This diploma thesis deals with the categorization of criminal offenses in the Czech Criminal Code, it is a fundamental issue related to criminal liability. The recodification of the Criminal Code in 2009 brought with it several changes, one of the most discussed areas was the new categorization of crimes, which moved from a monopartite to a bipartite of crimes (misdemeanour and crime). However, the "new" categorization of criminal offenses was not the only change brought about by the Czech Criminal Code. Among others is the issue of the concept of crime, respectively. its change from material-formal to formal conception. However, in today's Criminal Code, thanks to the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression, we do not have a formal concept in its pure form, but rather a materialized formal concept. In Czech criminal law, we have two correctives - the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression, as a substantive corrective and the principle of opportunity, as a corrective of procedural law. The need for two correctives is debatable and opinions differ widely. For this reason, I described them in my thesis and I allowed myself to present my opinion on this issue. In order to describe the topic of the diploma thesis as comprehensively and in mutual context, I divided the work into three...

The submitted work, as follows from its title, is concerned with criminal recidivism, in the first part primarily from a criminological perspective, while the second part of the work then deals particularly with the perspective of criminal law. As there has been a tendency to neglect recidivism in the professional literature in recent years, this work attempts to provide an overall summary of the subject of criminal recidivism while endeavouring to mention the most important aspects that are closely related to recidivism. Consequently, the introductory part of the work is devoted to a general delimitation of criminal recidivism and its various forms. The work attempts to make a basic excursion into this subject area while simultaneously endeavouring to evaluate the effectiveness of the commonest approaches employed in connection with criminal recidivism, primarily in relation to the current legislation in this country and abroad. In the context of foreign legislation and especially of the application of life sentences in the most serious cases of recidivism in some countries (including the former legislation in the Czech Republic) as obligatory punishment, considerable space is devoted here to the "three strikes law", which is applied primarily in the U.S.A. and, recently, also by our Slovak...

O presente estudo tem como objeto a norma contida no artigo 184 do Código Penal, consistente no crime de violar direitos de autor e os que lhe são conexos. A ideia central da pesquisa é perceber as raízes e a finalidade da criminalização das condutas violadoras que, em certa extensão, revelam a eventual dignidade do bem jurídico penal e, aliada à eventual necessidade, fundamenta a manutenção do dispositivo no ordenamento jurídico. Nesse contexto, a preliminar delimitação do bem jurídico penalmente protegido se mostra indispensável para a compreensão da matéria proibida, bem como para o processo de interpretação casuístico. Contudo, o tema é controverso, haja vista que a criminalização das infrações aos direitos intelectuais de forma geral não é consenso entre os penalistas ao redor do mundo, assim como a efetiva aplicação das respectivas penalidades pelos magistrados brasileiros. Isso porque equivocadamente se entende que os direitos de autor seriam, em analogia aos demais direitos intelectuais, uma espécie de direito de propriedade, e a incriminação das condutas infratoras teria por finalidade única a tutela do direito exclusivo de exploração econômica de sua criação ou invento. Da referida análise concluiu-se que, diferentemente dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial, os autorais não se resumem a direitos de cunho patrimonial. O sistema francês denominado Droit d Auteur, absorvido pela legislação brasileira, está guiado para a proteção do autor enquanto criador, de sua personalidade e individualidade, e se concretiza pela concessão de um direito exclusivo de participação pela utilização econômica de sua criação. Trata-se, pois, de um Direito sui generis, haja vista a índole imaterial de seu objeto, bem como sua natureza jurídica peculiar, que o aparta dos demais direitos privados. Portanto, sua colocação em risco produz, de forma mediata, prejuízos a toda a sociedade, como o desincentivo dos esforços e investimentos realizados por sujeitos interventores no processo criativo e comercial, e, consequentemente, a diminuição do progresso técnico, econômico, cultural e social. Concluiu-se, desse modo, que os direitos de autor são dignos da tutela penal ante a seriedade das lesões aos direitos de autor e as consequências nocivas para o livre desenvolvimento da comunidade. Igualmente, a tutela faz-se necessária e adequada diante da falibilidade dos meios de proteção menos gravosos, tal qual a via administrativa e a civil. Por outro lado, criticou-se a previsão normativa contida no caput do artigo 184, em termos de oportunidade, porque a incriminação genérica de toda a esfera do Direito de Autor degenera a finalidade do Direito Penal e, em termos de legalidade, porque carece da determinação, fundamental ao tipo incriminador, visto que não descreve minimamente a conduta típica de modo a permitir ao destinatário da norma orientar a sua conduta. Tais desacertos trazem consequências danosas tanto para o equilíbrio do sistema penal quanto para a aplicação concreta da norma ao fato concreto. Para tanto, sugeriu-se a criação de uma abertura legal para que a prática da administração da justiça permita, em algumas situações nas quais o castigo penal resulte desproporcional ou ineficaz, minimizá-lo, substituí-lo ou, inclusive, afastá-lo. Do mesmo modo, o sistema penal deve hierarquizar os direitos intelectuais no sentido de atribuir-lhes os valores sociais, econômicos, materiais e espirituais que lhes tenham sido dados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos internacionais, constitucionais e legislativos especiais. / The object of the present study is the provision of the article 184 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, consistent on the crime of violating copyright and neighbor rights. The central idea of the research is to identify the background and the purposes of copyright violating conducts criminalization. That understanding, to some extent, reveals the dignity of the legal protected right and, allied with its potential need, justifies the maintenance of the referred provision in the legal system. In that context, the preliminary delimitation of the legal protected right under criminal law shows itself to be essential to comprehend the forbidden behaviors, as well as to the process of interpretation on a case by case basis. The topic is controversial, however, since the criminalization of intellectual property rights infringements is not in consensus among the indoctrinators around the world, as well as the effective execution of the respective penalties this is also the case in the Brazilian magistrates. The reason for that is because copyright is erroneously considered by some a sort of property right similarly to other intellectual property rights and the sole purpose of criminalization would consist on the protection of an exclusive right regarding to the economic exploitation of their creation or invention. From this analysis it was concluded that, unlike industrial property rights, copyright may not be reduced to patrimonial rights. The French system called Droit d\' Auteur, absorbed by the Brazilian legislation, seeks the protection of the author as creator - his personality and individuality - and is materialized by the granting of an exclusive right of participation in the economic use of his creation. This is, therefore, a sui generis right, given the intangible nature of its object, as well as its peculiar legal nature, which separates it from the other private rights. Hence, the threat to such rights produces, indirectly, losses for the whole of society, as the discouragement of the efforts and investments made by the creativity industry, and, subsequently, a reduction in technical, economic, cultural and social progress of the country. It was concluded, therefore, that copyright justifies a criminal protection in face of the seriousness of the injuries to the authors and the harmful consequences for the free development of the community. Also, the criminal safeguard is necessary and appropriate given the failure of other protection fields less severe, such as administrative and civil spheres. On the other hand, the normative contained in the head of article 184 it was criticized, in terms of opportunity and legitimacy. In relation to opportunity because the generic criminalization of the broad field of copyright degenerates the purposes of criminal law. Additionally, vis-à-vis legitimacy, it lacks determination - vital to the incriminating articles , since it does not minimally describe the illegal conduct in order to allow the receiver to guide his behavior. Such misunderstandings have harmful consequences to the balance of the criminal system, as well as to the concrete application of the criminal law. As a result, the creation of a legal breach has been suggested so that the practice of Justices administration allows - in some situations where the criminal punishment will result disproportionate or ineffective to minimize it, replace it or even not to consider it. Likewise, the criminal system must designate the intellectual rights in order to assign them the social, economic, spiritual and material values that have been given by international legal systems, special laws and constitution.

I Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on the matter of the concept of a criminal offence in the Czech Criminal Code, as one of the major issues within criminal liability. The year 2009 brought the new Czech Criminal Code and with it also a few changes. One of the most discussed ones was the transition from material or material- formal concept of a criminal offence to a formal concept of a criminal offence. Thanks to the simultaneous introduction of the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression, as a substantive correction of criminal lawlessness, this formalized concept has become a more of a materialized formal concept. So suddenly, there are two corrections of criminal lawlessness, the substantive one, as mentioned, and also a procedural correction based on the facultative option of the prosecutor to terminate the prosecution for reasons of ineffectiveness. The opinions on the matter of the necessity of both of the corrections in Czech criminal law differs among criminal law experts. That is also why I presented them in contrast and evaluate them at the end of the thesis. This thesis strives to describe and summarize the problem of the concept of crime to be as comprehensive as possible, so it is divided into four main parts, which are logically connected to each other and each of them is divided...

O presente trabalho investiga a necessidade de tipificação do delito de corrupção no setor privado, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, necessário aprofundar o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção, bem como a moderna interpretação de seu conteúdo pela comunidade jurídica internacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva de Direito Comparado, é possível verificar a evolução no controle da corrupção transnacional, fruto de diferentes compromissos assumidos por diversos Estados, em verdadeiro esforço conjunto para erradicação das práticas corruptivas e seus nefastos efeitos ao mundo globalizado. Nesse cenário, exsurge a relevância do debate acerca da ampliação do conceito de corrupção para além da esfera pública, abarcando também condutas estritamente relacionadas ao setor privado, de modo que alguns países hodiernamente já tipificam essa nova modalidade delitiva em seus ordenamentos. Indispensável acurado exame da forma como o delito de corrupção entre particulares ganhou contornos na legislação e doutrina estrangeiras para desenvolver o modelo pátrio de incriminação da conduta, uma vez que tal tema é hoje objeto de proposta legislativa específica. Assim, verificase a atualidade e importância da pesquisa aqui proposta, cujo escopo é auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um tipo penal adequado ao bem jurídico protegido, levando-se em conta, principalmente, os documentos internacionais que impulsionam sua criação. / This paper intends to investigate the need for private-sector corruption crime classification in the Brazilian legal system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the studies about corruption’s historical roots, as well as the modern interpretation of its content by the international legal community. Through the mechanisms of Comparative Law it is possible to verify corruption’s combat evolution in a supranational level, consequence of various commitments assumed by various States, in true combined efforts to eradicate corruption acts and their disastrous effects in the globalized world. In this scenery, the relevance in debating the widening of corruption’s concept to beyond the public spheres arises, embracing also the conducts strictly related to the private sector, in a way that some countries already class the new crime form in their systems. Necessary rightful exam of the way corruption crime between individuals has outlined both international legislation and doctrine to develop the native method of the behavior incrimination, here is that said theme is nowadays subject of specific legislation proposal. Thus, it is verified the timeliness and importance of the research here proposed, which scope is to help the development of a crime class adequate to the protected juridical asset, taking into account, mainly, the international documents that impel its creation.

Crimes related to the abuse of addictive substances Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the drug crimes and it is split into four chapters. In the first chapter author describes the addictive substances from the historical point of view. Firstly from the general historical point of view and secondly from the law historical point of view. The author also uses the ineffective laws that regulated the addictive substances from the nineteenth century and recent laws, which regulate the addictive substances. In the second chapter there are described the most common addictive substances which the application praxis mostly struggles with. Author describes those addictive with the focus on their influence on the human organism and the possibility ty consider how they influence the controlling and the recognizing abilities. The third chapter is the most extensive and it focuses on the crimes related to the abuse of addictive substances from the point of view of the substantive law. In this chapter, there are described facts of the drug crimes. Namely handling with narcotic and psychotropic substances and poisons according to § 283 TZ, possession of narcotic and psychotropic substance according to § 284 TZ, unauthorized cultivation of plants containing the narcotic o psychotropic substance according to § 285 TZ,...

O presente trabalho investiga a necessidade de tipificação do delito de corrupção no setor privado, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, necessário aprofundar o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção, bem como a moderna interpretação de seu conteúdo pela comunidade jurídica internacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva de Direito Comparado, é possível verificar a evolução no controle da corrupção transnacional, fruto de diferentes compromissos assumidos por diversos Estados, em verdadeiro esforço conjunto para erradicação das práticas corruptivas e seus nefastos efeitos ao mundo globalizado. Nesse cenário, exsurge a relevância do debate acerca da ampliação do conceito de corrupção para além da esfera pública, abarcando também condutas estritamente relacionadas ao setor privado, de modo que alguns países hodiernamente já tipificam essa nova modalidade delitiva em seus ordenamentos. Indispensável acurado exame da forma como o delito de corrupção entre particulares ganhou contornos na legislação e doutrina estrangeiras para desenvolver o modelo pátrio de incriminação da conduta, uma vez que tal tema é hoje objeto de proposta legislativa específica. Assim, verificase a atualidade e importância da pesquisa aqui proposta, cujo escopo é auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um tipo penal adequado ao bem jurídico protegido, levando-se em conta, principalmente, os documentos internacionais que impulsionam sua criação. / This paper intends to investigate the need for private-sector corruption crime classification in the Brazilian legal system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the studies about corruption’s historical roots, as well as the modern interpretation of its content by the international legal community. Through the mechanisms of Comparative Law it is possible to verify corruption’s combat evolution in a supranational level, consequence of various commitments assumed by various States, in true combined efforts to eradicate corruption acts and their disastrous effects in the globalized world. In this scenery, the relevance in debating the widening of corruption’s concept to beyond the public spheres arises, embracing also the conducts strictly related to the private sector, in a way that some countries already class the new crime form in their systems. Necessary rightful exam of the way corruption crime between individuals has outlined both international legislation and doctrine to develop the native method of the behavior incrimination, here is that said theme is nowadays subject of specific legislation proposal. Thus, it is verified the timeliness and importance of the research here proposed, which scope is to help the development of a crime class adequate to the protected juridical asset, taking into account, mainly, the international documents that impel its creation.

O presente trabalho investiga a necessidade de tipificação do delito de corrupção no setor privado, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, necessário aprofundar o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção, bem como a moderna interpretação de seu conteúdo pela comunidade jurídica internacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva de Direito Comparado, é possível verificar a evolução no controle da corrupção transnacional, fruto de diferentes compromissos assumidos por diversos Estados, em verdadeiro esforço conjunto para erradicação das práticas corruptivas e seus nefastos efeitos ao mundo globalizado. Nesse cenário, exsurge a relevância do debate acerca da ampliação do conceito de corrupção para além da esfera pública, abarcando também condutas estritamente relacionadas ao setor privado, de modo que alguns países hodiernamente já tipificam essa nova modalidade delitiva em seus ordenamentos. Indispensável acurado exame da forma como o delito de corrupção entre particulares ganhou contornos na legislação e doutrina estrangeiras para desenvolver o modelo pátrio de incriminação da conduta, uma vez que tal tema é hoje objeto de proposta legislativa específica. Assim, verificase a atualidade e importância da pesquisa aqui proposta, cujo escopo é auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um tipo penal adequado ao bem jurídico protegido, levando-se em conta, principalmente, os documentos internacionais que impulsionam sua criação. / This paper intends to investigate the need for private-sector corruption crime classification in the Brazilian legal system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the studies about corruption’s historical roots, as well as the modern interpretation of its content by the international legal community. Through the mechanisms of Comparative Law it is possible to verify corruption’s combat evolution in a supranational level, consequence of various commitments assumed by various States, in true combined efforts to eradicate corruption acts and their disastrous effects in the globalized world. In this scenery, the relevance in debating the widening of corruption’s concept to beyond the public spheres arises, embracing also the conducts strictly related to the private sector, in a way that some countries already class the new crime form in their systems. Necessary rightful exam of the way corruption crime between individuals has outlined both international legislation and doctrine to develop the native method of the behavior incrimination, here is that said theme is nowadays subject of specific legislation proposal. Thus, it is verified the timeliness and importance of the research here proposed, which scope is to help the development of a crime class adequate to the protected juridical asset, taking into account, mainly, the international documents that impel its creation.

O presente estudo tem como objeto a norma contida no artigo 184 do Código Penal, consistente no crime de violar direitos de autor e os que lhe são conexos. A ideia central da pesquisa é perceber as raízes e a finalidade da criminalização das condutas violadoras que, em certa extensão, revelam a eventual dignidade do bem jurídico penal e, aliada à eventual necessidade, fundamenta a manutenção do dispositivo no ordenamento jurídico. Nesse contexto, a preliminar delimitação do bem jurídico penalmente protegido se mostra indispensável para a compreensão da matéria proibida, bem como para o processo de interpretação casuístico. Contudo, o tema é controverso, haja vista que a criminalização das infrações aos direitos intelectuais de forma geral não é consenso entre os penalistas ao redor do mundo, assim como a efetiva aplicação das respectivas penalidades pelos magistrados brasileiros. Isso porque equivocadamente se entende que os direitos de autor seriam, em analogia aos demais direitos intelectuais, uma espécie de direito de propriedade, e a incriminação das condutas infratoras teria por finalidade única a tutela do direito exclusivo de exploração econômica de sua criação ou invento. Da referida análise concluiu-se que, diferentemente dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial, os autorais não se resumem a direitos de cunho patrimonial. O sistema francês denominado Droit d Auteur, absorvido pela legislação brasileira, está guiado para a proteção do autor enquanto criador, de sua personalidade e individualidade, e se concretiza pela concessão de um direito exclusivo de participação pela utilização econômica de sua criação. Trata-se, pois, de um Direito sui generis, haja vista a índole imaterial de seu objeto, bem como sua natureza jurídica peculiar, que o aparta dos demais direitos privados. Portanto, sua colocação em risco produz, de forma mediata, prejuízos a toda a sociedade, como o desincentivo dos esforços e investimentos realizados por sujeitos interventores no processo criativo e comercial, e, consequentemente, a diminuição do progresso técnico, econômico, cultural e social. Concluiu-se, desse modo, que os direitos de autor são dignos da tutela penal ante a seriedade das lesões aos direitos de autor e as consequências nocivas para o livre desenvolvimento da comunidade. Igualmente, a tutela faz-se necessária e adequada diante da falibilidade dos meios de proteção menos gravosos, tal qual a via administrativa e a civil. Por outro lado, criticou-se a previsão normativa contida no caput do artigo 184, em termos de oportunidade, porque a incriminação genérica de toda a esfera do Direito de Autor degenera a finalidade do Direito Penal e, em termos de legalidade, porque carece da determinação, fundamental ao tipo incriminador, visto que não descreve minimamente a conduta típica de modo a permitir ao destinatário da norma orientar a sua conduta. Tais desacertos trazem consequências danosas tanto para o equilíbrio do sistema penal quanto para a aplicação concreta da norma ao fato concreto. Para tanto, sugeriu-se a criação de uma abertura legal para que a prática da administração da justiça permita, em algumas situações nas quais o castigo penal resulte desproporcional ou ineficaz, minimizá-lo, substituí-lo ou, inclusive, afastá-lo. Do mesmo modo, o sistema penal deve hierarquizar os direitos intelectuais no sentido de atribuir-lhes os valores sociais, econômicos, materiais e espirituais que lhes tenham sido dados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos internacionais, constitucionais e legislativos especiais. / The object of the present study is the provision of the article 184 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, consistent on the crime of violating copyright and neighbor rights. The central idea of the research is to identify the background and the purposes of copyright violating conducts criminalization. That understanding, to some extent, reveals the dignity of the legal protected right and, allied with its potential need, justifies the maintenance of the referred provision in the legal system. In that context, the preliminary delimitation of the legal protected right under criminal law shows itself to be essential to comprehend the forbidden behaviors, as well as to the process of interpretation on a case by case basis. The topic is controversial, however, since the criminalization of intellectual property rights infringements is not in consensus among the indoctrinators around the world, as well as the effective execution of the respective penalties this is also the case in the Brazilian magistrates. The reason for that is because copyright is erroneously considered by some a sort of property right similarly to other intellectual property rights and the sole purpose of criminalization would consist on the protection of an exclusive right regarding to the economic exploitation of their creation or invention. From this analysis it was concluded that, unlike industrial property rights, copyright may not be reduced to patrimonial rights. The French system called Droit d\' Auteur, absorbed by the Brazilian legislation, seeks the protection of the author as creator - his personality and individuality - and is materialized by the granting of an exclusive right of participation in the economic use of his creation. This is, therefore, a sui generis right, given the intangible nature of its object, as well as its peculiar legal nature, which separates it from the other private rights. Hence, the threat to such rights produces, indirectly, losses for the whole of society, as the discouragement of the efforts and investments made by the creativity industry, and, subsequently, a reduction in technical, economic, cultural and social progress of the country. It was concluded, therefore, that copyright justifies a criminal protection in face of the seriousness of the injuries to the authors and the harmful consequences for the free development of the community. Also, the criminal safeguard is necessary and appropriate given the failure of other protection fields less severe, such as administrative and civil spheres. On the other hand, the normative contained in the head of article 184 it was criticized, in terms of opportunity and legitimacy. In relation to opportunity because the generic criminalization of the broad field of copyright degenerates the purposes of criminal law. Additionally, vis-à-vis legitimacy, it lacks determination - vital to the incriminating articles , since it does not minimally describe the illegal conduct in order to allow the receiver to guide his behavior. Such misunderstandings have harmful consequences to the balance of the criminal system, as well as to the concrete application of the criminal law. As a result, the creation of a legal breach has been suggested so that the practice of Justices administration allows - in some situations where the criminal punishment will result disproportionate or ineffective to minimize it, replace it or even not to consider it. Likewise, the criminal system must designate the intellectual rights in order to assign them the social, economic, spiritual and material values that have been given by international legal systems, special laws and constitution.

As the title says, this thesis is about the crime of fraud, insurance, credit and subsidy fraud under section 209 - 212 of the Criminal Code. These four crimes against property belong to the group of crimes, which cannot be overlooked, because the total number of sentenced frauds is not low at all. We can also notice that these kinds of frauds are often being mentioned in mass media. The aim of this thesis is not to give an exhaustive explanation of frauds, but to provide reader with a comprehensive overview of these crimes. The thesis is systematically divided into eleven chapters. In the first chapter of the thesis reader can find brief characterization of Chapter V. of the special part in Criminal Code, which regulates property crimes. Second chapter acquaints the reader with the development of provisions of different frauds in the previous Penal Code (Act. No.140/1961 Coll.) since 1962. Firstly, there was only a provision of general fraud under section 250 of Penal Code. However due to the different political regime special kind of fraud was also established, which was placed in the provision called theft of socialist property under section 132 of Penal Code (section 132 was repealed in 1990). As the authorities involved in criminal proceedings had problems with sentencing offenders of...