The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of cultural implications in the trade of telenovelas within Latin America. After performing a literature review on the trade of TV products, it was founded that Chile has been buying the format of Argentinean telenovelas in order to reproduce them for the Chilean audience. From the perspective of cultural proximity (Straubhaar, 1991), it could be expected to see Chile broadcasting the original version of the Argentinean telenovelas, as these countries share a similar cultural background, language, et cetera. However, that is not the case. Additionally, it was found that the Argentinean accent is not welcomed in countries north to Ecuador (Waisbord, 2004) because of cultural reasons. In order to grasp the role of accents and other cultural factors in these situations, 4 focus groups were organized with participants of 12 Latin American countries, who were inquired about the accents and cultural contents of the Argentinean telenovela “LaLola”, which’s format was bought by Chile. However, its original canned version reached markets beyond Ecuador. Besides Spanish accents, other variables were introduced to the study to assess if they influence audiences’ perception of foreign telenovelas. These variables are political, historical and territorial quarrels between countries, national images about the country of origin of the telenovela, and discrimination by nationality. The results showed that the perception of accents is connected to national images, which are constructed both on historical political quarrels and ethnic chauvinism based on nationality. Indeed, historical and political problems, as well as discrimination on the basis of nationality are, in the case of Bolivia and Chile, sources of negative images that affect how viewers interpret the Argentinean intonation. Moreover, it was found that a country with a good reputation, as well as a positive image and perception within the region, seem to improve the reception of that country’s accent and its chances of selling its telenovelas abroad. The findings also indicated that local culture is of great importance for audiences. In this scenario, the concept of geo-linguistic region as the primary factor in predicting viewing preferences appears to be over-simplistic.

In 2008, the Taiwanese film ¡§Cape No. 7¡¨ set the record of 500,000,000 box offices. Then this year also has the hot movie ¡§Wanhua¡¨. People start to expect the native movie industry economy is improving gradually. However, according to the overall box office, Hollywood still holds 80% market. Local film industry who want to get back lost audiences and change their long-standing habits of going to the cinema is to see Hollywood films, should be more understanding of the consumer behavior of the movie going and the underlying factors. This study is from the audience perspective and use of the consumer behavior theory to compare on consumer decision-making for Taiwanese and Hollywood Films. Then find out how product attributes, motivation and cultural factors in the film will influence the attitude toward Taiwanese and Hollywood films and the willingness to see these movies. Finally we can understand why most audiences are prefer Hollywood than Taiwanese films and get the meaning of movie marketing. According to the SEM analysis in this study, leisure motivation and word of mouth factor influence the attitude of Taiwanese films most. And effect factor of the attitude of Hollywood films are leisure motivation and degree of recognition of cultural values in movies.

The format program trade has grown rapidly in the past decade and has become an important part of the global television market. This study aimed to give an understanding of this phenomenon by examining how global formats enter and become incorporated into the national media market through a case study analysis on the Korean format market. Analyses were done to see how the historical background influenced the imported format flows, how the format flows changed after the media liberalization period, and how the format uses changed from illegal copying to partial formats to whole licensed formats. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the global format program flows are different from the whole 'canned' program flows because of the adaptation processes, which is a form of hybridity, the formats go through. Previous studies tend to simplify the adaptation process of format programs by just seeing it as a proof of nationalization, but this study found that format adaptations are much complicated. The way the formats were adapted to the local context differed by specific situations, such as cultural proximity, political ties with other countries, channel identities, target audiences, format genres, or conditions of the format license contracts. Moreover, there were also differences in where the initiative to make such adaptations came from. Thus, this study argues that format program flows are one of the many sub-flows in television program flows which complicate our understanding of what 'global' media is. / text

The use of experimental methods in International Relations (I.R.) studies continues to be relatively unpopular, and especially so among the International Political Economy (IPE) research fraternity in Brazil. Notwithstanding, this paper is the product of an experimental survey administered among the undergraduate students\' population at the University of São Paulo in April 2014, in which the hypothesis that cultural proximity mattered to public opinion about trade partners was investigated and subsequently validated. In pretreatment tests, language, religion and social norms and values were identified as proxies for cultural proximity. These were incorporated into four treatment vignettes that described a potential trade partnership in terms of its economic gains as well as the cultural (dis)similarity of the partner country. With the addition of a control condition - having no economic or cultural information - the five vignettes were embedded into questionnaires administered to 503 students across 7 faculties. Treatment effects under all conditions confirmed that people\'s decisions were affected by the cultural indicators. Their contradictory response to descriptive questions however, implies that though their actions may be conducive with culturally influence, people\'s declarations will tend to suggest otherwise. / A utilização de métodos experimentais em estudos de Relações Internacionais (RI) continua sendo relativamente incomum e, particularmente, entre os pesquisadores de Economia Política Internacional (EPI) no Brasil. Não obstante, este trabalho foi o resultado de um survey experimental aplicado entre os alunos de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo em abril de 2014, cuja hipótese de que a proximidade cultural importava para a opinião pública no que tange os parceiros comerciais foi investigada e, posteriormente validada. Nos testes de pré-tratamento, a língua, a religião e as normas e os valores sociais foram identificados como os indicadores para a proximidade cultural. Estes indicadores foram incorporados em quatro vinhetas de tratamento, em que uma parceria comercial foi descrita em termos dos ganhos econômicos, bem como a (não) similaridade cultural do país parceiro. Com a adição de uma condição de controle - em que não havia nenhuma informação econômica ou cultural - as cinco vinhetas foram incluídas em questionários aplicados a 503 estudantes entre 7 faculdades. Havia efeitos do tratamento em todas as condições e, portanto, foi possível confirmar que as decisões das pessoas foram afetadas pelos indicadores culturais. No entanto, as respostas contraditórias às questões descritivas sugeriram que por mais que as ações do público tendem a demonstrar coerência com a influência de atributos culturais, suas declarações verbais tendem a apontar ao contrário.

The use of experimental methods in International Relations (I.R.) studies continues to be relatively unpopular, and especially so among the International Political Economy (IPE) research fraternity in Brazil. Notwithstanding, this paper is the product of an experimental survey administered among the undergraduate students\' population at the University of São Paulo in April 2014, in which the hypothesis that cultural proximity mattered to public opinion about trade partners was investigated and subsequently validated. In pretreatment tests, language, religion and social norms and values were identified as proxies for cultural proximity. These were incorporated into four treatment vignettes that described a potential trade partnership in terms of its economic gains as well as the cultural (dis)similarity of the partner country. With the addition of a control condition - having no economic or cultural information - the five vignettes were embedded into questionnaires administered to 503 students across 7 faculties. Treatment effects under all conditions confirmed that people\'s decisions were affected by the cultural indicators. Their contradictory response to descriptive questions however, implies that though their actions may be conducive with culturally influence, people\'s declarations will tend to suggest otherwise. / A utilização de métodos experimentais em estudos de Relações Internacionais (RI) continua sendo relativamente incomum e, particularmente, entre os pesquisadores de Economia Política Internacional (EPI) no Brasil. Não obstante, este trabalho foi o resultado de um survey experimental aplicado entre os alunos de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo em abril de 2014, cuja hipótese de que a proximidade cultural importava para a opinião pública no que tange os parceiros comerciais foi investigada e, posteriormente validada. Nos testes de pré-tratamento, a língua, a religião e as normas e os valores sociais foram identificados como os indicadores para a proximidade cultural. Estes indicadores foram incorporados em quatro vinhetas de tratamento, em que uma parceria comercial foi descrita em termos dos ganhos econômicos, bem como a (não) similaridade cultural do país parceiro. Com a adição de uma condição de controle - em que não havia nenhuma informação econômica ou cultural - as cinco vinhetas foram incluídas em questionários aplicados a 503 estudantes entre 7 faculdades. Havia efeitos do tratamento em todas as condições e, portanto, foi possível confirmar que as decisões das pessoas foram afetadas pelos indicadores culturais. No entanto, as respostas contraditórias às questões descritivas sugeriram que por mais que as ações do público tendem a demonstrar coerência com a influência de atributos culturais, suas declarações verbais tendem a apontar ao contrário.

The practice of forcing onto developing countries policies developed in other contexts assumes standardised paths to social and economic growth. These policies should enable rapid economic development by “correcting” local market inefficiencies, without considering the role these may have in preserving stability and preventing violence. Moreover, this approach does not address the compatibility of such policies with the culture, values and norms of the receiving country. The thesis aims at extending our understanding of success factors for policy transfer, focusing on organisational schemes for innovation support. It follows the pragmatic Research paradigm and adopts a deductive approach using mixed methods to study the link between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in developing countries, an under-researched area. This thesis argues that policies successfully implemented in culturally proximal contexts are more likely to lead to similar results in the receiving context. The results of the quantitative analysis indicate a strong relationship between administrative efficiency and innovation performance in low-middle income countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The performance of organisational schemes supporting innovation in the national innovation systems of Egypt and Morocco is qualitatively assessed on the basis of 72 face-to-face interviews with entrepreneurs, policy makers and academics. The research finds that similar organisational schemes have produced similar results in the two case studies, confirming the working hypothesis and supporting an approach to policy transfer based on “relevant” good practice.

One of the main purposes of this dissertation is to examine who Korean American diaspora-oriented journalists are and how they make news, taking into account several forces on the individual, organizational, extramedia, and social system levels that influence the gatekeeping processes and news content. In addition, this dissertation investigates what interests Korean American diaspora-oriented journalists mainly serve. The author surveyed journalists working for major Korean diaspora-oriented media in Los Angeles and conducted in-depth interviews with experienced personnel involved in the Korean diasporic journalism industry. In addition, two major Korean diasporic dailies were content-analyzed. The basic characteristics of the majority of Korean American-oriented journalists in 2008 are depicted as follows: male Korean Americans, 30 to 40 years old, born in Korea, with a bachelor’s degree, in the United States and working as journalists for less than 15 years, politically liberal, Protestant religious backgrounds, with previous journalism experience at another media organization. Korean diaspora-oriented journalists place emphasis on three major news topics: immigration, business/economy, and education. Cultural proximity rather than geographical proximity significantly influence the degree of newsworthiness of a news story. Newsworthiness is highest when an event/issue has both high cultural proximity and geographical proximity. When geographical proximity is low and cultural proximity is high, newsworthiness in Korean American-oriented journalism is moderately high. If the degree of cultural proximity is low, however, it does not matter whether the news story occurred in Los Angeles or other states or countries in determining the degree of newsworthiness. The Korean American journalists value the interracial harmonizer function most, followed by the disseminator, ethnic consolidator, and interpreter functions. The finding suggests that Korean diaspora-oriented journalists keep in mind that their foremost responsibility is to help Korean immigrants settle smoothly in their new host country and to live in harmony with other racial groups. The longer a Korean journalist has lived in the U.S., the more he or she tends to embrace the interracial harmonizer and ethnic consolidator functions. In other words, the longer Korean American journalists stay in the U.S., the more sensitive they become both to racial issues and to their own ethnic identities. / text

No description available.

關於台灣電影，日本可說是時常被使用的元素。除了在2014年一上映就賣座的《KANO》之外，在2010年上映，描繪日本女性與台灣男性戀愛的《愛你一萬年》、以及在2012年上映，將西門町以日本原宿的形象呈現的《西門町》，三部電影都展現日本與台灣的密切關係。雖然這些電影裡都有描繪日本風的元素，但都可說是台灣人基於文化接近性所再建構的，一種獨特的日本形象。 因此，本研究先概觀台灣在1990年代之後接受日本流行文化的影響，並就台灣人如何將日本流行文化再建構進行分析。譬如，《愛你一萬年》就是參考1992年在台灣所播放的日本偶像劇《東京愛情故事》，來描繪日本女性的形象；而受到1990年代後期所興起的「哈日」現象影響，電影《西門町》所描繪的西門町場景中，具有仿造日本「原宿」的都市構造，「卡哇伊」的服裝風格也開始出現。此外，雖然《KANO》與日本流行文化沒有直接的因果關係，但是日本流行文化與「台灣意識」似乎催生了對劇中「親日」的描寫。 根據上述想法，本研究依據焦點團體訪談(Focus Group Interview)的方式，讓日本受測者觀看上述三部電影，就電影裡面所描繪的日本形象與自身所想像的日本形象兩者之間的差異進行討論，分析他們的討論內容。 結果，對於《愛你一萬年》中所描繪的日本女性形象，日本受測者雖然不認為劇中日本女主角符合典型日本女性形象，但普遍都能接受本作品所描繪的日本女性形象。對於《西門町》中所描繪的西門町，如果就西門町整體氛圍的話，日本年輕世代的受測者能看出西門町與原宿的關聯性，然而如果注意到劇中西門町細部的話，日本受測者都不能看出這樣的關聯性。此外，對本作品所描繪的「卡哇伊」文化，日本人會覺得有些過時。對於《KANO》中所描繪的會說日語的台灣人，日本受測者則難以對三者（漢民族、原住民、日本人）進行區分。另外，根據語言、歷史與政治的角度，以及不同的時空背景來觀看本作品，對於嘉義農林棒球隊的球員是代表哪個民族的球隊的問題，受測者則會因為語言、歷史與政治的不同而有所差異。 / It can be said that Japanese elements are often used in Taiwanese films. Aside from KANO which enjoyed great success in 2014, Love You 10,000 Years from 2010 describes a love story between a Japanese woman and a Taiwanese man, while Westgate Tango from 2012 describes Ximending (西門町) in the style of Harajuku (原宿). Like this, these three Taiwanese films have a close connection with Japanese elements. However these elements have been affected by “Cultral Proximity (文化接近性)”and been reconstructed as fitting within Taiwan. That is, they can be considered localized Japanese elements. This research analyzes first how Taiwan received Japanese popular culture since around 1990 and subsequently localized it. For example, Love You 10,000 Years uses the Japanese female image from Japanese popular drama Tokyo Love Story , broadcast in Taiwan in 1992. The atomosphere of Ximending (西門町) Westgate Tango describes has an urban structure like that of Harajuku (原宿), and represents“Kawaii (cute、卡哇伊、カワイイ)”fashion that the “Hari (Japanification、哈日)” phenomenon of the late 1990’s brought in. KANO does not have a direct connection with Japanese popular culture, though it seems that Japanese popular culture and “Taiwan Identity” gave birth to the “Japanophile” attitude in the film. This research adopts the Focus Group Interview approach, first allowing Japanese participants to watch each above-mentioned Taiwanese film. Afterwards the researcher prompted a discussion of each film and analyzed the contents of them. As for the Japanese female image Love You 10,000 Years describes, Japanese participants did not recognize it as a stereotypical Japanese female image, however received it as one possible image among Japanese women. As for the atomosphere of Ximending (西門町) Westgate Tango describes, if participants considered the entire appearance of Ximending, participants whose ages ranged between twenty and thirty could associate the atomosphere of Ximending with that of Harajuku. On the other hand if Japanese participants considered individual scenes of Ximending, they could not do that. As for “Kawaii (卡哇伊、カワイイ)”fashion that this film describes, Japanese participants felt that it is out-of-date compared to Japanese fashion of the same period. Lastly, as for the Japanese-speaking Taiwanese speaking described in KANO , it was very difficult for Japanese participants to distinguish Taiwanese from Japanese. Therefore when considering the primarily Japanese language spoken by the“Chiayi Agricultural School baseball team (嘉義農林棒球隊)”, participants readily identified the team as Japanese. However, when considering the historical and political setting of film, it was found that participants had varied opinions about the ethnicity of the team.