This paper outlines a prosecutorial framework by which Canadian corporations can be held criminally liable for their involvement in war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide. Combining the provisions of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act with the corporate liability standards found in the Canadian Criminal Code, a standard of liability emerges which appears well designed to generate findings of guilt against multinational corporations with complicated ownership structures, a myriad of representatives and far-flung operations. This model standard, it is hoped, might furthermore contribute to the global debate regarding multinational corporate accountability. By applying the proposed framework to two Canadian corporations constructing internationally illegal settlements on the farmlands of Bil‘in in the West Bank, I therefore seek to test its practical relevance, as well as to demonstrate the theoretical underpinnings and legal sources (domestic and international) which would support its application, both in this instance and beyond.

This paper outlines a prosecutorial framework by which Canadian corporations can be held criminally liable for their involvement in war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide. Combining the provisions of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act with the corporate liability standards found in the Canadian Criminal Code, a standard of liability emerges which appears well designed to generate findings of guilt against multinational corporations with complicated ownership structures, a myriad of representatives and far-flung operations. This model standard, it is hoped, might furthermore contribute to the global debate regarding multinational corporate accountability. By applying the proposed framework to two Canadian corporations constructing internationally illegal settlements on the farmlands of Bil‘in in the West Bank, I therefore seek to test its practical relevance, as well as to demonstrate the theoretical underpinnings and legal sources (domestic and international) which would support its application, both in this instance and beyond.

Nusikaltimo ir civilinės teisės pažeidimo atribojimo problema nepraranda savo aktualumo. Jį ypač išryškėja bandant atrasti civilinės teisės pažeidimo ir sukčiavimo atribojimo kriterijus. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - nustatyti baudžiamosios ir civilinės teisės santykį, visapusiškai išnagrinėti sukčiavimą kaip teisinį reiškinį, atskleisti jo sudėties požymius, raidą, pasireiškimo formas bei atrasti atribojimo nuo civilinės teisės pažeidimų kriterijus. Darbe analizuojama teisės normų taikymo praktika, jos trūkumai, pateikiami pasiūlymai, siekiant įstatymo taikymo tobulinimo. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, kad trys pagrindiniai sukčiavimo atribojimo nuo civilinės teisės pažeidimo kriterijai yra apgaulė, kreditoriaus galimybės apginti savo teises civilinės teisės priemonėmis atėmimas ar apsunkinimas panaudojant apgaulę bei tiesioginę tyčią. / The problem of the delimitation between criminal and civil delict is still relevant. Especially it appears significant when attempting to find the delimitation criterions for the fraud and the civil delict. The aim of this Master’s thesis is to find the relation between the criminal and civil law, to analyze a fraud in all its legal aspects, to detect the elements constituting this criminal offence, its evolution and realization forms and to justify delimitation criterions between it and civil delict. Court practice in fraud field and its drawbacks are considered; also suggestions for development of law practice are given in this Master’s thesis. Hypothesis of this Master’s thesis is proposition, that there are three principal delimitation criterions between fraud and civil delict: deception, deprivation of access for creditor to maintain his (her) rights by means of civil law or imposition on these rights by means of deception and the deliberate tortuous intent.

Teroro aktas – nusikalstama veika, kuria kėsinamasi į visuomenės saugumą. Gilinantis į šio reiškinio mokslinio ištirtumo bazę, pastebėta, kad neanalizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos (LR) baudžiamieji įstatymai tarptautiniame kovos su teroro aktais kontekste. Tai suponavo pristatomo darbo mokslinę problemą, kuri lyginamuoju, abstrakcijos ir apibendrinimo metodais spręsta lyginant Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių baudžiamosios atsakomybės už teroro aktą įstatymus. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais, galima teigti, kad nei tarptautiniu, nei nacionaliniu lygmeniu nėra susiformavusi teismų praktika ar doktrininis aiškinimas siekiant apibrėžti konkretų teroro aktus sudarančių veikų sąrašą. Egzistuoja įvairiopa teroro aktų klasifikacija, tačiau tiksliausias ir išsamiausias būtų J. D. Višniakovo ir kt. skirstymas, teroro aktus klasifikuojant pagal tokius pagrindus: ideologiją ir pasireiškimo sferą, veikimo zoną, veikimo būdą ir pajėgas, dalyvaujančius asmenis. 2013 m. liepos 2 d. įstatymu pakeitus teroro akto dispoziciją, LR BK 250 str. nuostatos sugretintos su tarptautinės bendrijos reikalavimais. Teroristinių tikslų nustatymas baudžiamojoje byloje svarbus ne tik tuo, kad tai – būtinasis teroro akto sudėties požymis, bet ir dėl to, kad būtent per teroristinių tikslų kategoriją šį nusikaltimą galima atriboti nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų.RFR terorizmo nusikaltimas įtvirtintas RF BK 205 straipsnyje. Terorizmas pagal RF BK – tai sprogdinimas, padegimas ar kiti veiksmai, sukeliantys grėsmę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / An act of terrorism is a criminal activity targeting safety of the public. By going deeper into the basis of scientific research of this phenomenon it was noticed that the criminal laws of the Republic of Lithuania (RL) have not been analysed within the context of international fight against acts of terrorism. This implied the scientific problem of the Paper being introduced which was being dealt with through application of comparative, abstraction, and generalization methods comparing the Lithuanian and foreign laws regarding criminal liability for an act of terrorism. Based on the results of the research done we may claim that jurisprudence or doctrinal interpretation has not been formed in order to define a specific list activities considered as acts of terrorism neither on the international, nor the national level. There are different classifications of acts of terrorism, however, the most accurate and comprehensive one is the classification by J. D. Višniakovas et al. in which case acts of terrorism are based on the following grounds: ideology and the field of occurrence, coverage area, method of operation and forces, as well as people involved. Upon changing the disposition of an act of terrorism by a law on 2 July 2013, provisions stipulated in Art. 250 of the CC of RL [Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania] have been harmonized with the requirements of the international community. Determination of terrorist targets in a criminal case is important not only in... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

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