Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 godoy_ar_dr_botfca.pdf: 487180 bytes, checksum: c2376749a236e5548876b6f010d41751 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar, por meio de cruzamentos dialélicos, a capacidade geral de combinação de linhagens experimentais de pepino do grupo caipira, selecionadas pelas suas características relacionadas à qualidade de fruto e expressão sexual, a capacidade específica e heteroses dos respectivos híbridos e comparar os híbridos experimentais com híbridos comerciais, em condições de cultivo protegido com polinização aberta por insetos. As linhagens estudadas foram obtidas de duas populações. A primeira população foi obtida através do cruzamento entre os híbridos Safira (grupo caipira) e Hatem (grupo holandês). O híbrido resultante foi retrocruzado com Safira obtendo-se a população (Safira x Hatem) x Safira F1RC1. Plantas desta população foram intercruzadas para a obtenção da população F2, denominada de população SHS. Plantas ao acaso desta população foram autofecundadas por cinco gerações pelo método Single Seed Descent = Descendência de Semente Única (SSD) até a obtenção de linhagens S5. A segunda população foi através do cruzamento entre os híbridos Guarani (grupo caipira) e Hatem. Deste cruzamento obteve-se a população (Guarani x Hatem) F1. Plantas desta população foram intercruzadas para a obtenção da população F2, denominada de população GH. Plantas ao acaso desta população foram autofecundadas, por quatro gerações, até a obtenção de linhagens S4. Quatro linhagens de cada população foram cruzadas entre si no esquema de dialelo parcial, obtendo-se 16 híbridos experimentais. Foram avaliados 27 tratamentos: 16 híbridos experimentais, três híbridos comerciais (Safira, AG-221 e Guarani), quatro linhagens S5 da população SHS e quatro linhagens S4 da população GH. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela... / The objective of this work was to estimate, through diallel cross, the general combining ability of Caipira cucumber experimental lines selected for characteristics related to fruit quality and sexual expression and the specific combining ability of respective hybrids and compare the experimental hybrids with commercial ones, at protected cultivation and open pollination by insects. The lines studied were obtained from two populations. The first one was obtained through crossing hybrids Safira (caipira group) and Hatem (beit alpha). The resultant hybrid was backcrossed to Safira obtaining the population (Safira x Hatem) x Safira F1RC1. Plants of this population were intercrossed to obtain population F2, denominated SHS population. Randon plants of this population were selfed for five generations, using Single Seed Descent (SSD) method, until obtaining lines S5. The second population was obtained through crossing hybrids Guarani (caipira group) and Hatem, resulting in population (Guarani x Hatem) F1. Plants of this population were intercrossed to obtain population F2, denominated GH population. Randon plants of this population were selfed for four generations until obtaining lines S4. Four lines of each population were intercrossed in parcial diallel crossing system, resulting in 16 experimental hybrids. Twenty seven treatments were evaluated: 16 experimental hybrids, three commercial hybrids (Safira, AG-221 and Guarani), four lines S5 from population SHS and four lines S4 from population GH. The experimental design was randomized in blocks, with four replicates and six plants per plot. The characteristics evaluated were: total number of fruits per plant, commercial number of fruits per plant, total weight of fruits per plant, commercial weight of fruits per plant, percentage of commercial fruits, average weight of commercial fruits, diameter... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Zinc and manganese have long been considered as essential micronutrients to plant growth, yet the interactions of the two nutrients on growth and development of plants have not been elucidated in their entirety. Silicon is not classed as an essential element, but has been found to improve growth of a number of crops, particularly of the Poaceae family. A simple water culture hydroponic system was developed to monitor the growth and development of a fruit crop (Cucumber – Cucumis sativus) under deficient, adequate and excessive applications of zinc and manganese. Plant growth parameters were monitored including leaf growth, plant height, plant fresh and dry mass, yield, fruit size and fruit mass. Nutrient uptake was also measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, whilst chlorophyll was determined spectrophotometrically. Plant nutrient analyses were also conducted using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Silicon was found to have a beneficial effect on the growth of cucumbers and was incorporated as a treatment for this crop along with zinc and manganese since foliar silicon sprays were able to correct the occurrence of mineral deficiency symptoms. Along with plant growth measurements, nutrient uptake, plant nutrient analysis and chlorophyll determination, plant tissue was also analysed using transmission electron microscopy to establish the impact of silicon applications on the cell ultra-structure of cucumbers. Electron micrographs showed an increased presence of plasmodesmata in treatments excluding silicon. Such increased plasmodesmata connections under silicon deficient conditions could increase translocation of cell solutes due to reduced cell longevity. Results also confirmed the essentiality of zinc and manganese on plant growth and development as typical deficiency symptoms were observed. Typical toxicity symptoms were also recorded. Rates of uptake of nutrients corresponded with leaf growth and enlargement as well as yield. The chlorophyll concentration was not a clear indicator of nutrient application level. Typically, manganese and zinc interacted with iron, magnesium, calcium and potassium, affecting their uptake into the plant dependent on the level of manganese and zinc applied. Although non-essential, silicon improved plant growth, but had neither a relationship with the other nutrients evaluated nor affected the physical growth and development of the plants. Manganese and zinc, as essential to plant growth and development, affect the visual appearance of the plant as well as affect the plant biochemically due to their involvement in many growth and development processes. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

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Graduation date: 1993

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Wallace G. Pill, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Worldwide, finfish fisheries receive increasing assessment and regulation, slowly leading to more sustainable exploitation and rebuilding. In their wake, invertebrate fisheries are rapidly expanding with little scientific scrutiny despite increasing socio-economic importance. This thesis provides the first global analysis of the trends, drivers, and population and ecosystem consequences of invertebrate fisheries, in general, and sea cucumber fisheries, in particular, based on a global catch database in combination with taxa-specific reviews. Further, I developed new methods to quantify trends over space and time in resource status and fishery development. Since 1950, global invertebrate catches increased six-fold with 1.5 times more countries fishing and double the taxa reported. By 2004, 31% of fisheries were over-exploited, collapsed, or closed. New fisheries developed increasingly rapidly, with a decrease of six years (± three years) in time from start to peak from 1960 to 1990. Moreover, 71% of invertebrate taxa (53% of catches) are harvested with habitat-destructive gear, and many provide important ecosystem functions including habitat, filtration, and grazing. For sea cucumber fisheries, global catch and value has increased strongly over the past two to three decades, closely linked to increasing prices and demand on Asian markets. However, the catch of individual fisheries followed a boom-and-bust pattern, declining nearly as quickly as it expanded, and expanding approximately five times as quickly in 1990 compared to 1960. Also, new fisheries expanded increasingly far from their driving market in Asia, and encompassed a global fishery by the 1990s. One-third of sea cucumber fisheries experienced declines in average body size fished; half showed serial exploitation over space by moving further away from the coast; three-quarters showed serial exploitation from high- to low-value species; and two-thirds experienced population declines due to overexploitation with local extirpation in some cases. One-third of all sea cucumber fisheries remain unregulated. These findings suggest that the basis of marine food webs is increasingly exploited with limited stock and ecosystem-impact assessments, and a new management focus is needed to avoid negative consequences for ocean ecosystems and human well-being.