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2001