This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a tuberculosis (TB) educational and behavioral intervention with incarcerated adolescent males, aged 11 to 17, who were taking Isoniazid for TB infection. Using a quasi-experimental design, a treatment group (n=10) and a comparison group (n=10) were given a knowledge pretest and posttest, self-esteem scale, and health value scale. Additionally, the treatment group received the intervention. Research questions addressed both knowledge and completion of therapy. Analysis of data on differences in TB knowledge between the two groups using t tests showed no significant differences. Chi square test was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on the completion of therapy. There was no significant increase in medication adherence between the two groups when they left the correctional facilities. However, total number of completions was greater in the treatment group when those who were returned or remained incarcerated were included.

This thesis is a study of the perceptions urban American Indians and people of color have toward the Albuquerque Police Department, focusing on the citizen complaint process. Analyzing these perceptions and hearing their experiences provides insight to how these peoples view their local law enforcement similarly and differently from each other and Anglos. While the issues of other peoples of color may be addressed, the needs of the indian community are rarely addressed. Without visibility and advocacy, American Indians are not represented and the issues important to them cannot be heard. Since little has been written on Indian and police relations it is possible to extrapolate from the experiences of other urban communities of color. To better understand the experiences of people of color with the Albuquerque Police Department three research methods are used: citizen complainant satisfaction surveys, interviews with citizen organizations and an individual case study.

<p> Media accounts have influenced public opinion about the insanity defense and have given rise to misperceptions about its purpose and rate of usage. This study hypothesizes that the public is more likely to implicate mental illness in irrational crimes and that the more media exposure given to the case, the more likely the public is to implicate mental illness. This study also seeks to establish current public opinion of the utility and prevalence of the insanity defense. The results of this research do not conclusively indicate that amount of media attention can be used to predict the public's tendency to implicate mental illness as a motive for crime, thus, hypothesis one was only partially supported. Meanwhile, hypothesis two, participants will be more likely to implicate mental illness in crime that they perceive to be irrational was not supported by this study. The third hypothesis, participants will be more likely to give a verdict of NGRI if they implicated mental illness as the motive for the crime, was only partially supported by this study. With the ever-growing media attention devoted to implicating mental illness in high-profile crimes, results from this study suggest that the public does not correlate the amount of media attention dedicated to high-profile cases with mental illness.</p>

Une des caractéristiques fondamentales des policiers et des agents correctionnels est le recours légitime à la coercition pour imposer leur autorité. Cette force publique doit donc, en théorie, avoir le dessus sur toute forme de force privée. Dans l’étude des phénomènes de violence, cette caractéristique rend leur victimisation singulière. À ce jour, les formes d’influence, de pressions indues et d’intimidation vécus par les agents de la force publique demeurent relativement peu étudiées. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’améliorer notre compréhension des dynamiques d’intimidation, de soulever les différents enjeux pour la force publique et de proposer une théorie de l’intimidation criminelle. La force publique étant, avant toute chose, une émanation de l’État, nous avons commencé par analyser la problématique de l’intimidation criminelle de manière plus globale. En testant la théorie de l’action de sécurité (Cusson, 2010), nous avons constaté qu’une force publique intimidée et corrompue entraîne une perte de légitimité et une inefficacité du système judiciaire dans sa lutte contre la criminalité. Nous avons ensuite adopté une perspective interactionniste pour comprendre les dynamiques d’intimidation au quotidien. Nous nous sommes demandés quels étaient les éléments qui rendaient une intimidation crédible et grave pour les policiers. En identifiant leur monde d’objets (Blumer, 1986), nous avons constaté que les actes d’intimidation qui survenaient en dehors du cadre professionnel étaient jugés plus graves par les policiers et que l’appartenance de l’intimidateur à une organisation criminelle entraînait une augmentation de la gravité de la menace. Ensuite, nous nous sommes interrogés sur la notion d’identité sociale des agents correctionnels victimes d’intimidation (Tedeschi et Felson, 1994). Nous avons constaté que les intimidations mineures mais répétées avaient tendance à modifier les pratiques professionnelles des surveillants. Une analyse intégrée de ces perspectives met en lumière l’existence de deux formes d’intimidation : une intimidation réactive et peu sévère en nature et une intimidation planifiée et grave. Elle soulève également trois enjeux pour la force publique : son aspect symbolique, la transformation de son action et sa légitimité. En intégrant ces enjeux, une théorie de l’intimidation criminelle est proposée. En dernier lieu, des solutions préventives et répressives sont avancées pour lutter contre ce phénomène. / One of the most salient characteristics of police and correctional officers lies in their legitimate use of coercion to impose their authority. In theory, this public force must have precedence over any private force. In the study of violence, this feature makes their victimization particularly peculiar. Unlawful pressure and influence as well as intimidation tactics experienced by law enforcement officers have not been the focus of much attention. This thesis aims at bringing a better understanding of the intimidation dynamics, at identifying the major issues for the public force and at offering a more general theory of criminal intimidation. Public force being an inherently State function, we focussed first at the problem of intimidation in a global manner. By testing the theory of the action of security (Cusson, 2010), we observed that an intimidated and corrupted public force leads to a loss of legitimacy and efficiency of the judicial system in its fight against crime. We then adopted an interactionist approach to understand the everyday dynamics of intimidation. We asked ourselves what were the factors that officers considered severe and credible enough for them to consider an intimidation. By identifying the world of objects of police officers (Blumer, 1986), we observed that acts of intimidation that occurred outside the professional setting were considered more serious. Also, the fact that the intimidator belonged to a criminal organisation raised the gravity of the threat. Then, we looked into the social identities of correctional officers that experienced intimidation (Tedeschi et Felson, 1994). We discovered that minor but repeated acts of intimidation had a tendency to modify the professional practices of prison guards. An integrated analysis sheds light on two types of intimidation: on one side, a reactive and mild intimidation; on the other, a programmed and serious intimidation. This brings three issues for the public force: its symbolic aspects, a transformation of its action and its legitimacy. By integrating those issues, we have been able to offer a theory of the criminal intimidation. Lastly, preventive and repressive measures are discussed as a solution to criminal intimidation.

L’exposition à la violence dans le secteur de la santé affecte les employés et a également des implications sur la qualité des soins offerts. Les agressions en milieu de travail peuvent engendrer divers émotions ou comportements chez le personnel soignant, tels que la peur et l’évitement des patients (Gates, Gillespie, & Succop, 2011). La présente étude phénoménologique tente de comprendre et de décrire l’expérience des intervenants d’un hôpital psychiatrique lorsque ceux-ci ont été victimes d’un acte de violence grave de la part d’un patient, ainsi que les impacts engendrés sur les services offerts. L’approche phénoménologique permet de porter un nouveau regard sur cette problématique en plongeant dans l’univers de chaque intervenant, comprendre l’interprétation donnée à l’acte de violence vécu. L’emploi de cette approche donne accès à davantage de contenu et permet de préciser de quelle façon leur quotidien est altéré par ce phénomène. Trente entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées, soit deux auprès de chacun des 15 participants (11 femmes) provenant de divers domaines professionnels œuvrant dans un hôpital psychiatrique. Les analyses sont basées sur la technique « Empirical Phenomenological Psychological » de Karlsson (1993). Une attention particulière a été portée quant à la possibilité d’expériences différentes selon le sexe des intervenants. L’analyse a fait ressortir quatre thèmes principaux qui sont présents indépendamment du sexe des intervenants, soit: l’hypervigilance, le caring, la peur spécifique du patient agresseur, puis la peur généralisée à tous les patients. Un état d’hypervigilance est retrouvé chez tous les intervenants qui ont été victimes d’agression de la part d’un patient. Comparativement aux intervenants qui ont assisté à l’escalade d’agressivité d’un patient, ceux ayant été agressés par surprise rapportent des répercussions de cette vigilance qui s’étendent jusqu’à leur vie personnelle. Une approche caring est présente chez la majorité des participants. Ceci implique une bienveillance et une authenticité envers le patient soigné. Mettant le patient au cœur de son intervention, l’intervenant « soignant » développe un lien de confiance et agit comme un agent de changement. Un sentiment de peur est également exprimé chez les participants. Celui-ci est modulé par la présence ou l’absence de caring. Les intervenants démontrant du caring ont développé une peur spécifique à leur agresseur, tandis que ceux ne manifestant peu ou pas de caring ont développé une peur généralisée de la clientèle. Suite à un évènement de violence, les intervenants étant caring le demeurent, alors que ceux n’étant peu ou pas caring seraient plutôt portés à se désinvestir et à se désengager des relations avec les patients. Engendrées par la violence subie en milieu hospitalier psychiatrique, l’hypervigilance et la peur, qu’elle soit spécifique ou généralisée, ont toutes deux des impacts sur la qualité des soins offerts. Un intérêt considérable devrait être porté au caring, qui vient moduler cette peur et les effets qui en découlent. Des recherches pourraient porter un éclairage sur l’origine du caring – est-ce que le caring est appris ou découle-t-il d’une vocation? Finalement, ces études pourraient établir des manières de renforcer ou de développer le caring. / Exposure to violence in the mental health sector both affects employees and has implications for the quality of care provided. These acts of aggression can have important effects on workplace conduct, generating various emotions and behaviors in healthcare workers, such as fear and avoidance of patients (Gates et al., 2011). This phenomenological study aims to describe and understand the ways in which acts of aggression from a patient may affect the health of workers in a psychiatric institute, their relationships with the patients and the services offered. The phenomenological approach allows for a novel outlook on this problem by diving into the experiential world of each participant and encouraging reflections on his or her own understandings and interpretations of violence. In this way, we gain key insight into the specific ways in which workplace violence affects daily life. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the 15 participants (11 women and 4 men) from various professional fields within a psychiatric hospital, totalling 30 interviews. The analyses are based on Karlsson’s "Empirical Phenomenological Psychological" technique (1993). Our analysis reveals four main themes that are present regardless of the sex of participants: hypervigilance, caring, specific fear towards the aggressor and generalized fear of all patients. A state of hypervigilance is found among all participants who have been victims of assault by a patient. Yet, compared to participants who witnessed the escalation of a patient's aggression, those who were taken by surprise in the attack more often reported that this hypervigilance extends beyond the workplace and into their personal lives. An emphasis on caring is present among the majority of participants. This outlook implies kindness and authenticity in the treatment of patients. Putting patients at the heart of one's work, the healthcare worker develops a relationship of trust and acts as an agent of change. A feeling of fear is also expressed by participants and is modulated by the presence or absence of caring. Those approaching patients with a caring disposition developed a specific fear of their aggressor, while those showing little or no caring developed a generalized fear of all patients. Following a violent event, caring participants maintained this outlook, while those demonstrating little to no caring were more inclined to disinvest and disengage from all patients. Moreover, hypervigilance and fear (both specific and generalized) caused by experiences of violence impact the quality of care provided. Considerable interest should thus be paid to caring, which can modulate fear and its effects. Additional research could shed light on the origins of caring: Is it learnt or does it result from a vocation? Finally, studies of this kind could establish or strengthen ways of developing this outlook.

The twentieth century has witnessed remarkable economic and political changes, the impacts of which have been felt across the United States. U.S. economic restructuring has resulted in shifts in the composition of labor markets, as well as significant changes in the very nature of employment. How have these shifts affected urban crime? This research uses longitudinal, comparative and historical methods to examine the effects of economic restructuring and political shifts on rates of crime. I analyze economic, political, and crime data for four U.S. cities: Atlanta, Boston, Detroit and New Orleans. Although similar in terms of above average crime rates over most of the post-World War II era, these cities differ in terms of the political-economic changes each has experienced during this same time period. In terms of economic conditions, the most consistent finding across cities is that rates of crime tend to increase as manufacturing employment decreases. Increases in service employment do not appear to necessarily lead to increased crime. These findings hold controlling for changes in industrial wage structures. In terms of political conditions, those cities that emphasize criminal justice at the expense of social welfare tend to exhibit higher rates of crime than cities that do not. Inequality does not influence crime rates except in those cities and at those periods in time where inequality is particularly high. In sum this research suggests that political and economic conditions have influenced crime rates, in unanticipated ways, across the post-World War II urban landscape / acase@tulane.edu

Male victims of sexual and physical abuse can experience adjustment, mental health, and/or addiction problems, but they sometimes display abusive behaviors themselves. The impact of abuse on families, organizations, institutions, and society has warranted immediate attention and intervention (Cohen, Miller, & Rossman, 1994). Research has been limited in examining differences among sexual offenders with respect to those with and without abuse histories. The need to define various psychological sequlae of physical and sexual abuse is necessary as diagnostic and treatment problems prevail for sex offenders. In addition, clinicians have typically had a tendency to view sex offenders as a homogenous group. These theories need to be evaluated from a pluralistic view which asserts that social science can both explain human action and interpret its meaning (Reamer, 1993; Pieper, 1989) The purpose of this study is to examine differences in mental health functioning among (1) male sexual offenders and male victims of abuse, and (2) male sexual offenders who were themselves victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. Study participants where from an inpatient hospital setting which focused on the treatment of sexual offending behavior and victimization at a large private urban facility. Participants completed a battery of tests and interviews measuring childhood maltreatment and trauma-related symptomatology within the first forty-eight hours of admission to the facility. A research assistant conducted a standardized interview and collected self-report instruments within seven days of admission It is first hypothesized that male sex offenders who experienced sexual or physical abuse will report significantly more characteristics and experiences consistent with diagnoses of PTSD, dissociation, and borderline personality while endorsing more trauma belief schema and global psychopathology than male sex offenders who did not report physical or sexual abuse. Therefore, abuse will be the mediating variable. The second hypothesis states that male sex offenders, who experienced physical or sexual abuse, will report experiencing fewer characteristics consistent with the diagnosis of PTSD, dissociation, borderline personality while endorsing fewer trauma belief schema and global psychopathology than male victims of sexual or physical abuse with no history of offending behavior The findings provide important contextual information about the differences in mental health functioning between the groups and further understanding on the impact of abuse on psychological functioning. The abuse offered more discrimination when comparing sex offenders and the offending status discriminated less when victimization was experienced. This warrants attention as the need to identify and recognize victimization in offenders may assist in guiding effective interventions that ultimately reduce recidivism. These findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the complex phenomena surrounding physical and sexual abuse and those commit more sexual abuse on others / acase@tulane.edu

Recently, Finkelstein, Burke, and Raju (1995) performed a meta-analysis on the age discrimination in employment literature and found that the situational moderators of rater age, age salience, and job-relevant information each had some effect on differences in ratings of older and younger workers such that older workers tended to be rated less favorably on a number of work-related dimensions. However, the interacting effects of these variables on various work outcomes has not been addressed in the literature. Moreover, a conceptual framework specifying how these variables affect work-related outcomes has not been developed. The present study, based on refinements of the conceptual framework presented in Finkelstein et al., examined the effects of situational variables on ratings of interpersonal skills, economic benefit, and likelihood to interview a hypothetical applicant using experienced raters. In addition to hypotheses about the interacting effects of the variables examined in Finkelstein et al., it was hypothesized that age identity (i.e., a match between one's chronological age and cognitive age) would interact with age salience to produce a psychological state of in-group bias that would lead raters to favor workers from their age group. Support was found for a main effect of target age on economic benefit ratings; the older target was rated less economically beneficial than the younger target. In some instances (i.e., when age was highly salient; when raters psychologically identified with their age), older raters disfavored older workers in ratings of economic benefit. Older raters were more likely than younger raters to wish to interview an older target only when age was not highly salient and when they expressed a high level of value in their age group. Suggestions were made for the development of improved measures of economic benefit and age identity for further investigations of their role in a nomological network explaining age discrimination in employment. Further, suggestions for future research on age discrimination were put forth in the areas of downsizing, newcomer socialization, work teams, and the development of an investigation into the effects of a possible generation gap in the workplace / acase@tulane.edu

To evaluate the interrelationship of parenting stress, marital violence, and child behavior, a sample (84% African-American) of 27 battered women and 28 nonbattered women having children aged 4 through 12 years underwent extensive and structured interviewing. Results indicated that as parenting stress increased, perceived child behavior problems increased, regardless of the battered status of the women. Battered women, however, reported experiencing significantly more parenting stress and perceived their children as having significantly more internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than did nonbattered women. Battered women perceived their sons as showing slightly more overall behavior problems and internalizing problems than their daughters, whereas daughters showed more externalizing problems. Parenting stress relating to child temperament and nonphysical abuse of battered women were the two significant predictors of child behavior problems. To improve parenting effectiveness among battered women, one must consider the sources of stress, intensity of physical and nonphysical violence, and accumulation of stressors / acase@tulane.edu

A critical issue associated with assessing training needs concerns who within an organization is in a position to assess those needs most objectively. Of particular concern is the relative utility of assessments by job incumbents and their supervisors (McEnery & McEnery, 1987). A possible alternative to self- or supervisory assessment of training needs is an 'Us' assessment, an assessment by job incumbents of the training needs of their entire work group. A second primary purpose of this study was to test a proposed model of training needs assessment Subjects were 121 entry level police patrol officers and their supervising sergeants. Patrol officers completed self and Us assessment questionnaires designed to measure attitudes concerning job area difficulty, performance, cause of performance, effectiveness of training, supervisor/subordinate communication, and training needs for eight job areas. Sergeants completed a similar supervisory assessment questionnaire, and a second normative questionnaire rating difficulty, performance necessary at entry, importance, time spent, opportunity to observe, and degree to which job area performance distinguishes overall levels of job performance. Data relating to demographic variables, such as sex, race, and age of respondents was also collected Results indicated moderate agreement between self and 'Us' ratings, but very little agreement between supervisory ratings and the two other types. Self-ratings tended to be the most lenient, followed by Us ratings. Neither supervisor/subordinate communication, nor degree of supervisor opportunity to observe appeared to moderate interrater agreement to any significant degree. Less halo was found for Us ratings than for either supervisory or self-ratings. Although all three rater groups tended to attribute performance level to causes internal to job incumbents, Us ratings tended to be more external than either supervisory or self-ratings. Performance and difficulty to learn ratings were most predictive of need for training, but each of the five hypothesized predictors explained a significant portion of need for training variance in at least two of the eight job areas. Partial support was found for hypothesized moderating effects of perceptions of training efficacy and level of job performance necessary at job entry / acase@tulane.edu