No description available.

Present day advanced technologies heavily rely on one particular class of matter, i.e. the crystals. It is the periodic nature of the atoms and the properties arising due to the periodicity in crystals that is exploited to meet various technological feats. The technological revolutions in the semiconductor, optics and communication industries are the examples. The anisotropy in the crystals gives them enhanced properties as required in the field of non-linear optics. The field of non-linear optics became practically a reality after the invention of lasers. The coherent and monochromatic optical beams in the visible and ultraviolet ranges are in high demand due to their application in the fields like material processing, semiconductor lithography, laser micromachining, laser spectroscopy, photochemical synthesis, inertial confinement fusion and other basic scientific studies. In this thesis, work on the growth and characterization of two technologically important non-linear optical crystals has been carried out after developing the necessary instrumentation and some novel techniques for synthesis and growth. Also, studies on the glassy nature of one of the crystals have been carried out. This thesis consists of seven chapters. The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the nonlinear optical phenomenon, crystal growth and glassy state. Instrumentation is the backbone of crystal research technology. Without precision growth equipments large size crystals cannot be grown and without precision characterization instrumentation no conclusion regarding the quality and usefulness of the grown material can be drawn. The work reported in Chapter 2 describes the instrumentation developed for the growth, processing and characterization of crystals grown by solution and melt growth techniques. In low temperature solution growth, crystal growth workstations have been developed using tanks (made of acrylic), heating elements, and stirring propellers. Cooling coils have been inserted into the designed water bath to grow crystals below ambient also. This bath has an advantage to work over a wide range of temperatures, so that maximum retrieval of the material is possible. The growth of large crystals is usually hindered due to spurious nucleation precipitating during the growth process. A novel nucleation-trap crystallizer has been designed and developed that facilitates the continuation of the growth run in spite of extra nucleation precipitating after seeding. In this crystallizer, the spurious nuclei and any other particles generated after the filtration are forced into a well, and the growth of spurious nuclei is arrested by manipulating the temperature of this trap. Achieving adequate heat flow and mass flow profiles is of vital importance for growing good quality crystals. An optimized stirring procedure for the solution or melt is needed for ensuring the desired supply of growth units to the crystal-nutrient interface, and for transporting away any debris of the crystal-growth process. An ACRT set up has been designed and developed. For the growth of crystals by the flux technique and from direct melt, a crystal puller has been designed and developed. The crystal puller consists of a crystal rotation unit, slow and fast pulling mechanisms and a control unit. The pulling assembly is protected from damage caused by possible human errors through interlock mechanisms. The vibration at the shaft of the seed rotation assembly has been minimized by using a dc motor for rotation. A versatile triangular / square wave oscillator has been designed for developing a dc motor control. By implementing this control, the speed of the motor does not vary with supply-voltage variations. A quarter-step switching logic sequence is introduced for stepper motors, which is used for the slow UP/DOWN movement of the puller. This puller can be controlled locally by a control panel provided with the puller, or through a PC remotely by bypassing the local control. Additionally, for the processing and characterization of the grown DKDP crystals, a closed-loop thread-cutter, a ferroelectric loop tracer, and a computer-controlled system for measuring the half-wave voltage have been developed. A novel mercury encapsulant seeding technique that facilitates the processing of solution with immersed seed is invented and has been described in Chapter 3. This technique allows processing of solution with the seed inside the growth chamber, and still avoids contamination of the solution and formation of crystal clusters that are normally generated when seed is inserted after processing of the solution. DKDP and KAP crystal seeds have been used to check the dissolution of seeds, if any, when immersed in pure water for several hours and at high temperatures after introducing the seal. It has been observed that the mercury seal does not allow creeping of water into the seed holder, and there is no dissolution of the seed. This technique has been practically implemented for the growth of crystals from aqueous solution and its usefulness has been demonstrated by growing ammonium acid phthalate, potassium acid phthalate and potassium di-deuterium phosphate crystals. Nonlinear-optical crystals find major use in inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. For such applications, nonlinear crystals with very large damage-resistance are needed. Alternatively, crystals with moderate damage resistance but large size can be used for frequency-conversion for efficient plasma experiments. Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 (KDP) and its deuterated analog, K(DxH1-x)2PO4 (DKDP) are at present the only nonlinear optical crystals which can be grown to large sizes and are suitable for ICF studies. Also, solid-state light valves, light deflectors, and laser communication devices require large and perfect tetragonal DKDP crystals, with high deuterium concentration for easier operation. Chapter 4 describes the growth and characterization of DKDP crystals. DKDP crystals have been grown by all the three techniques i.e. conventional, platform and novel mercury encapsulant seeding techniques. Details about a new approach for the synthesis of DKDP solution have been given. A comparative study of the grown crystals by mercury-encapsulant technique and other techniques is described. Habit modification was observed due to the placement of seed crystals at an off-centre position and orientation in mercury encapsulant seeding technique and has been discussed. The grown crystals have been characterized for homogeneity, dislocations, transmission, DSC, rockng curve, etc. Due to the higher photon energies and the ability to be more tightly focused, coherent radiations of shorter wavelength (deep-UV) are in demand. The photon energies in this region are sufficient for bond-breaking processes in many materials, and find applications in fields like material processing, semiconductor lithography, laser micromachining, laser spectroscopy, photochemical synthesis, etc. Although excimer lasers (XeCl, KrF, ArF etc.) produce significant power in the deep-UV region, these laser systems involve corrosive gases, and are bulky, apart from requiring regular maintenance. A maintenance-free, compact, solid-state laser is preferable. But this, in turn, requires an efficient NLO crystal in that region. CLBO is one such crystal. Growth of CLBO crystals has been carried out by the flux-growth technique using B2O3-deficient flux, as well as from stoichiometric melt and has been discussed in Chapter 5. It was observed that the nucleation of material on platinum wire or spontaneous nucleation was difficult to achieve in spite of high supercooling. After forcing cracks into the mass deposited on platinum wire nucleation could be achieved. The growth of crystals was carried out on seeds with different orientations. Transmission studies, etch-pit studies and harmonic-generation experiments were performed on the grown crystals. The glass-forming tendency of CLBO has been studied and reported in Chapter 6. DTA experiments show that CLBO melt generally transforms to glass on cooling. Even at a cooling rate as low as 1°C/min, the material does not crystallize but transforms into glass. Ergodicity making and glass transition temperatures were determined for glassy CLBO. Since neither the crystallization peak nor the melting peak was observed in DTA experiments during the heating part of thermal cycle for glassy CLBO, a new approach of seeded crystallization was adopted in the calorimetric experiments to achieve crystallization. Since the size of added nuclei is already above the critical radius, the onset of crystallization peaks is independent of the critical-radius energy barrier. Kissenger method was applied to determine the activation energy of seeded- crystallization process. The transformation of glass CLBO to the crystalline phase is mediated by dendrites. Possibility of bulk crystal growth from the glassy state has been discussed, and a novel idea of surface crystallization is proposed. Chapter 7 summarizes the work carried out and projects the scope for future work.

No description available.

Long-term storage of tissue by cryopreservation is necessary for the efficient mass production of tissue engineered products, and for reducing the urgency and cost of organ transplantation procedures. The goal of this work was to investigate the physical processes thought result in damage during tissue cryopreservation towards development of tissue cryopreservation strategies. Although mathematical models of cell dehydration and intracellular ice formation (IIF) have been successfully used to optimize cryopreservation procedures for cell suspensions, it is not currently possible to use this approach with tissue because of the lack of tissue-specific permeability parameters for predicting cell dehydration during tissue freezing, and because of the increased complexity of the IIF process in tissue. We have measured the membrane permeability properties of tissue comprising a cell monolayer using a fluorescence quenching technique, and compared the results to the corresponding cell suspensions, revealing significant differences in the membrane transport kinetics between monolayers and suspensions. These data enabled the prediction cell dehydration during freezing of cell monolayers. Whereas the mechanisms of IIF are relatively well understood in cell suspensions, tissue is susceptible to new IIF mechanisms. In particular, cell-cell interactions have been shown to increase the IIF probability by enabling the propagation of ice between neighboring cells. We investigated the effect of cell-cell interactions on IIF using genetically modified cells expressing different levels of intercellular junction proteins. A new IIF mechanism was observed in these cells associated with penetration of extracellular ice into the cell-cell interface, and the incidence of this IIF mechanism was reduced in cells expressing the tight junction protein occludin. In addition, we investigated the effect of the cytoplasm supercooling and viscosity on the kinetics of IIF in tissue. We found that increasing the viscosity or decreasing the supercooling significantly decreased the kinetics of IIF, suggesting that IIF protocols for tissue can be optimized by modulating the cytoplasm supercooling and viscosity. Together, these data represent an important step towards developing cryopreservation strategies for tissue.

Orientador: Rubens Caram Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T07:16:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milenkovic_Srdjan_M.pdf: 7759506 bytes, checksum: e1492d0856f1de4a630a9c9f4d06a4dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: A busca por materiais estruturais para aplicações em temperaturas elevadas tem estimulado o interesse por ligas eutéticas. Em diversos sistemas, a estrutura eutética exibe estabilidade térmica inerente e pennite obter um material compósito, com microestrutura alinhada e finamente dispersa, diretamente do fundido através da solidificação direcional. Portanto, a solidificação direcional de ligas eutéticas constitui-se em uma ferramenta atraente para produzir uma gama de materiais compósitos, evitando as operações complexas associadas às altas temperaturas envolvidas. O presente trabalho abrangeu a investigação de liga eutética Ni-Si localizada na parcela rica em Ni do diagrama de fase Ni-Si. A elaboração do presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a investigação da microestrutura de solidificação e as características de morfologia no tocante às condições de solidificação. A caracterização das amostras, além da microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, incluiu o emprego das técnicas de análise ténnica, de difração de raios-X, de espectroscopia por dispersão de energia, bem como ensaios mecânicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a solidificação direcional do eutético Ni-Nh Si resulta em uma microestrutura lamelar bem alinhada, sem presença de dendritas ou colônias eutéticas. Além disso, a relação quantitativa entre o espaçamento lamelar e taxa de solidificação foi estabelecida. Os ensaios mecânicos mostraram que um material compósito de alta resistência mecânica e ductilidade razoável foi obtido. Finalmente, constatou-se que apesar da presença de uma fase intermetálica, uma estrutura com alta regularidade foi obtida / Abstract: The search for new high-temperature structural materiaIs has stimulated much interest in eutectic alloys. The eutectic microstructure of many systems posses inherent termal stability and it may result in a composite material, with an aligned, finely dispersed microstructure directly from the melt by directional solidification. Thus, the directional solidification of the eutectic alloys constitutes an attractive mean of producing a variety of composite materials avoiding many of the complex processing operations. The present work is concemed with investigation of the Ni-Si eutectic alloys from the Ni-rich part of the Ni-Si phase diagram. The basic aim was to study the solidification microstructure and morphology characteristics regarding the solidification conditions. The characterization included optical and scanning electron microscopy, thermal analasys, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectometry and mechanical testing. The results obtained indicate that the Ni-NhSi eutectic is characterised by cell and dendrite-free and well-aligned lamellar structure on a micron scale. In addition, the scaling laws of the variation in lamellar spacing with growth rate are quantitatively developed. Mechanical testing showed that the high-strength composite material with a moderate ductility was developed. Finally, despite the presence of an intermetallic phase, highly regular structure was obtained. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Zanine Vargas Fabris.pdf: 925190 bytes, checksum: ae29d90dbb80066939ad2bdf09d18bc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / Bi2TeO5 (bismuth tellurite) crystals are photorefractive materials appropriate for permanent holographic recording. They are capable to retain a hologram for a long time, several years in the dark, without further fix processes. Just some groups around the world have grown bismuth tellurite single crystals even with their interesting properties. It may be caused by the relatively difficulty for grow this crystal, mainly due to the high vapor pressure of tellurium oxide and the easy crystal cleavage. The present work was dedicated to study the crystal growth process of Bi2TeO5 by Czochralski method in a low thermal gradient system. Tellurium oxide excess was used in the starting composition to compensate its lost during crystal growth, and also this starting material was previously synthesized by solid state reaction before fusion. We have performed tests with 1Bi2O3 : 1,03TeO2 and 1Bi2O3 : 1,10TeO2 liquid phase compositions. Also, we tried to use a double crucible configuration, with pure tellurium oxide between the walls. Pulling and rotate rates are critical parameters. Pulling and rotate rates of 0,1 to 0,4 mm/h and 10 to 15 rpm, respectively, were appropriated parameters for our growth system. Good size and crystalline quality crystals have been grown. We have obtained samples of sufficient quality to perform preliminary optical measurements and structural characterization. / Cristais de Bi2TeO5 (telurato de bismuto) são materiais fotorrefrativos adequados para gravação holográfica permanente. São capazes de reter um holograma por longo tempo, vários anos se no escuro, sem necessidade de tratamentos posteriores para fixação. Apenas poucos grupos no mundo obtiveram monocristais deste material, apesar de suas propriedades interessantes. Uma possível razão para isto é a relativamente grande dificuldade para o crescimento deste cristal, devido, principalmente, à alta pressão de vapor do óxido de telúrio e a grande facilidade para clivagem do cristal. Este trabalho foi dedicado ao domínio do processo de crescimento de cristais de Bi2TeO5. Utilizamos o método de Czochralski em um sistema de baixo gradiente térmico. Para tentar compensar a perda de óxido de telúrio durante o crescimento devido sua elevada pressão de vapor, a composição de partida conteve excesso deste óxido e, além disto, o material foi sintetizado por reação no estado sólido previamente à fusão. Foram testadas duas diferentes composições da fase líquida, 1Bi2O3 : 1,03TeO2 e 1Bi2O3 : 1,10TeO2. Testes usando uma configuração de duplo cadinho, na qual óxido de telúrio puro foi colocado na parte externa, foram realizados. A velocidade de puxamento e a taxa de rotação são parâmetros críticos do processo. Em nosso sistema, velocidades de puxamento entre 0,1 e 0,4 mm/h e rotação entre 10 e 15 rpm mostraram-se adequadas. Cristais com boas dimensões e qualidade cristalina foram crescidos durante este trabalho. Deles obtivemos amostras com qualidade suficiente para realizar medidas preliminares de caracterização óptica e estrutural.

No description available.

Orientador: Antonio Jose Ramirez Londono / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GrandoStroppa_Daniel_D.pdf: 7882693 bytes, checksum: 21824c021c6088d93bb5e17e9b0386ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de tecnologias baseadas em nanoestruturas é dependente da criação de modelos confiáveis que possam suportar a obtenção de materiais com características controladas. Neste contexto, o aprimoramento de técnicas de caracterização quantitativa e com alta resolução espacial é fundamental para o melhor entendimento das correlações entre a configuração de síntese, a morfologia e as propriedades resultantes de materiais nanoestruturados. Esta tese apresenta a avaliação e a aplicação de diferentes técnicas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução Quantitativa (QHRTEM) visando a extração de informações relacionadas à estrutura tridimensional e à segregação de espécies dopantes em nanocristais individuais de óxidos semicondutores dopados (Sb:SnO2 e Gd:CeO2). Os resultados experimentais combinados a cálculos teóricos proporcionaram a obtenção de informações referentes à distribuição de energia superficial e aos mecanismos de crescimento de cristais envolvidos na evolução temporal dos sistemas estudados. A descrição de tais aspectos de sistemas nanocristalinos explicita a importância das técnicas QHRTEM, tanto no contexto do desenvolvimento e aplicação do modelamento de nanocristais, quanto para o avanço das teorias fundamentais que descrevem o comportamento dos materiais em escala nanométrica. Neste sentido, os resultados presentes nesta tese constituem significativos avanços para o entendimento das características dos materiais em escala atômica e para a posterior manipulação destas segundo o preceito da engenharia de materiais no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias / Abstract: Technologies based on nanostructured materials depend on the development of reliable models which can support the fabrication of nanocrystals with highly controlled features. In this scenario, advances on high resolution quantitative techniques are required in order to improve the description of the nanostructured systems, especially the correlations among the nanocrystals synthesis parameters, the resultant morphology and the system properties. This PhD thesis presents the evaluation and use of different Quantitative High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (QHRTEM) techniques aiming the three-dimensional morphology and the dopant species segregation characterization of individual oxide nanocristals (Sb:SnO2 e Gd:CeO2). In addition, the combined use of such techniques and theoretical calculations provided valuable insights on the surface energy distribution and growth mechanisms present on the analyzed nanocrystalline systems. The obtained high resolution quantitative characterization results indicate that QHRTEM techniques are priceless tools for both the nanocrystal modeling procedures development and application, and for the improvement of fundamental theories that describe the materials features at nanoscale. In this scenario, this thesis presents significant advances on the nanomaterials characteristics description and, consequently, on their further manipulation aiming novel technologies development according to the materials engineering approach / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Neste trabalho estudamos uma nova classe de materiais ópticos não-lineares, os cristais orgânicos, que possuem potencial para muitas aplicação em dispositivos. Determinamos diferentes propriedades ópticas lineares e não-lineares de três cristais orgânicos: a l-alanina, a l-treonina e a l-lisina. Esses cristais de aminoácido foram escolhidos por apresentarem propriedades de geração de segundo harmônico (GSH) e por serem materiais nunca estudados sob o ponto de vista da óptica não-linear. Estudamos algumas das propriedades ópticas lineares fundamentais desses cristais biaxiais transparentes, pois deles dependem os fenômenos não-lineares sobre os quais são feitas intensas pesquisas. Determinamos as propriedades lineares como os espectros de absorção, os índices de refração, os eixo ópticos, velocidade de propagação da luz num meio anisotrópico e os limiares de dano por radiação. Posteriormente, determinamos as condições de casamento de fase, a eficiência de GSH, e a auto-modulação de fase. A GSH e a auto-modulação de fase pertencem, respectivamente, a processos não-lineares de segunda e de terceira-ordem. Para o estudo de muitas dessas propriedades foram desenvolvidas novas técnicas experimentais. Uma dessas novas técnicas, a varredura-Z oscilante, teve sensibilidade para determinar, pela primeira vez, o índice de refração não oscilante, vez, o índice de refração não linear desses cristais orgânicos. Além disso, como a todos os processos de caracterização envolveram a preparação de amostras, tivemos a oportunidade de criar procedimentos padrões para manipulação e utilização desses novos materiais. / In this work we studied a new class of nonlinear organic crystals that are potential candidates for devices application. We determined several linear and nonlinear optical properties of three organic crystals: l-alanine, l-threonine and l-lysine. These aminoacid. These aminoacid because their nonlinearities were never studied before. We characterized some of the fundamental linear optical properties of these biaxial transparent crystals, because they have influence on nonlinear phenomena that attracted a lot of research. We determined linear properties like absorption spectra, indices of refraction, optical axes, the light speed propagation in anisotropy media and the optical damage threshold. Subsequently, we determined the phase-matching condition for SHG, efficiency of the SHG and self-phase modulation. The SHG and self-phase modulation belongs, respectively, to the second-order and third-order nonlinear processes. To study several of these properties we had to develop some new experimental techniques. One of them, the oscillatory Z-scan, allows enough sensibility to determine, for the first time, the nonlinear refraction index of these organic crystals. Besides, as all these optical characterization involve the preparation of the samples, we had the opportunity to establishing standard procedures for manipulation of these new materials.

Neste trabalho estudamos uma nova classe de materiais ópticos não-lineares, os cristais orgânicos, que possuem potencial para muitas aplicação em dispositivos. Determinamos diferentes propriedades ópticas lineares e não-lineares de três cristais orgânicos: a l-alanina, a l-treonina e a l-lisina. Esses cristais de aminoácido foram escolhidos por apresentarem propriedades de geração de segundo harmônico (GSH) e por serem materiais nunca estudados sob o ponto de vista da óptica não-linear. Estudamos algumas das propriedades ópticas lineares fundamentais desses cristais biaxiais transparentes, pois deles dependem os fenômenos não-lineares sobre os quais são feitas intensas pesquisas. Determinamos as propriedades lineares como os espectros de absorção, os índices de refração, os eixo ópticos, velocidade de propagação da luz num meio anisotrópico e os limiares de dano por radiação. Posteriormente, determinamos as condições de casamento de fase, a eficiência de GSH, e a auto-modulação de fase. A GSH e a auto-modulação de fase pertencem, respectivamente, a processos não-lineares de segunda e de terceira-ordem. Para o estudo de muitas dessas propriedades foram desenvolvidas novas técnicas experimentais. Uma dessas novas técnicas, a varredura-Z oscilante, teve sensibilidade para determinar, pela primeira vez, o índice de refração não oscilante, vez, o índice de refração não linear desses cristais orgânicos. Além disso, como a todos os processos de caracterização envolveram a preparação de amostras, tivemos a oportunidade de criar procedimentos padrões para manipulação e utilização desses novos materiais. / In this work we studied a new class of nonlinear organic crystals that are potential candidates for devices application. We determined several linear and nonlinear optical properties of three organic crystals: l-alanine, l-threonine and l-lysine. These aminoacid. These aminoacid because their nonlinearities were never studied before. We characterized some of the fundamental linear optical properties of these biaxial transparent crystals, because they have influence on nonlinear phenomena that attracted a lot of research. We determined linear properties like absorption spectra, indices of refraction, optical axes, the light speed propagation in anisotropy media and the optical damage threshold. Subsequently, we determined the phase-matching condition for SHG, efficiency of the SHG and self-phase modulation. The SHG and self-phase modulation belongs, respectively, to the second-order and third-order nonlinear processes. To study several of these properties we had to develop some new experimental techniques. One of them, the oscillatory Z-scan, allows enough sensibility to determine, for the first time, the nonlinear refraction index of these organic crystals. Besides, as all these optical characterization involve the preparation of the samples, we had the opportunity to establishing standard procedures for manipulation of these new materials.