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viii, 49 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm Notes Typescript Includes vita and abstract Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1988 Bibliography: leaves 44-49 Another copy on microfilm is located in Archives

Worldwide, finfish fisheries receive increasing assessment and regulation, slowly leading to more sustainable exploitation and rebuilding. In their wake, invertebrate fisheries are rapidly expanding with little scientific scrutiny despite increasing socio-economic importance. This thesis provides the first global analysis of the trends, drivers, and population and ecosystem consequences of invertebrate fisheries, in general, and sea cucumber fisheries, in particular, based on a global catch database in combination with taxa-specific reviews. Further, I developed new methods to quantify trends over space and time in resource status and fishery development. Since 1950, global invertebrate catches increased six-fold with 1.5 times more countries fishing and double the taxa reported. By 2004, 31% of fisheries were over-exploited, collapsed, or closed. New fisheries developed increasingly rapidly, with a decrease of six years (± three years) in time from start to peak from 1960 to 1990. Moreover, 71% of invertebrate taxa (53% of catches) are harvested with habitat-destructive gear, and many provide important ecosystem functions including habitat, filtration, and grazing. For sea cucumber fisheries, global catch and value has increased strongly over the past two to three decades, closely linked to increasing prices and demand on Asian markets. However, the catch of individual fisheries followed a boom-and-bust pattern, declining nearly as quickly as it expanded, and expanding approximately five times as quickly in 1990 compared to 1960. Also, new fisheries expanded increasingly far from their driving market in Asia, and encompassed a global fishery by the 1990s. One-third of sea cucumber fisheries experienced declines in average body size fished; half showed serial exploitation over space by moving further away from the coast; three-quarters showed serial exploitation from high- to low-value species; and two-thirds experienced population declines due to overexploitation with local extirpation in some cases. One-third of all sea cucumber fisheries remain unregulated. These findings suggest that the basis of marine food webs is increasingly exploited with limited stock and ecosystem-impact assessments, and a new management focus is needed to avoid negative consequences for ocean ecosystems and human well-being.

The last thorough revision of the southern African holothurian fauna appeared in 1948 and since then there have been numerous additions to the fauna . A comprehensive revision of the fauna is here undertaken on the basis of currently accepted changes in classification and nomenclature. The survey is based on the collections of the South African Museum and of the Universities of Cape Town and Durban-Westville. The material comprises some 2768 specimens distributed over six orders and 72 species. Another 48 species, excluding the two pelagic forms, are included to complete the survey. The about 95 species recorded from this region prior to this investigation are tabulated in chronological sequence of their descriptions and/or records. The new taxa diagnosed include eight genera, one subgenus, 12 species and one subspecies. There are in addition 15 new records and 15 new synonyms. A checklist to all species known to date is included and keys reconstructed. Full descriptions of new species and those formerly inadequately described are given. The diagnoses of some others are modified and/or additional notes added. The zoogeographical distribution of the fauna, based on our current knowledge of ocean currents and their effects along the coast, is discussed and the following four faunal provinces recognised: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate and cold temperate. The relationship; of the Dactylochirotida and Dendrochirotida is discussed. The inclusion of the Rhopalodinidae in the Dactylochirotida is questioned and so is also the status of the cucumariid subfamily Colochirinae. It is concluded that the southern African holothurian fauna is of largely Indo-Pacific origin with most of the endemic component probably representing cold water tolerants of former Indo-Pacific species. The Atlantic Ocean region has played a very small but significant role in the development of the fauna, while the contribution of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic regions is negligible. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1984.

The key character separating the dendrochirotid families Sclerodactylidae (sensu Pawson & Fell, 1965) and the Phyllophoridae (sensu Pawson & Fell, 1965), i.e. entire or undivided radial processes to the calcareous ring in the former and sub-divided processes in the latter, is unjustified since most sclerodactylid species also have subdivided processes. It is here assumed that the basis of elevating the subfamily Sclerodactylinae Panning to family level was established on a misinterpretation or mistranslation of the original diagnosis of this subfamily or a lapsus calumni meaning “plates” instead of “processes”. Panning (1949) categorically states that the processes in the Sclerodactylinae are composed of 3–4 large pieces of calcite and only as an exception they are unbroken. Since Pawson & Fell gave no other distinction between the Sclerodactylidae and the Phyllophoridae, the former is here considered an invalid taxon and its three current subfamilies (Sclerodactylinae, Sclerothyoninae Thandar and Cladolabinae Heding & Panning) are re-assigned to the Phyllophoridae. This family now includes six subfamilies: Cladolabinae, Phyllophorinae Östergren, Sclerodactylinae, Sclerothyoninae, Semperiellinae Heding & Panning and Thyoninae Panning. The diagnosis of the Sclerodactylinae, restricted by Thandar (1989), is now modified to include also those forms whose radial and interradial plates may be slightly sub-divided but still form a short tube. Of the eleven genera placed within this subfamily subsequent to its erection, only ten of these remain. Neothyone Deichmann is a preoccupied name for which Lisacucumis is here proposed as a replacement. Thandar’s (1989) diagnosis of the Thyoninae is here accepted, however, the genus Thorsonia Heding is transferred to the Sclerodactylinae. Of the 66 nominal species which currently stand in the “supergenus” Thyone Jaeger, 10 are transferred to Havelockia Pearson within the Sclerodactylinae, while one species is regarded as a synonym of H. herdmani Pearson. In addition, six species are transferred to Stolus Selenka within the Thyoninae. Finally, three species are transferred to Sclerothyoninae, two within Sclerothyone Thandar and one within Temparena Thandar. Two species show an uncertain affinity to Thyone and are temporally removed from the genus. Furthermore, two species currently classified within Havelockia are transferred to Thyone. The now remaining 46 species are separated into seven groups based on the composition of their introvert deposits: tables only (8 spp.), rosettes only (5 spp.), tables and rosettes (21 spp.), tables and plates/?reduced tables (2 spp.), rosettes and plates/?reduced tables (3 spp.), plates only (2 spp.), or introvert deposits absent or unknown (5 spp.). Regrettably, no other character could be used in conjunction with the above to suggest at least sub-generic levels. Within the genus Havelockia, Cucumaria redimita Sluiter indicates an affinity with Pentamera Ayres. It is here transferred to this genus within the Thyoninae. Havelockia, now containing 17 species, is also revised. Keys, diagnoses and figures are provided for all nominal species now included in Thyone and Havelockia. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7694336 bytes, checksum: 9e31ccfd75ef937c6222af7f15aff9a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The class Holothuroidea has approximately 1400 species existent, these nearly 50 are recorded to de Brazilian coast. Studies about this class are relatively few, particularly to the North and Northeast of Brasil. In front of the lack of information on the species of holothurians to the Brazilian coast the present study aimed to identify the species of the class Holothuroidea from the Northeast of Brasil to inventory and provide detailed taxonomic information as well as data on their distribution in the region. The Invertebrate Collection Paulo Young, of the Department of Systematics and Ecology (DSE), of Federal University of Paraíba (CIPY-DSE-UFPB) was the main the main material analyzed. Were also examined the collections of the museums of the Federal University of Bahia (MZUFBA), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) and University of São Paulo (MZUSP). The study of specimens includes analysis of external and internal morphological characters, beyond the pattern of calcareous ossicles, these latter are fundamental for determining the specific level. 32 species were identified, belonging to 3 orders, 8 families, 19 genera and 8 subgenera. Of the species recorded Thyone crassidisca Miller & Pawson, 1981, Euthyonidiella trita (Sluiter, 1910), Protankyra ramiurna Heding, 1928 and Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarenisis represent new records to Brazilian coast. The states with the highest diversity regarding Holothuroidea fauna was, respectively, Paraíba (n = 22 spp.), Bahia (n = 21 spp.), Alagoas (n = 14 spp.) and Pernambuco (n = 10). No species were recorded for states of Maranhão e Sergipe. The fauna of infralittoral requires better sampling. Moreover, in some species taxonomic problems were observed and discussed. The study provides the first annotated list of sea cucumbers from Northeastern Brazil. Reinforces the importance of scientific collections for systematic studies and increased knowledge of biodiversity. / A classe Holothuroidea possui aproximadamente 1400 espécies viventes, das quais 50 foram registradas para a costa brasileira. Estudos sobre a classe no Brasil são relativamente escassos, principalmente para as regiões Norte e Nordeste. Diante da carência de informações sobre as espécies de holotúrias do litoral brasileiro o presente estudo objetivou identificar as espécies da classe Holothuroidea proveniente da região Nordeste do Brasil, a fim de inventariar e fornecer informações taxonômicas detalhadas bem como dados sobre sua distribuição na região. O principal acervo analisado foi o da Coleção de Invertebrados Paulo Young, do Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia (DSE), da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CIPY-DSE-UFPB). Além deste, Foi examinado material do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia (MZUFBA), Museu Nacional (MNRJ) e Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). O estudo dos espécimes abrange a análise de caracteres morfológicos externos e internos, bem como do padrão dos ossículos calcários, estes últimos são fundamentais para a determinação a nível específico. Foram identificadas 32 espécies pertencentes a 3 ordens, 8 famílias, 19 gêneros e 8 subgêneros. Das espécies registradas Thyone crassidisca Miller & Pawson, 1981, Euthyonidiella trita (Sluiter, 1910), Protankyra ramiurna Heding, 1928 e Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarenisis representam novos registros para a costa brasileira. Os estados que apresentaram maior diversidade em relação à fauna de Holothuroidea foram respectivamente, Paraíba (n = 22 spp.), Bahia (n = 21 spp.), Alagoas (n = 14 spp.) e Pernambuco (n = 10). Com base nos acervos analisados, Maranhão e Sergipe foram os únicos estados em que nenhuma espécie da classe foi registrada. Nota-se que a fauna do infralitoral necessita de uma melhor amostragem. O estudo fornece a primeira lista comentada dos Holothuroidea do Nordeste. Fortalece ainda a importância das coleções científicas para estudos em sistemática e ampliação do conhecimento da biodiversidade.

Collecting sea cucumbers to supply the high value Chinese dried seafood market is a livelihood activity available to many people in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), making it an important part of local economies. These fisheries are generally not successfully managed and tropical sea cucumber fisheries show continuing signs of decline. This thesis takes a social-ecological systems approach to guide better management of sea cucumber fisheries and aquaculture in the WIO. Papers 1 and 2 analyse the fishery situation in Zanzibar and find that in the absence of effective management institutions and income alternatives among fishers, leading to dependence, there are unsustainable expanding processes. Paper 3 compares the unmanaged fishery in Zanzibar to the highly controlled situation in Mayotte. In Mayotte, a protection effect is evident and the commercial value of stocks is significantly higher than in Zanzibar. The analysis of the situation in Mayotte demonstrates the importance of matching the fishery – management temporal scales through prepared and adaptive management to avoid processes that reinforce unsustainable expansion. Paper 4 analyses sea cucumber community spatial distribution patterns at a coastal seascape-scale in Mayotte establishing baseline patterns of habitat utilization and abundance, which can be used as reference in management. Paper 5 reviews the potential for sea cucumber aquaculture in the WIO. The review illustrates that this activity, which is currently gaining momentum, does so based on inflated promises and with significant social-ecological risks. Emphasis for improvements is, in this thesis, placed on the importance of prepared and adaptive institutions to govern and control expanding processes of the fishery. These institutional features may be achieved by increasing the level of knowledge and participation in governance and by integration of sea cucumber resources management into higher-level policy initiatives. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>