Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar o processo de constituição política e territorial da ampla zona de fronteira norte e noroeste da América do Sul, entre 1750 e 1820, a partir de sucessivas reformas políticas, administrativas e fiscais demandadas pelo Império português, para dilatar os seus espaços de controle sobre os sertões do Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, depois Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro. O desenvolvimento dessas políticas imperiais, profundamente relacionadas à concorrência comercial e territorial entre os Impérios europeus no mundo Atlântico, produziu um quadro de tensão e disputa nos espaços de fronteira da região do rio Amazonas e seus principais tributários, nos quais os dirigentes do Império português procuravam manter a soberania monárquica e imperial, principalmente em relação aos domínios hispano-americanos. A proposta analítica deste trabalho também procura privilegiar as múltiplas relações sociais, rotas e circuitos transfronteiriços, que foram constituídas nos sertões do rio Amazonas, durante o processo de formação do referido espaço. / This study was aimed at analyzing the political and territorial constitution process the large northern border zone and northwestern South America, between 1750 and 1820, from successive political, administrative and fiscal reforms demanded by the Portuguese Empire, to expand their areas of control over the hinterlands of the State of the Grão-Pará and Maranhão, after State of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro. The development of these imperial policies, deeply related to commercial and territorial competition among European empires in the Atlantic world, it produced a voltage switchgear and dispute in the border areas of the Amazon region and its major tributaries, in which the leaders of the Portuguese Empire sought to maintain the monarchical and imperial sovereignty, especially in relation to the Spanish American domains. Analytical work in this proposal also seeks to prioritize the multiple social relations, cross-border routes and circuits, which were formed in the Amazon hinterlands during the said space forming process.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar o processo de constituição política e territorial da ampla zona de fronteira norte e noroeste da América do Sul, entre 1750 e 1820, a partir de sucessivas reformas políticas, administrativas e fiscais demandadas pelo Império português, para dilatar os seus espaços de controle sobre os sertões do Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, depois Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro. O desenvolvimento dessas políticas imperiais, profundamente relacionadas à concorrência comercial e territorial entre os Impérios europeus no mundo Atlântico, produziu um quadro de tensão e disputa nos espaços de fronteira da região do rio Amazonas e seus principais tributários, nos quais os dirigentes do Império português procuravam manter a soberania monárquica e imperial, principalmente em relação aos domínios hispano-americanos. A proposta analítica deste trabalho também procura privilegiar as múltiplas relações sociais, rotas e circuitos transfronteiriços, que foram constituídas nos sertões do rio Amazonas, durante o processo de formação do referido espaço. / This study was aimed at analyzing the political and territorial constitution process the large northern border zone and northwestern South America, between 1750 and 1820, from successive political, administrative and fiscal reforms demanded by the Portuguese Empire, to expand their areas of control over the hinterlands of the State of the Grão-Pará and Maranhão, after State of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro. The development of these imperial policies, deeply related to commercial and territorial competition among European empires in the Atlantic world, it produced a voltage switchgear and dispute in the border areas of the Amazon region and its major tributaries, in which the leaders of the Portuguese Empire sought to maintain the monarchical and imperial sovereignty, especially in relation to the Spanish American domains. Analytical work in this proposal also seeks to prioritize the multiple social relations, cross-border routes and circuits, which were formed in the Amazon hinterlands during the said space forming process.

Cette étude soulève de nombreuses questions sur les Palestiniens vivant au sein de la diaspora en se concentrant sur les Palestiniens Chrétiens. Elle traite de sujets majeurs concernant les migrations, la diaspora, l'identité et les réseaux ; quatre concepts interdépendants mais qui ne peuvent être analysés de façon isolée les uns des autres. La majorité des migrations palestiniennes ont commencé pa rdes migrations forcées pour des raisons politiques ou économiques avant de devenir des migrations transnationales.Bien que des politiques d'absorption des migrants par les pays de la diaspora aient été mises en place, ceux-ci ont conservé leur identité, grâce aux réseaux religieux, familiaux,nationaux et palestiniens. La création de clubs de villages et de villes, de clubs familiaux, d’églises arabes, entre autres,ont relié les migrants les uns aux autres et ont également mis en lien la diaspora et le pays d'origine.Comprenant des réseaux sociaux, économiques et charitables, les réseaux transnationaux ont affirmé les relations des migrants avec leur pays d'origine comme un élément principal. Toutefois, la proportion de migrants palestiniens pouvant franchir les frontières de leur pays d'origine reste faible. Ceci confirme le fait que les Palestiniens à l'étranger constituent une vraie diaspora. Les Palestiniens ont vécu différentes expériences de migration et de diaspora dans les pays arabes voisins et dans les pays éloignés étrangers (non-arabes). Le concept de diaspora a été redéfini à partir de notre terrain palestinien.L'étude présente différents modèles géographiques de familles palestiniennes dans la diaspora / This study raises many questions and issues on Palestinians living in the diaspora through focusing on the segment of Palestinian Christians. This study discusses major issues on the level of migrations, diaspora, identity and networks; four interrelated concepts that could not be examined or understood in isolation from each other. The majority of Palestinian migrations started as forced emigrations for political or economic reasons before becoming transnationa lmigrations. This shift was accompanied by another shift in the legal statuses of this transient segment of Palestinians who obtained new nationalities.As a result of the adoption of migrants' absorption policies by countries of diaspora, migrants have preserved their identities, which ranged from religious, to familial, to nationalist and to Palestinian. The establishment of village and city clubs, Arab churches and family divans (Diwans) among others have connected migrants to one another and also connected the diaspora to the homeland .Ranging from social, to economic, to charitable, transnational networks have affirmed emigrants' relations with their country of origin as a main element. However, the proportion of Palestinian emigrants could cross borders to their country of origin is small. This is confirm the fact that Palestinians abroad constitute a real diaspora .Palestinians have gone through different experiences of migration and diaspora in neighboring Arab countries and remote foreign (non-Arab) countries; the concept of Diaspora has been redefined in a manner that fits the Palestinian case. The study presents different geographic patterns of Palestinian families in the diaspora.