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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Evaluation of internal and external markers for estimating dry matter intake and digestibility in cattle / Avaliação de marcadores internos e externos para estimar o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca em bovinos

Velasquez, Alejandro Vargas 07 March 2017 (has links)
Feed intake assessment is a valuable tool for herd management decisions. The use of markers, either internal or external, is currently the most used technique for estimating feed intake in production animals. Three experiments were conducted with beef and dairy cattle. In dairy cows fed a corn silage based diet with 45% concentrate, the average fecal recovery (FR) of TiO2 was higher than FR of Cr2O3 and both FR were more than unity. The FR was unaffected by the fecal sampling procedure but, estimates for dry-matter digestibility (DMD) and fecal output (FO) were affected. The Cr2O3 + indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) marker pair produced accurate dry-matter intake (DMI) estimates. In steers fed diets with different forage sources FR of TiO2 was close to 1 and this marker produced adequate FO estimates. The FR was affected by the forage source that composed the diet and none of the marker pairs produced accurate DMI estimates. In young Nelore bulls fed corn silage or Tifton-85 hay based diets with varying F:C ratios, the average FR of internal markers acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), iADF and cutin was different from 100%. Markers Cr2O3 and TiO2 had FR lower and higher than 100%, respectively. The combination of internal and external markers to estimate DMI produced satisfactory and accurate results, particularly Cr2O3 based pairs with iNDF and iADF. Internal markers ABL and cutin deserve more attention. The GRAB sampling procedures yielded accurate DMD, FO and DMI estimates, which were as good as or better than BULK sampling procedures. Regardless of the fecal sampling method and the composition of the diet, it is necessary to establish the FR of the markers to be used in each experiment, in order to obtain correct estimates. None of the markers had complete FR consistent throughout the 3 experiments. Cutin and ABL had lower than unity FR on all diets and failed to produce accurate DMD estimates. When either one was paired with Cr2O3 or TiO2, DMI estimates were also not accurate. Of the indigestible fibers, iNDF and iADF, the later was more accurate in estimating DMI when paired with Cr2O3. Consistently throughout the experiments, FR was lower than and higher than unity for internal and external markers, respectively. Corrected FO estimates were accurate for Cr2O3 on various diets under GRAB sampling. The same was not true for TiO2, which even after FR correction was applied failed to produce accurate FO estimates consistently. The method of dosing the external markers is extremely important and greatly affects and determines results. Whichever the method, it must allow the animals to display normal feeding behavior and not affect performance. The GRAB sampling procedures can replace TFC (once FR is established) which may open new possibilities for pasture based or collectively housed animals. / A determinação do consumo de alimentos é uma valiosa ferramenta na hora da tomada de decisões de manejo do rebanho. O uso de marcadores, sejam internos ou externos, é atualmente a técnica mais utilizada para estimar o consumo em animais de produção. Três experimentos foram conduzidos. Em vacas de leite alimentadas com silagem de milho com 45% de concentrado, a recuperação fecal (RF) média de TiO2 foi maior do que a RF de Cr2O3 e ambas foram maiores do que a unidade. A RF não foi afetada pelo método de coleta de fezes, mas, as estimativas de digestibilidade da matéria seca e produção fecal (PF) foram. A dupla de marcadores Cr2O3+i fibra detergente ácido indigestível (iADF) produziu estimativas de consumo de matéria seca (CMS) acuradas. Em novilhos alimentados com diferentes fontes de forragem, a RF do TiO2 foi próxima a 1 e este marcador produziu estimativas de PF adequadas. A RF foi afetada pela fonte de forragem que compunha a dieta e nenhum dos marcadores produziu estimativas de CMS acuradas. Em tourinhos Nelore alimentados com dietas compostas de silagem de milho ou feno de Tifton-85 e diferentes relações de volumoso:concentrado, a RF média dos marcadores internos lignina brometo de acetila (LBA), fibra detergente ácido indigestível (iFDN), (iFDA) e cutina foi diferente de 100%. Os marcadores Cr2O3 e TiO2 tiveram RF menor e maior que 100%, respectivamente. A combinação de marcadores internos e externos para estimar o CMS produziu resultados acurados e satisfatórios, principalmente as duplas Cr2O3 e iFDN ou iFDA. Os marcadores internos LBA e cutina merecem mais estudos. O método de coleta GRAB produziu estimativas de DMS, PF e CMS acuradas, as quais foram iguais ou melhores que as produzidas pelo método de coleta BULK. Independentemente do método de coleta de fezes e da composição da dieta, é necessário estabelecer a RF real dos marcadores que serão usados em experimento para obter estimativas corretas. Nenhum dos marcadores teve RF completa e consistente nos 3 experimentos. A cutina e LBA tiveram RF menor do que a unidade em todas as dietas e falharam em produzir estimativas acuradas de DMS. Quando qualquer dos dois foi pareado com Cr2O3 ou TiO2 as estimativas de CMS também não foram acuradas. Das fibras indigestíveis, iFDN e iFDA, a segunda foi mais acurada em estimar o CMS quando pareada com Cr2O3. As estimativas de PF corrigida foram acuradas para Cr2O3 em diferentes dietas sob metodologia de coleta GRAB. O mesmo não foi observado para o TiO2, que produziu estimativas enviesadas inclusive após a correção. O método de dosagem dos marcadores externos é extremadamente importante já que afeta e determina em grande medida os resultados. Qualquer que seja o método, este deve permitir ao animal comportar-se e alimentar-se normalmente sem comprometer seu desempenho. Os métodos de coleta GRAB podem substituir a coleta total de fezes (CTF) (após determinação da RF) o que poderá abrir novas possibilidades para estudos com animais em pastagem ou alojados em baias coletivas.
2

Uso da cutina na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente de dietas para eqüinos / Use of cutin for determining apparent digestibility of diets in horses

Siqueira, Renata Farinelli de 05 March 2008 (has links)
Com o objetivo de comparar as estimativas dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes de dietas para eqüinos compostas por alfafa em cubos, alfafa em cubos com óleo de soja, alfafa em ramas e alfafa em ramas com óleo de soja, através do método de coleta total de fezes com o uso dos indicadores cutina, óxido crômico e lignina em detergente ácido, foram utilizados 4 eqüinos machos, sem raça definida, com idade aproximada de 10 meses e peso médio de 197Kg (170 kg a 216 kg). O experimento teve duração de 11 dias, sendo 8 de adaptação e 3 de coleta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4X4. A ponderação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (CDMO) pelos indicadores foi efetuada através de um modelo o qual considerava a diferença entre CDMO pelo indicador e pela coleta total de fezes, chamado de viés. Para a avaliação dos indicadores utilizados, foram medidas a acurácia, a precisão e a robustez. A acurácia e a precisão foram determinadas pela comparação dos dados preditos com os observados. A robustez foi determinada pela comparação dos valores preditos menos os observados (vieses) com outros fatores estudados (EE na dieta, ED na dieta e peso vivo). Neste estudo, a cutina não se mostrou adequada como indicador interno, pois superestimou a digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica( DAMO), apresentou a menor acurácia e menor precisão. O óxido crômico apresentou baixa recuperação fecal e subestimou a DAMO, embora tenha sido o mais preciso. A LDA foi o indicador que obteve a melhor recuperação fecal e foi o mais acurado, portanto, o indicador mais adequado, todos em relação à coleta total de fezes na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica de dietas para eqüinos. / This research aimed to compare organic matter digestibility coefficient (OMDC) of diets composed of alfalfa cubes, alfalfa cubes with soybean oil, alfalfa hay and alfalfa hay with soybean oil by total feces collection and use the internal markers cutin and acid detergent lignin (ADL) and the external marker chromic oxide. Four male weanling horses (approximately 10-months old, 197.25 kg BW average) were used in a 4 x4 Latin Square design. Evaluation of OMDC estimated by markers was performed by a model considering the bias, i.e., the difference between OMDC estimated by marker and by total feces collection. It was evaluated accuracy, precision and robustness of those three markers. The cutin overestimated the OMDC and showed to be the less accurate and precise. The chromic oxide underestimated the OMDC and its recovery was low, but it was the most precise. The ADL recovery did not differ from 100% and it was the most accurate, therefore the most appropriated marker for this kind of diet.
3

Uso da cutina na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente de dietas para eqüinos / Use of cutin for determining apparent digestibility of diets in horses

Renata Farinelli de Siqueira 05 March 2008 (has links)
Com o objetivo de comparar as estimativas dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes de dietas para eqüinos compostas por alfafa em cubos, alfafa em cubos com óleo de soja, alfafa em ramas e alfafa em ramas com óleo de soja, através do método de coleta total de fezes com o uso dos indicadores cutina, óxido crômico e lignina em detergente ácido, foram utilizados 4 eqüinos machos, sem raça definida, com idade aproximada de 10 meses e peso médio de 197Kg (170 kg a 216 kg). O experimento teve duração de 11 dias, sendo 8 de adaptação e 3 de coleta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4X4. A ponderação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (CDMO) pelos indicadores foi efetuada através de um modelo o qual considerava a diferença entre CDMO pelo indicador e pela coleta total de fezes, chamado de viés. Para a avaliação dos indicadores utilizados, foram medidas a acurácia, a precisão e a robustez. A acurácia e a precisão foram determinadas pela comparação dos dados preditos com os observados. A robustez foi determinada pela comparação dos valores preditos menos os observados (vieses) com outros fatores estudados (EE na dieta, ED na dieta e peso vivo). Neste estudo, a cutina não se mostrou adequada como indicador interno, pois superestimou a digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica( DAMO), apresentou a menor acurácia e menor precisão. O óxido crômico apresentou baixa recuperação fecal e subestimou a DAMO, embora tenha sido o mais preciso. A LDA foi o indicador que obteve a melhor recuperação fecal e foi o mais acurado, portanto, o indicador mais adequado, todos em relação à coleta total de fezes na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica de dietas para eqüinos. / This research aimed to compare organic matter digestibility coefficient (OMDC) of diets composed of alfalfa cubes, alfalfa cubes with soybean oil, alfalfa hay and alfalfa hay with soybean oil by total feces collection and use the internal markers cutin and acid detergent lignin (ADL) and the external marker chromic oxide. Four male weanling horses (approximately 10-months old, 197.25 kg BW average) were used in a 4 x4 Latin Square design. Evaluation of OMDC estimated by markers was performed by a model considering the bias, i.e., the difference between OMDC estimated by marker and by total feces collection. It was evaluated accuracy, precision and robustness of those three markers. The cutin overestimated the OMDC and showed to be the less accurate and precise. The chromic oxide underestimated the OMDC and its recovery was low, but it was the most precise. The ADL recovery did not differ from 100% and it was the most accurate, therefore the most appropriated marker for this kind of diet.
4

Evaluation of internal and external markers for estimating dry matter intake and digestibility in cattle / Avaliação de marcadores internos e externos para estimar o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca em bovinos

Alejandro Vargas Velasquez 07 March 2017 (has links)
Feed intake assessment is a valuable tool for herd management decisions. The use of markers, either internal or external, is currently the most used technique for estimating feed intake in production animals. Three experiments were conducted with beef and dairy cattle. In dairy cows fed a corn silage based diet with 45% concentrate, the average fecal recovery (FR) of TiO2 was higher than FR of Cr2O3 and both FR were more than unity. The FR was unaffected by the fecal sampling procedure but, estimates for dry-matter digestibility (DMD) and fecal output (FO) were affected. The Cr2O3 + indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) marker pair produced accurate dry-matter intake (DMI) estimates. In steers fed diets with different forage sources FR of TiO2 was close to 1 and this marker produced adequate FO estimates. The FR was affected by the forage source that composed the diet and none of the marker pairs produced accurate DMI estimates. In young Nelore bulls fed corn silage or Tifton-85 hay based diets with varying F:C ratios, the average FR of internal markers acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), iADF and cutin was different from 100%. Markers Cr2O3 and TiO2 had FR lower and higher than 100%, respectively. The combination of internal and external markers to estimate DMI produced satisfactory and accurate results, particularly Cr2O3 based pairs with iNDF and iADF. Internal markers ABL and cutin deserve more attention. The GRAB sampling procedures yielded accurate DMD, FO and DMI estimates, which were as good as or better than BULK sampling procedures. Regardless of the fecal sampling method and the composition of the diet, it is necessary to establish the FR of the markers to be used in each experiment, in order to obtain correct estimates. None of the markers had complete FR consistent throughout the 3 experiments. Cutin and ABL had lower than unity FR on all diets and failed to produce accurate DMD estimates. When either one was paired with Cr2O3 or TiO2, DMI estimates were also not accurate. Of the indigestible fibers, iNDF and iADF, the later was more accurate in estimating DMI when paired with Cr2O3. Consistently throughout the experiments, FR was lower than and higher than unity for internal and external markers, respectively. Corrected FO estimates were accurate for Cr2O3 on various diets under GRAB sampling. The same was not true for TiO2, which even after FR correction was applied failed to produce accurate FO estimates consistently. The method of dosing the external markers is extremely important and greatly affects and determines results. Whichever the method, it must allow the animals to display normal feeding behavior and not affect performance. The GRAB sampling procedures can replace TFC (once FR is established) which may open new possibilities for pasture based or collectively housed animals. / A determinação do consumo de alimentos é uma valiosa ferramenta na hora da tomada de decisões de manejo do rebanho. O uso de marcadores, sejam internos ou externos, é atualmente a técnica mais utilizada para estimar o consumo em animais de produção. Três experimentos foram conduzidos. Em vacas de leite alimentadas com silagem de milho com 45% de concentrado, a recuperação fecal (RF) média de TiO2 foi maior do que a RF de Cr2O3 e ambas foram maiores do que a unidade. A RF não foi afetada pelo método de coleta de fezes, mas, as estimativas de digestibilidade da matéria seca e produção fecal (PF) foram. A dupla de marcadores Cr2O3+i fibra detergente ácido indigestível (iADF) produziu estimativas de consumo de matéria seca (CMS) acuradas. Em novilhos alimentados com diferentes fontes de forragem, a RF do TiO2 foi próxima a 1 e este marcador produziu estimativas de PF adequadas. A RF foi afetada pela fonte de forragem que compunha a dieta e nenhum dos marcadores produziu estimativas de CMS acuradas. Em tourinhos Nelore alimentados com dietas compostas de silagem de milho ou feno de Tifton-85 e diferentes relações de volumoso:concentrado, a RF média dos marcadores internos lignina brometo de acetila (LBA), fibra detergente ácido indigestível (iFDN), (iFDA) e cutina foi diferente de 100%. Os marcadores Cr2O3 e TiO2 tiveram RF menor e maior que 100%, respectivamente. A combinação de marcadores internos e externos para estimar o CMS produziu resultados acurados e satisfatórios, principalmente as duplas Cr2O3 e iFDN ou iFDA. Os marcadores internos LBA e cutina merecem mais estudos. O método de coleta GRAB produziu estimativas de DMS, PF e CMS acuradas, as quais foram iguais ou melhores que as produzidas pelo método de coleta BULK. Independentemente do método de coleta de fezes e da composição da dieta, é necessário estabelecer a RF real dos marcadores que serão usados em experimento para obter estimativas corretas. Nenhum dos marcadores teve RF completa e consistente nos 3 experimentos. A cutina e LBA tiveram RF menor do que a unidade em todas as dietas e falharam em produzir estimativas acuradas de DMS. Quando qualquer dos dois foi pareado com Cr2O3 ou TiO2 as estimativas de CMS também não foram acuradas. Das fibras indigestíveis, iFDN e iFDA, a segunda foi mais acurada em estimar o CMS quando pareada com Cr2O3. As estimativas de PF corrigida foram acuradas para Cr2O3 em diferentes dietas sob metodologia de coleta GRAB. O mesmo não foi observado para o TiO2, que produziu estimativas enviesadas inclusive após a correção. O método de dosagem dos marcadores externos é extremadamente importante já que afeta e determina em grande medida os resultados. Qualquer que seja o método, este deve permitir ao animal comportar-se e alimentar-se normalmente sem comprometer seu desempenho. Os métodos de coleta GRAB podem substituir a coleta total de fezes (CTF) (após determinação da RF) o que poderá abrir novas possibilidades para estudos com animais em pastagem ou alojados em baias coletivas.
5

An investigation of the production of non-coated sustained release beads by extrusion and Spheronization

Pather, Sathasivan Indiran January 1995 (has links)
Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharm / The popularity and increasing complexity of sustained release dosage forms has resulted in increased costs to the patient. One approach to achieve cheaper, yet effective, sustained release medication is through the simplification of production processes. Matrix tablets have been used to sustain the release of numerous drugs and are cheap to prepare. Since they are single-unit dosage forms, however, they display less predictable transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, they provide less reliable blood levels of the drug in comparison with multi particulate dosage forms. Of the various types of multiparticulates available, pellets are popular for oral administration. A fairly recent innovation, in pelletization technology, is extrusion and spheronization. With this technique it is possible to produce pellets with a high degree of drug loading directly and rapidly. The drug loaded beads are usually coated for a sustained release effect. If one could omit the coating step, it would avoid many problems (thus reducing the number of quality control procedures required) and save chemicals, labour and capital for the purchase of additional equipment. The primary aim of this project was to investigate the preparation of non-coated, spheronized sustained release pellets, while a secondary aim was to prepare beads that can be compressed into sustained release tablets. A tablet can accommodate a larger mass and the compaction forces involved may enhance the sustained release effect. Several techniques were used in an attempt to sustain the release of drugs of different solubilities. In one series of formulations, a novel method was used to incorporate a binder consisting of ethylcellulose in ethanol. Using this technique, the release of Theophylline was sustained for approximately 8 hours. In other formulations, several materials were added to beads with the aim of forming sustained release matrixes. Only magnesium stearate was able to prolong the release of Acetaminophen and Theophylline for a reasonable time. In an attempt to explain why materials that were successfully used in sustained release matrix tablets were of very limited value in beads, an equation was developed to calculate the approximate distance between the retardant particles. Calculations using this equation revealed that the retardant particles were too far apart, within each bead, to expect consolidation to occur. The discrete retardant particles do not retard drug release effectively. Eudragit?-containing beads, which sustained the release of the drug to a small extent, were successfully compressed into tablets, both on their own and in combination with non pareil seeds. In each case, the sustained release effect was improved by compaction. In the case of the products manufactured with non pareil seeds, the tablets disintegrated rapidly to release the beads, thus ensuring that the advantages of multiparticulates were maintained. Because it was realised that a large amount of the matrix material could not be incorporated within the beads if a high dose drug was formulated with Avicel? PH 101, the idea of forming the matrix outside the beads was developed. Several materials were tried in an attempt to form a sustained release external matrix. Eudragit? RSPO prolonged the dissolution of Theophylline for more than four hours. Magnesium stearate was able to sustain the release of Acetaminophen and Theophylline appreciably. In the latter case, the dissolution, in water, of a standard adult dose of the drug was prolonged for more than 12 hours. However, the dissolution in an acidic medium was much faster. The described technique represents an advance in extrusion and spheronization technology. While beads containing Cutina? HR did not show promise as sustained release units, they compacted to form sustained release tablets of good appearance and acceptable strength. These tablets were considered to have been efficiently prepared because the constituent beads were easily manufactured and showed good flowability, and because a glidant and a lubricant were not required. The production of sustained release Indomethacin beads with a more steady release profile than the innovator's product has also been described in other experiments. The research described in this thesis represents progress towards the widespread commercial production of effective non-coated sustained release beads and may encourage further work towards this goal.

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