This diploma thesis deals with the concept of recidivism, which is a term that could be described as an occurrence in which the offender commits another criminal offence after being convicted. In recent years the number of recidivism rates in Czech Republic reaches from 40 to 50% which is further evidence to the urgency of this current issue. The goal of this thesis is to examine what could be the conditions of increasing or lowering the probability of reoffending and to bring forward the possible means of prevention based on that. Firstly this thesis addresses the term of recidivism and several possibilities of looking at it, further follows the issue of how recidivism is translated into legislation and then it offers data about the frequency of recidivism in Czech Republic from publicly accessible statistics. The core part of the thesis then researches if it is possible with sentences alone to prevent reoffending and if there are other factors that could potentially contribute to this goal. It could be concluded from the researched literature and studies that sentences alone have very little possibility to reduce the chances of reoffending. The lowest probability of reoffending was repeatedly recorded with people who started offending at a very young age, without stable occupations, place to...

Criminological aspects of criminal recidivism The topic of this thesis are the criminological aspects of criminal recidivism and goal is to present a complete outline of some of the basic ideas related to the concept of criminal recidivism and to introduce the reader to its selected criminological aspects. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The introductory chapter is focused on the concept of criminal recidivism itself, and similarly defines the various concepts with emphasis on the legal aspects. The basis of this chapter is the effort to achieve a more detailed description of the various forms in the Penal Code of 1961 and also in modifying de lege lata. The second chapter deals with personality of recidivist offender from the perspective of selected typologies and two fundamental questions are considered, namely whether and how recidivist offender differs from non-recidivist offender and whether the offender is commonly distinguished from individuals who are respecting the law. Third chapter focuses on the concept of criminal careers with an emphasis on the personal typology of the offender in terms of the intensity of criminal behavior. Furthermore there are presented selected criminological theories influenced by the paradigm of a criminal career. In the final chapter of the thesis is...

Criminological Aspects of Crime Recidivism The Diploma Thesis Bc. Petra Urbánková Abstract The main goal of the Diploma Thesis "Criminological Aspects of Crime Recidivism" is analysing recidivism, which is considered to be one of the most important criminal factors. We can analyse recidivism based on the criminal law, penology, criminal statistics and mainly criminology. The Criminological aspect is the widest one, because it focuses on the all crimes committed by the offender, not only those crimes which were investigated by Police or the prosecutors. We will also theoretically describe all statistic sources where the recidivism has been recorded, but mainly we will analyse practically the statistical data of The Prison Service of the Czech Republic and the data of the Police of the Czech Republic where we could find out the actual rate of recidivism in the Czech Republic. The data of the Prison Service contain mainly the offenders which are imprisoned repeatedly for more than once. The data of Police are focused on type of crimes which have the highest rate of recidivism and whose are committed repeatedly by the offenders. This thesis also tries to analyse recidivism based on the historical development of the Czech legislation on recidivism starting since 1918 till nowadays. This thesis also tries to...

Abstract The thesis titled - The possibility of eliminating the risk of recurrence of persons conditionally released from prison (the prison sentence) can illuminate current topic of criminal recidivism at a time whenmore and more discussion about prison overcrowding and the improvement of efficiency and alternative sanctions is debated in society. The theoretical part is divided into four chapters, in which I try to clarify the key issues. I explain different terms, mention the statistical data, I describe possible relapse prevention tools e.g. treatment programs or alternative sanctions. I refer to innovation tools of the criminal policy, e.g. Electronic monitoring or Probation Homes. I mention subjects dealing with prevention of criminal recidivism. The empirical part describes the research and it is divided into two chapters. To achieve its objective, I chose the strategy of qualitative research, an interrogation method and semi - structured interview technique. The first part was realized on a research sample of nine clients conditionally released from prison with a supervision of the probation officer. The second part of the research was conducted on a sample of eight probation officers from the Probation and Mediation Service (PMS) in the South Bohemia. The main goal was to map the instruments used in the context of prevention of recurrence of persons conditionally released from prison by probation officers. Results showed that the list of instruments is extremely diverse. Analysis of self - assessment, professional interview and assistance of the other organizations e.g. Labor office, police, NGOs or debt counseling are the most preferred ones. The first sub - objective was to findopinions of probation officers on implementing new instruments helping to reduce recidivism and to reveal their possible advantages and disadvantages of them. Results showed that electronic monitoring as a new tool is welcomed by probation officersand they are believed to increase efficiency of the home imprisonment sentence. The most of respondents identified the implementing of Probation Homes as useful, particularly in the area of strengthening the social functioning of the client. The second sub - objective was to describe differences in risk of recurrence from the perspective of persons conditionally released from prison to probation officers. The research results showed that probation officers and their clients have different points of view on the matter. The officers said their clients were not able to see "yourself", they had no lack of self - reflection and the ability to learn from the crime they had committed. People released from prison are the most feared of drug addictionand gambling or job loss. This thesis is supposed to bring insight into reducing the risk of recurrence issue and recently introduced tools in this field. Furthermore, to point out the difference in the view and riskassessment of recurrence between probation officers and their clients.

An Abstract The dissertation is devoted to criminal recidivism terms of probation officers who work daily with offenders, who were imposed an alternative punishment. The theoretical part is focused on explanation of restorative and retributive justice and probation and mediation service in the Czech Republic but also in England and Germany. Furthermore, the theoretical part includes a description of the factors that influence the criminal behavior of the offender with an emphasis on social - cultural factors. In the last part of the theoretical work is defined criminal recidivism itself, its basic layout, types, and also statistics of recidivism in the Czech Republic and penitentiary and post-penitentiary care. The practical part contains qualitative research made with the help of interviews with probation officers. The aim of the research part of the thesis is to find out what Probation and Mediation Service employees themselves think about the possibilities of reducing recidivism through probation work with criminals and also what is the probation employees opinion of the actual criminal recidivism.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adler Chiquezi.pdf: 1658627 bytes, checksum: cc9f5c3a6dc2006b04784e4539b9c09d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / This work analyses criminal recidivism and its role in aggravating penalty, in order to study the way Brazilian Legislation deals with it according to the evolution of the Penal Law. With this purpose the recidivism has been collated rationally from a general to private matter. It looks into the recidivism, its classification and related subjects, and evaluate its evolution in the Brazilian Penal Law it also analyses theories that justifies its application, furthermore it lists its penal and procedural effects coming from the recognition of recidivism. The main goal of this paper is to question the recidivism in the current Brazilian Law (Mainly through the Brazilian Federal Constitution/ 1988) due to the failure of the prison penalty to reintegrate the criminal in the society. After verifying how other countries use the recidivism, we suggest changes for it in Brazil according to compared law and the evolution in penal law, making sure the penal law will truly be applied .The crisis of the prison system is highlighted, giving emphasis to the overpopulation of our prisons, no existence of reintegration programs and lack of support to the ex convicts, all these factors leads to high rates of recidivism / Este trabalho analisa a reincidência criminal e seu emprego como circunstância agravante da pena, visando apurar se a atual legislação pátria a trata de forma adequada conforme a evolução do Direito Penal. Para a realização desta dissertação, a reincidência é cotejada por meio de um procedimento racional que transita do geral para o particular. Verifica a origem da recidiva, suas classificações e os institutos afins; examina a evolução da reincidência no direito penal brasileiro e as teorias que justificam sua aplicação, bem como arrola os demais efeitos penais e processuais decorrentes do reconhecimento da reincidência. O objetivo central deste trabalho é questionar a atual disciplina da reincidência na legislação brasileira, principalmente com base na Constituição Federal de 1988 e em razão do fracasso ressocializador da pena privativa de liberdade. Após verificar a utilização da reincidência em outros países, são sugeridas alterações desse instituto, no Brasil, consoante o direito comparado e a evolução do direito penal de garantias, para que seja aplicado o direito penal do fato. É destacada, ainda, a crise do sistema carcerário, com ênfase à superpopulação prisional, à ausência da função ressocializadora da pena de prisão e ao diminuto apoio aos egressos, fatores que contribuem para os elevados índices de reincidência criminal

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe and explain the main features of implementation practice of house arresting in the Czech Republic and consequently propose possible ways out in relation to subsequent (and successful) continuing of implementation procedure. In terms of theory there are reflected approaches of criminal law, criminology, penology, sociology and public policy. Within the research work, the space had been given to those participants immediately concerned and affected with house arresting agenda - judges, prosecutors, probators, ministry officers (Ministry of Justice), attorneys, watchdog organizations and experts on criminal law from academic sphere. House arresting had entered valid legal regulations in connection with new criminal law effectual since 1.1.2010. This new regulation substituted the pristine penal code. In new criminal law is significant shift of accent from tangible to formal conception of culpability. By the analysis of key participants of objective policy, identification of possible goals, adumbration of solution options is finally formulated optimal version. In terms of this version are reflected possibilities of evaluation and monitoring. Special attention is payed to identification of crucial risks and problems related to implementation practice, which...

Cette thèse a été faite sous la tutelle de Jean Proulx et R. Karl Hanson. Elle a évaluée par un jury composé de Franca Cortoni, Jean Proulx, R. Karl Hanson, Jean-Pierre Guay et Howard E. Barbaree. Suite à la soutenance, la thèse a reçu la mention "exceptionnelle", a été recommandée à la liste d'honneur du doyen et a été soumise pour le prix de la meilleure thèse de la FESP 2017. / Les outils actuariels servant à évaluer le risque de récidive criminelle des agresseurs sexuels ont souvent été critiqués pour leurs fondements « athéoriques ». En effet, ces derniers ont été constitués en rassemblant les caractéristiques les plus fortement associées à la récidive, sans qu’une théorie ne les unisse à priori. Si cette méthode a assuré une bonne validité prédictive à ces instruments, elle leur a insufflé très peu de résonnance clinique; plusieurs professionnels n’y voient qu’une liste de corrélats statistiques vides de sens. La présente thèse a entrepris de relativiser ces critiques en appliquant des modèles de facteurs latents aux différents items des outils actuariels. Les modèles de facteurs latents postulent que les comportements manifestes (observables) d’un individu renseignent sur ses caractéristiques psychologiques latentes (non observables) – de la même manière que les symptômes d’une maladie permettent d’inférer sa présence chez un patient. Puisque les items des outils actuariels correspondent à divers comportements ou caractéristiques criminogènes manifestes, il devrait être possible de les rassembler en dimensions pour identifier les principaux construits psychologiques latents associés à la récidive des agresseurs sexuels. Les articles de la présente thèse ont donc proposé d’identifier les dimensions de la Statique-99R et de la Statique-2002R, la famille d’outils actuariels pour agresseurs sexuels la plus utilisée mondialement. Trois dimensions ont été extraites par analyse factorielle : 1) la persistance dans les délits sexuels/paraphilies sexuelles, 2) la délinquance générale et 3) le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières. La première dimension était exclusivement associée à la récidive sexuelle, tandis que les deux dernières étaient associées à tous les types de récidives. Leur validité convergente a ensuite été explorée afin d’évaluer à quelles caractéristiques psychologiques ces dernières référaient. La persistance/paraphilie a convergé avec des indicateurs d’intérêts sexuels déviants non coercitifs, alors que la délinquance générale a convergé avec une constellation de traits antisociaux. Finalement, le jeune âge/victimes sexuelles non familières a convergé avec l’intention claire de blesser ses victimes. Ces résultats ont mené au développement d’un modèle tridimensionnel du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels ayant plusieurs implications pratiques pour le domaine. D’une part, les outils actuariels gagneraient à utiliser des scores dimensionnels plutôt que des scores totaux. Par exemple, en retirant la dimension de persistance/paraphilie de la Statique-99R/2002R, il est possible de prédire efficacement la récidive violente non sexuelle et non sexuelle non violente des agresseurs sexuels, ce que l’instrument ne permettait pas précédemment. D’autre part, la connaissance des grandes dimensions de facteurs de risque est susceptible d’aider les évaluateurs à choisir et intégrer plusieurs mesures actuarielles. Cela se révèle particulièrement pertinent lorsque deux mesures du risque divergent, malgré qu’elles aient été conçues pour la même population. Finalement, nos résultats indiquent que les facteurs de risque statiques sont susceptibles de renseigner (imparfaitement) la pratique clinique quant aux besoins criminogènes des agresseurs sexuels. Bien que nous ne suggérions aucunement de substituer cette pratique à la cotation d’outils actuariels de troisième génération, elle pourrait se révéler pertinente pour les établissements n’ayant pas les ressources nécessaires pour coter de tels instruments. Au plan théorique, le modèle tridimensionnel comporte plusieurs avantages par rapport aux modèles à deux dimensions, traditionnellement constitués de la déviance sexuelle et de la délinquance générale/psychopathie (ex. : Doren, 2004). D’une part, les données empiriques supportent clairement la présence de trois dimensions du risque de récidive des agresseurs sexuels, et non deux. D’autre part, la troisième dimension permet d’intégrer une nuance importante au modèle, soit la distinction entre les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur objet de désir (ex. : pédophilie) et les intérêts sexuels déviants par leur aspect coercitif (ex. : sadisme sexuel). Cette distinction est primordiale, dans la mesure où ces intérêts sexuels ne prédisent pas les mêmes types de récidives. Finalement, notre modèle s’intègre au modèle étiologique du risque de Beech et Ward (2004), qui, lorsque complètement validé, pourra donner lieu à des efforts de prévention – une denrée rare dans le domaine. / Actuarial scales for the prediction of sexual violence have been criticised because they are purely based on atheoretical correlates. Therefore, they are unlikely to provide clinical and theoretical insight on the psychological traits and mechanisms that underlie criminal recidivism. However, according to latent variable models commonly used in psychology, patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion are caused by latent psychological constructs, such as extraversion and neuroticism. Because static and stable risk factors in actuarial scales are mostly behavioral, it should be possible to use them to infer the major psychological constructs responsible for recidivism risk. The current thesis applied latent variable models to nonredundant items from the Static-99R and Static-2002R, the two most commonly used risk tools for sexual offenders. Three dimensions were identified: 1) persistence in sexual crimes/paraphilia, 2) general criminality, and 3) youthful stranger aggression. To understand the psychological meaning of these dimensions, convergent and predictive validity analyses were conducted. Results indicated that persistence/paraphilia was related to dysregulation of sexuality towards atypical objects, without intent to harm, while general criminality was related to antisocial traits. Finally, youthful stranger aggression was related to a clear intent to harm victims. All three constructs predicted sexual recidivism with similar accuracy, but only general criminality and youthful stranger aggression predicted nonsexual recidivism. These results suggest that a tridimensional model of sexual offender risk is viable. That model has numerous practical implications. First, actuarial scales should sort items by constructs rather than rely on total scores. Total scores focus the predictive utility of risk scales to the specific outcome for which they were developed (usually sexual recidivism). When constructs are known, it is possible to improve the prediction of other outcomes by removing constructs unrelated to each of these new outcomes (e.g., removing sexual criminality items to improve the prediction of nonsexual recidivism). Second, construct-level approaches facilitate the integration of potentially conflicting risk scales. By understanding the constructs assessed by each scale, an evaluator can deduce which measures should be combined, and which should not. Finally, static risk constructs significantly correlate with psychological features that are found in dynamic risk scales. Consequently, scales composed entirely of static risk factors could – albeit imperfectly – inform the treatment needs of sexual offenders. These results could assist settings lacking the resources to implement dynamic risk tools. The tridimensional model also has theoretical implications. First, our model showed better statistical fit than classical two factor models based on sexual deviance and psychopathy (e.g., Doren, 2004), suggesting that there are more than two substantive dimensions related to sexual offender recidivism risk. Second, the presence of a third factor enabled an important distinction between noncoercive (e.g., fixated pedophilia) and coercive (e.g., sexual sadism) deviant sexual interests. Such a distinction is particularly relevant in the field of risk assessment, because they do not predict the same types of recidivism. Finally, our model can be integrated in Beech and Ward’s (2004) etiological model of risk, which, once fully validated, could enable primary and secondary prevention efforts.