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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Estruturação genética e polimorfismos fixados no gene period entre populações naturais de Lutzomyia longipalpis no Brasil

COSTA JUNIOR, Cesar Raimundo Lima 11 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-21T12:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Cesar Costa Junior.pdf: 3090772 bytes, checksum: b18f3c21a3f1df343da0d3d471aba453 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE Cesar Costa Junior.pdf: 3090772 bytes, checksum: b18f3c21a3f1df343da0d3d471aba453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / FACEPE / O status taxonômico de espécie tem se mostrado essencial em relação a conservação de espécies como também para estudos eco-epidemiológicos. O status taxonômico em insetos vetores tem demonstrado que muitas espécies anteriormente ditas como únicas, compreendiam, na verdade, um complexo de espécies crípticas em que seus integrantes podem ter capacidades vetoriais diferenciadas, e.g. Anopheles gambie Lutzomyia longipalpis sl, inseto vetor da Leishmania infantum (agente etiológico da leishmaniose visceral americana), possui status taxonômico ainda controverso e diversos estudos têm sido realizados à fim de esclarecer o real status deste vetor. Apesar de diversas populações apresentarem características exclusivas (e.g. feromônios, sons copulatórios, padrões de manchas abdominais e estrutura genética), a quase duas décadas apenas uma espécie do complexo foi descrita, a L. pseudolongipalpis. Foi avaliado três localidades do nordeste do Brasil, das quais duas possuem como barreira geográfica a Chapada do Araripe. Foram utilizadas metodologias robustas como Análise de Máxima Verossimilhança, Teste de atribuição e AMOVA.Este estudo utilizou um fragmento do gene period, sendo que o Teste de Atribuição, Fst e a Máxima Verossimilhança separaram agruparam os dados genéticos com as diferenças fenotípicas e pela primeira vez o AMOVA demonstrou que a maior variação genética estava na relação entre o número de manchas abdominais e a estrutura genética das populações, sendo o primeiro trabalho a evidenciar a ancestralidade do fenótipo que apresentava uma mancha abdominal (1S) em relação ao fenótipo com duas manchas (2S). O Fst encontrado evidenciou, pela primeira vez, as relações filogeográficas separando moderadamente as populações isoladas pela a chapada do Araripe. / he taxonomic status of species is essential for conservation and has also been of great importance in eco-epidemiological studies. The definition of the taxonomic status for insect vectors has demonstrated that several previously identified species are in fact comprised of a complex of cryptic species with different vectorial capacity (e.g. Anopheles gambie). For the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis sl, principal vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of American visceral leishmaniasis, the taxonomic status remains controversial and several studies have been conducted to clarify the actual status of this vector. Although diverse populations present unique characteristics (e.g. pheromones, copulatory sounds, patterns of abdominal spots and genetic structure), for nearly two decades only one species of the complex was described, L. pseudolongipalpis. In this study, we evaluated three sites in Northeastern Brazil where two of them have as geographical barrier the plateau of Araripe. The study used robust methods such as Maximum Likelihood analysis, assigning test and AMOVA. The present study used a fragment of the period gene (525 base pairs), and has demonstrated for the first time a relationship between the number of abdominal spots and the genetic structure of the population, being first study to show the ancestry of the phenotype showed one abdominal spot (1S) compared to the phenotype with two spots (2S). As well as the Fst found separated populations isolated by the Araripe plateau.
32

Sistematic review of subfamily Phryninae (Arachnida: Amblypygi) / Revisão sistemática da subfamí­lia Phryninae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Daniel Andres Chirivi Joya 04 June 2018 (has links)
The subfamily Phryninae (Arachnida: Amblypygi) has not been recently revised, which causes many difficulties for species identification. Thus far, no phylogenetic hypothesis has been proposed for this subfamily. The nomenclature of diagnostic characters is not uniform, and most illustrations are poorly detailed. We reviewed the subfamily Phryninae, redescribed all known species, and described six new species. We proposed a unified nomenclature for teeth of chelicerae and pedipalpal spines. We performed a phylogenetic analysis using total evidence and direct optimization in the program POY. We built a morphological matrix of 92 terminals and 174 characters, and a molecular matrix with 1557 pb (markers COl, 12s and 16s). Both sets of information were analyzed separately to understand their influence over the total evidence analysis. The results of the three analyses were different: the morphological analysis did not recover the subfamily Phryninae as monophyletic, this analysis produced 90 equally parsimonious topologies, however, the strict concensus tree had good resolution. The molecular analysis did not recover the family Phrynidae as monophyletic, but Phryninae was recovered. Total evidence analysis allowed for obtain just one more parsimonious hypothesis which included all species of Phrynidae, and resolved the politomies obtained with the analysis using morphology only, in this hypothesis Phrynidae and its subfamilies are monophyletic. ln all results, the genera of Phryninae were polyphyletic. We selected the tree of total evidence analysis to build a new taxonomic proposal, we decided to keep Acanthophrynus, Phrynus, and Paraphrynus and to create five new genera: Caicedophrynus gen. nov., Cronopiophrynus gen. nov., Gabophrynus gen. nov., Gentiloprynus gen. nov., Girondophrynus gen. novo Accordingly, we proposed 44 nomenclatural changes. Our results showed that the diversity of this group could be greater, therefore, we highlight that populational and phylogeographic studies of Phryninae are important / A subfamília Phryninae (Arachnida: Amblypygi) não possui uma revisão recente. Isso traz muitas dificuldades na identificação das espécies. Nenhuma hipótese filogenética para a subfamília foi proposta. A nomenclatura dos caracteres diagnósticos não é uniforme e a maioria das ilustrações não é suficientemente detalhada. Aqui, nós revisamos a subfamília Phryninae, redescrevemos as espécies conhecidas e seis espécies novas, e propomos uma nomenclatura uniforme para os dentes das quelíceras e espinhos dos pedipalpos. Nós realizamos uma análise filogenética usando evidência total e otimização direta no programa POY. Construímos uma matriz morfológica de 92 terminais e 174 caracteres, e uma matriz molecular usando 1557 pb (marcadores COI, l2S e 16S). Os dois conjuntos de informação foram analisados separadamente para perceber a influência de cada um deles na análise de evidência total. Os resultados das três análises foram diferentes. A análise morfológica não recuperou a subfamília Phryninae como monofilética, resultando em 90 topologias igualmente parcimoniosas, Porém, a árvore de consenso estrito teve uma boa resolução. A análise molecular recuperou Phryninae como monofilética, embora não tenha recuperado a família Phrynidae. A análise de evidência total permitiu obter uma única hipótese mais parcimoniosa a qual inclui todas as espécies de Phrynidae, e permitiu resolver as politomias obtidas na análise morfológica. Nesta hipótese, tanto Phrynidae como suas subfamílias se mantiveram monofiléticas. Em todos os resultados, os gêneros de Phryninae são polifiléticos. A árvore da análise de evidência total foi selecionada para elaborar uma nova proposta taxonômica. Mantivemos os gêneros Acanthophrynus, Phrynus e Paraphrynus e criamos cinco gêneros novos: Caicedophrynus gen. nov., Cronopiophrynus gen. nov., Gabophrynus gen. nov., Gentilophrynus gen. nov., e Girondophrynus gen. novo Propusemos 44 mudanças nomenclaturais, Nossos resultados sugerem que a diversidade do grupo é maior do que a conhecida. Isso nos faz considerar importante análises populacionais e filogeográficas em Phryninae
33

Diverzita a taxonomie zástupců rodu Geastrum ve Střední Americe / Diversity and taxonomy of members of genus Geastrum in Central America

Zehnálek, Petr January 2017 (has links)
In temperate zone, especially Europe and North America, is the genus Geastrum very well inspected group of Gasteromycetes with long lasting and comprehensive history of research. Our knowledge of the diversity in other areas of distribution, especially in tropics, is more than limited. The aim of this diploma thesis is to contribute for cognition of diversity of this genus in Panama, Costa Rica and Colombia I have collected 86 samples belonging to genus Geastrum during three expeditions to Panama (Chiriqué province) in the years 2015, 2016, 2017. I have characterized those based on morphological and molecular data. I have also studied morphology of 40 borrowed herbarium specimens from Costa Rica, Colombia and Panama. I have successfully sequenced four locuses of DNA from my own samples (ITS, LSU, RPB1 and ATP6). This method had lover efficiency in herbarium specimens due to present contaminations, age of specimens or probably badly stored. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out by Bayesian method and its results have in agreement with morphologic traits shown many lineages new for Panama and moreover at least four new species completely new to science. Variability in species complexes (e.g. G. lageniforme, G. saccatum, G. velutinum) is presented in more detail with emphasis to lineages...
34

Análise de espécies crípticas do complexo Anastrepha fraterculus (Díptera: Tephritidae) no Brasil através de sequências do gene mitocondrial cytochrome oxidase I / Analyses of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Brazil based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences

Natália de Souza Araujo 07 August 2012 (has links)
A família Tephritidae congrega várias espécies de moscas-das-frutas que utilizam frutos como substrato alimentar no estágio larval, adquirindo o status de inseto-praga quando esses frutos são de valor comercial. O gênero Anastrepha é endêmico do Continente Americano e compreende cerca de 212 espécies descritas, das quais 109 ocorrem no Brasil. A espécie nominal Anastrepha fraterculus representa um complexo de espécies crípticas e se encontra distribuída pela Região Neotropical e sul dos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, através do estudo de diversas características biológicas e do marcador molecular ITS-1 (espaçador ribossômico nuclear), identificou-se a existência de três espécies crípticas no complexo fraterculus, a Anastrepha sp.1 affinis fraterculus, A. sp.2 aff. fraterculus e A. sp.3 aff. fraterculus. Marcadores gênicos presentes no DNA mitocondrial, como o gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), são ferramentas amplamente utilizadas em análises filogenéticas, pois esta molécula apresenta características distintas do DNA nuclear, como o fato de possuir herança predominantemente materna, apresentar ausência ou baixíssima taxa de recombinação na maioria dos táxons, além de altas taxas mutacionais. Estas características possibilitam a obtenção de dados importantes na interpretação das relações entre as espécies. Amostras do complexo fraterculus (A. sp.1, A. sp.2, A. sp.3) de 14 localidades (média de 5 indivíduos / localidade) no sudeste do Brasil, uma amostra de A sp.4 do Equador e dois grupos externos (A. grandis e A. striata) foram utilizados. Fragmentos de 1139bp do gene COI foram amplificados e sequenciados, 45 haplótipos foram identificados: 30 em A. sp.1, 5 em A. sp.2 e 17 em A. sp.3. A distância média entre as espécies foi de 0,021 e o Fst médio foi 0,347 indicando estruturação populacional muito alta e pequena distância entre os haplótipos, que não apresentaram diferenças fixadas entre as espécies. Os testes de desvio de neutralidade apresentaram valores significativamente negativos. Os testes de seleção evidenciaram a atuação de seleção purificadora com baixos valores de Ka/Ks e significância no Z-teste de seleção. A análise filogenética mostrou fortes evidências de introgressão e não separou as diferentes entidades em clados distintos. Houve a formação de dois ramos principais, um constituído quase que exclusivamente por amostras de A. sp.1, e apenas duas amostras de A. sp.3, e outro que reuniu todas as espécies do complexo. Os dois principais grupos de haplótipos também foram visualizados na rede de haplótipos que mostrou indícios de expansão populacional. Quando somado ao estudo sequências depositadas em bancos de dados por outros autores, a espécie nominal A. fraterculus apresentou em sua distribuição 5 grupos de haplótipos mitocondriais. Dois deles ocorrem no Brasil, um com amostras do México e Costa Rica, um na Guatemala e Venezuela (baixa latitude) e um com indivíduos da Colômbia e Venezuela (alta latitude), sendo que os grupos Brasileiros também reuniram amostras da Argentina e do Equador. Assim, as sequências de COI não permitem a caracterização das entidades do complexo fraterculus apesar de indicar a estruturação populacional e a hipótese mais provável é a de que tenha havido introgressão da molécula mitocondrial entre as espécies do complexo com posterior expansão / The Tephritidae family comprises fruit flies species whose larvae feed and develop in fruits, many of which are commercial varieties and thus the species assume economic significance. Anastrepha genus is distributed throughout the Neotropical region and Southern United States. Analyses of biological characteristics and of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA allowed the characterization of three cryptic species of the fraterculus complex in Brazil: Anastrepha sp.1 affinis fraterculus, Anastrepha sp.2 aff. fraterculus and Anastrepha sp.3 aff. fraterculus. Mitochondrial markers as gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) are largely used in phylogenetic analyses because they have maternal inheritance, none or low recombination and high mutation rates compared to the nuclear DNA. Hence, analyses of the complex based in this marker will offer a divergent perspective from nuclear DNA for inferences on the evolutive relationships between different species. Samples from the fraterculus complex (A. sp.1, A. sp.2, A. sp.3) from 15 localities (average of 5 individuals/ locality) in southeastern Brazil, one sample of A. sp.4 from Ecuador and two outgroups (A. grandis and A. striata) were employed and COI sequences of 1139bp were amplified and analyzed. We identified 45 haplotypes: 30 in A. sp.1, 5 in A.sp.2 and 17 in A. sp.3. The mean distance between the haplotypes was 0.021 and mean Fst 0.347, indicating high population structure and low mitochondrial distance. The neutrality tests had significantly neutral values. The selection tests revealed the action of purifying selection with low values of Ka/Ks and significance in the Z-test selection. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong evidences of introgression and did not separate the various entities in distinct clades grouping the three species in a single branch; there was also the formation of another main branch formed almost exclusively by strains of A. sp.1 and only two samples of A. sp.3. The two main groups of haplotypes were also seen in the haplotype network that showed evidence of population expansion. The analysis of the philogenetic tree based on mitochondrial COI showed strong evidence for introgression. No fixed differences between species were found though mtDNA marker shows a lot of polymorphism. When added sequences deposited in databases by other authors the nominal species A. fraterculus presented in its distribution five groups of mitochondrial haplotypes, two of them in Brazil, one with samples from Mexico and Costa Rica, one in Guatemala and Venezuela and one with individuals from Colombia. The Brazilian groups also collected samples from Argentina and Ecuador. Therefore, the COI sequences do not allow the characterization of the entities of the fraterculus complex, although structure among the species is shown. The most likely hypothesis is that introgression has happened in the mitochondrial molecule among the species with further expansion
35

Systematics and phylogeography of the genus Tigriopus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Harpacticidae) in the basin of the Mediterranean Sea

Vecchioni, Luca 23 March 2021 (has links)
[ES] El género de copépodos Tigriopus Norman, 1869 se distribuye en todo el mundo en piscinas costeras de rocas y actualmente se considera que incluye 15 especies válidas. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860), con su subespecie Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe 1913 y Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard 1935, actualmente se informa que ocurren en el área mediterránea, pero actualmente se desconoce la diversidad real del género. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la identidad real de las poblaciones mediterráneas de Tigriopus y dilucidar su taxonomía y patrón de diversidad genética. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, utilizamos dos enfoques diferentes. El primero, basado en la morfología, donde las posibles diferencias morfológicas entre muestras topotípicas de Tigriopus fulvus s.s. y muestras topotípicas de las dos subespecies fueron investigadas. Un segundo, sobre una base molecular, donde se secuenciaron fragmentos de dos genes de ADN mitocondrial (subunidad I de citocromo c oxidasa, COI y subunidad de ARN ribosómico pequeño, 12S) y un gen de ADN nuclear (28S) para ser usados como marcador de referencia. En este marco, se utilizaron enfoques taxonómicos moleculares, como el descubrimiento automático de brechas de código de barras (ABGD), bPTP (procesos de árbol de Poisson bayesianos) y la relación K / ¿, para investigar la existencia de las supuestas subespecies de Tigriopus a través de la identificación de Operacional Unidades Taxonómicas (OTU). Nuestros datos sugieren la presencia de una sola especie caracterizada por una notable estructura genética basada en la geografía en toda el área de estudio. El patrón de diversidad observado se atribuye tentativamente aquí a una fuerte monopolización de los estanques de rocas por parte de los primeros inmigrantes que los alcanzan. Sin embargo, tal monopolización se ve interrumpida periódicamente por los eventos de extinción locales, que son frecuentes en los hábitats intrínsecamente inestables de las piscinas de rocas Aquí proponemos para este patrón el nombre de "monopolización periódica" ("Clockwork monopolization"). / [CA] El género de copépodos Tigriopus Norman, 1869 se distribuix en tot el mon en piscines costeres de roques i actualment se considera que inclou 15 especies valides. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860), en la seua subespecie Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe 1913 i Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard 1935, actualment s'informa que ocorren en l'area mediterranea, pero actualment se desconeix la diversitat real del género. Nostre objectiu fon evaluar l'identitat real de les poblacions mediterranees de Tigriopus i dilucidar la seua taxonomia i patrón de diversitat genetica. Per a alcançar estos objectius, utilisem dos enfocaments diferents. El primer, basat en la morfologia, a on les possibles diferencies morfologiques entre mostres topotípicas de Tigriopus fulvus s.s. i mostres topotípicas dels dos subespecies foren investigades. Un segon, sobre una base molecular, a on se secuenciaron fragments de dos gens d'adn mitocondrial (subunidad i de citocromo c oxidasa, coi i subunidad d'arn ribosómico menut, 12s) i un gen d'adn nuclear (28s) per a ser amprats com marcador de referencia. En este marc, s'utilisaren enfocaments taxonomics moleculars, com el descobriment automatic de breches de codic de barres (ABGD), bPTP (processos d'arbre de poisson bayesianos) i la relacio K/¿, per a investigar l'existencia de les supostes subespecies de Tigriopus a través de l'identificacio d'operacional unitats taxonomiques (OTU). Nostres senyes sugerixen la presencia d'una sola especie caracterisada per una notable estructura genetica basada en la geografia en tota l'area d'estudi. El patrón de diversitat observat s'atribuix tentativament aci a una forta monopolisacio dels safarejos de roques per part dels primers immigrants que els alcancen. No obstant, tal monopolisacio se veu interrompuda periodicament pels events d'extincio locals, que son freqüents en els hábitats intrinsecament inestables de les piscines de roques aci proponem per a este patrón el nom de "Monopolisacio Periodica" ("Clockwork Monopolization"). / [EN] The copepod genus Tigriopus Norman, 1869 is distributed worldwide in coastal rock-pools and it is currently considered to include 15 valid species. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860), with its subspecies Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe, 1913 and Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard, 1935, are currently reported to occur in the Mediterranean area, but the actual diversity of the genus is currently unknown. We aimed to assess the actual identity of Mediterranean Tigriopus populations and to elucidate their taxonomy and pattern of genetic diversity. In order to reach these goals, we use two different approaches. The first, based on morphology, where the possible morphological differences among topotypical samples of Tigriopus fulvus s.s. and topotypical samples of the two subspecies were investigated. A second, on a molecular basis, where fragments of two mitochondrial DNA genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI and small ribosomal RNA subunit, 12S) and a nuclear DNA gene (28S) were sequenced to be used as a reference marker. In this frame, molecular taxonomical approaches, such as Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), bPTP (bayesian Poisson Tree Processes) and K/¿ ratio, were used in order to investigate the existences of the alleged subspecies of Tigriopus through the identification of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Our data suggest the presence of a single species characterized by a noteworthy geographically-based genetic structure in the whole study area. The observed diversity pattern is tentatively ascribed here to a strong monopolization of the rock pools by the first immigrants that reach them. However, such a monopolization is periodically disrupted by local extinction events, which are frequent in the intrinsically unstable rock pool habitats. We propose the name "clockwork monopolization" for this pattern. / Vecchioni, L. (2020). Systematics and phylogeography of the genus Tigriopus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Harpacticidae) in the basin of the Mediterranean Sea [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/144122 / TESIS
36

Species Delimitation Predictions Using Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences from the Heteromys pictus-spectabilis Species Complex

Bateman, Joanna Rosa 01 August 2018 (has links)
Heteromys pictus-spectabilis is a species complex within the subfamily Heteromyinae (Family: Heteromyidae) that is distributed along the western and southern Mexican coast and surrounding environments. Currently, the species complex is accepted as being 2 separate species (H. pictus and H. spectabilis), but this also renders H. pictus paraphyletic. Therefore, the species complex requires re-evaluation in order to resolve the paraphyly. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from a previously existing ~720 specimen database compiled by Victoria Vance were used in conjunction with new nuclear DNA sequences sequenced for the purpose of this study to generate multiple phylogenetic trees via the software programs RAxML, BEAST, and MrBayes to evaluate how different haplotype networks were related to each other. Using these molecular datasets in consideration with Kimura two-parameter values, time calibrations via BEAST, and the relative geographic locations of the haplotype networks, the results strongly indicate this species complex is composed of multiple cryptic species and potentially multiple genera. This was a preliminary exploration into this species complex however, and future research will be required to verify these findings.
37

Nematocysts of the Invasive Species <i>Cordylophora caspia</i>

Wollschlager, Jennifer M. 21 March 2011 (has links)
No description available.
38

Implications of copper and nickel exposure to different members of the Hyalella azteca species complex

Leung, Jessica January 2014 (has links)
Hyalella azteca, an amphipod crustacean, is frequently used in freshwater toxicity tests. Since the mid-1980s, numerous organizations have collected and established cultures of H. azteca originating from localities across North America. However, H. azteca is actually a large cryptic species complex whose members satisfy both the biological and the phylogenetic species concepts. Recently, two publications reported that members of the H. azteca cryptic species complex have different toxicity responses to anions and an insecticide. In this study, four members of the H. azteca species complex were identified with DNA barcoding. The genetic variation among the four clades was consistent with interspecific distances between species. These lineages (clades 1, 3, 6, and 8) were cultured in identical conditions and monitored on a weekly basis to determine two life history traits: adult mortality and juvenile production. The large-bodied clades had significantly better survival and juvenile production compared to the small-bodied clade 3. Clade 6 had very low juvenile production and high mortality; therefore, was not included in this study. Unique culture protocols may be required for each clade to optimize growth, survival, and juvenile production in laboratory conditions. Genetic barcoding has identified only two clades in a survey of 17 laboratories. Therefore these two clades (1 and 8) were compared after exposure to copper and nickel 14-day toxicity tests. Clade 8 was 2.3-2.6 times more tolerant to copper exposure than clade 1 based on their LC50 and LC25. Similarly, clade 8 was more tolerant to nickel exposure than clade 1: LC50 was 1.8 times higher for the former. Nickel LBC50 and LBC25 were significantly different between clades by a factor of 2.1-2-8. Mortality (relative to copper concentrations in tissue), growth, and bioaccumulation responses were not significantly different based on overlapping confidence intervals. Although clades 1 and 8 are both large-bodied ecomorphs, these lineages had significantly different body mass (i.e., dry weight) after 14 days. The results of this study indicate that genetically characterized cultures of H. azteca should be used in toxicity tests.
39

Genetic differentiation of the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say), based on host-plant complex

Karns, Georgia 29 July 2009 (has links)
Endoparasitoids of herbivorous lepidopterans have intimate relationships with their host species as well as the plant on which their host develops. Characteristics of both hosts and plants can affect parasitoid success in tri-trophic systems and thus, drive diversification. Genetic differentiation was estimated for Cotesia congregata (Say) collected from two distinct host-plant complexes, Manduca sexta L. on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Ceratomia catalpae, (Haworth) on catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides Walker), in the mid-Atlantic region of North America using seven microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial COI locus. Microsatellite allele frequencies were differentiated based on host-plant complex, and COI haplotypes from individuals on the same host-plant were identical despite geographic distances between catalpa sites of up to 830 km and distances between tobacco sites of up to 294 km. Results indicate genetic differentiation of subpopulations of C. congregata based on host-plant complex and not geographic distance, and were designated as host races. Cotesia congregata is a gregarious parasitoid, meaning that many individuals develop in a single host larva. Superparasitism, or repeated egg-laying events in the same host larva, is likely to occur in gregarious species. Brood size was not a good predictor of superparasitism in C. congregata, but within-brood male allele diversity indicates either superparasitism or multiple mating by female wasps.
40

Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia / Study of the termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) from the upper Madeira River region, Rondônia, Brazil

Carrijo, Tiago Fernandes 21 June 2013 (has links)
Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia. Na região conhecida como alto Rio Madeira, no município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, estão sendo criadas as Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) de Santo Antônio e Jirau. As construções das represas das UHEs estão inundando grandes porções de floresta ao longo das duas margens do rio Madeira. Desta forma o conhecimento da biota local, especialmente de sua distribuição no espaço, é extremamente importante, ainda mais porque o alinhamento dos rios Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré separa a região Neotropical em duas áreas de endemismo para diversos grupos de animais. Essa tese tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados gerais obtidos ao longo de três anos de monitoramento de cupins nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau e dois anos nas áreas de influência da UHE de Santo Antônio, assim como desenvolver um estudo de comunidades e análise da distribuição espacial dos cupins presentes nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau (Capítulo 1). Outro objetivo é o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae) ao longo das áreas de influência das duas UHEs, visando investigar a existência de fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem do Rio Madeira (Capítulo 2). Foram amostrados doze módulos, sete na margem esquerda do rio e cinco na margem direita. Cada um era compostos por transectos de 3 ou 4 km e parcelas perpendiculares a cada 1km, e as amostragens foram realizadas em subparcelas de 5x2m dentro das parcelas. Durante um total de 20 campanhas foram investigadas 1121 subparcelas, totalizando 7875 amostras de cupins e pelo menos 169 espécies. Esse é provavelmente o trabalho com maior esforço amostral já empregado e também o que registrou o maior número de espécies de cupins até hoje. Para o estudo de comunidades, foram aleatorizadas 20 subparcelas nos seis módulos da UHE de Jirau, sendo cinco subparcelas dentro das parcelas marcadas nas seguintes distâncias em relação à margem do rio: P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km e P4 - 3 km. A composição de cupins não está relacionada com o lado do rio. O estimador que mais se aproximou do provável número real de espécies foi o Jackknife 2. Como resultado das análises de diversidade beta utilizando a composição de espécies de cupins houve um agrupamento dos módulos com o mesmo tipo de solo, sugerindo que algumas espécies de cupins estejam distribuídas de acordo com esta variável. Em relação à distância para o rio, a parcela mais próxima do rio foi a mais singular, tanto em relação à composição de espécies quanto à riqueza e abundância, sendo que existem espécies restritas à P1 e outras praticamente ausentes nessas parcelas. Das dez variáveis ambientais analisadas, a riqueza de cupins se mostrou correlacionada com a altitude, concentração de argila e silte no solo e estratificação vegetal entre 1 e 5 m. Para o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de H. tenuis foram utilizadas 84 sequências dessa espécie dos 12 módulos de monitoramento, seis de colônias do Cerrado e três do GenBank (de Manaus, Guiana Francesa, e Equador), além de uma de H. longiceps como grupo externo. Nas análises iniciais, foi encontrada uma forte estruturação genética entre as sequências: todas as análises filogenéticas (máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana), assim como a rede de haplótipos, formaram dois grupos consistentes, mas sem qualquer relação espacial. A partir disso, passou-se a trabalhar com a hipótese de que há duas espécies crípticas (chamadas Ht. A e Ht. B). Desta forma, todas as análises para testar se o Rio Madeira funcionava como barreira biogeográfica foram testadas separadamente para cada uma das supostas duas espécies crípticas, entretanto, não foi constatada qualquer influência do rio como barreira ao fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem. / The Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectrics plants (HP) are being built in the Madeira River region, in Porto Velho, RO, Brazil. The HPs will flood large portions of native forest, and thus knowledge of the local biota and its distribution in space is extremely important for the formulation of management plans for creation of protected areas. This region in particular is unique, since the alignment of Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré Rivers divides the Neotropical region into two areas of endemism for a diversity of taxa. The main objective of this thesis was to monitor termites for three years in areas near the Jirau HP and two years in areas near the Santo Antônio HP. As well as conduct a community level study and analyze the spatial distributions of termites from the areas influenced by Jirau HP (Chapter 1); and investigate the population genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae), for the two areas influenced by the HPs, to test whether there is genetic flow between the populations on either bank of the Madeira River (Chapter 2). Twelve modules were marked, seven on the left bank of the river and five on the right bank. Each module was composed of 3 or 4 km transects and perpendicular parcels every 1 km. The sampling was conducted in sub parcels of 5 x 2 m inside each main parcels. During 20 expeditions, 1121 subparcels were investigated and a total of 7875 samples were collected and identified to 169 species. This study incorporates greater sampling effort than already employed by other published studies to date and also registered the highest number of termites species of any similar study. For the community study, 20 subparcels were randomized in the six modules of the Jirau HP, with five subparcels marked in relation to distance from the river margin (P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km, and P4 - 3 km). The termite species composition was not related to side of the river bank. The richness estimator Jackknife 2 was the best estimator of the real number of species diversity. The beta diversity analysis with termite species composition clustered for modules with the same soil type, suggesting that some termite species may be distributed according to the soil type. Parcels closest to the river were the most unique, both in terms of termite species composition and abundance patterns, with some species restricted to the P1 and others absent. Of the ten environmental variables measured, termite species richness was correlated with altitude, clay and silt concentration in the soil, and vegetation stratification between 1 and 5 m, among. For the study of the genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis, 84 sequences of this species were used from the 12 monitoring modules, six from colonies from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna), three from GeneBank (from Manaus, French Guiana and Ecuador), and one of H. longiceps as outgroup. In the initial analysis, relatively strong genetic structure within the samples was found: all phylogenetic analysis (maximum parsimony and likelihood, and Bayesian inference), and haplotype networks, consistently clustered two groups of haplotypes, but without any spatial relationships. Thus was assumed that there were two cryptic species (here called Ht. A and Ht. B), and all the analysis to test whether the Madeira River was a biogeographic barrier were conducted separately for each putative species. However, it was not possible to detect any influence of the river to genetic flow between the populations from either side of the river.

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