Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvana Stremel.pdf: 989270 bytes, checksum: 8ac8adbfa7750f0b2bd33a8ddc118cdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents an analysis of the process whereby the policy called as Cycles of Learning (a kind of non-retention policy for Primary Education) was recontextualised and formulated in Brazil. The aims of the research can be described as follows: a) to analyse how the Cycles of Learning policy has been recontextualised and justified in Brazilian state schools that have adopted it; b) to explain historical aspects as well as the bases of the policy known as Cycles of Learning; and c) to analyse to what extent the proposals of the Cycles of Learning are related to the building of a truly inclusive and democratic education system. The theoretical basis of the research includes: contributions from Bernstein (1996, 1998) on the concept of recontextualisation of the pedagogical discourse; authors who provide the basis for the role of school and the building of an inclusive and democratic education system (APPLE, 2001; BELLONI, 2003; CAMINI, 2001; YOUNG, 2007); and authors who discuss the policy of cycles (BARRETTO; MITRULIS, 1999; BARRETTO; SOUSA, 2005; FREITAS, 2003; MAINARDES, 2007, 2009; PERRENOUD, 2004). The research consisted of the analysis of official documents from seven teaching networks (municipal education systems) that have adopted the Learning Cycles method (Curitiba-PR, Ponta Grossa-PR, Recife-PE, Salvador- BA, São Luís-MA, Telêmaco Borba-PR and Vitória da Conquista-BA). The results indicate that: a) teaching networks have been recontextualising the Cycles of Learning policy according to local contexts, political and ideological contexts, concepts and experiences from cycles of other networks etc.; b) in all networks studied the implementation of Cycles of learning aimed to provide an inclusive and democratic education system; c) the implementation of the Cycles of Learning resulted in a process whereby curriculum was restructured, and the networks analysed opted for a common curriculum; d) in general the investigated proposals were formulated without any participation or involvement of teachers and other education professionals. Furthermore, it was concluded that the analysis of initial documents of the referred networks provides elements for understanding the concept of cycle that was adopted and the general guidelines for its implementation. Nevertheless, it should be noted that in practice such guidelines are modified, reinterpreted, and recontextualised. Although the research aimed to provide a deeper look into aspects related to the origin,characteristics and bases of the Cycles of Learning, it led to the conclusion that there are still aspects in need of further investigations, namely: the bases of the Cycles of Learning policy,the variety of options and decisions taken by teaching networks to shape the policy of cycles, the impact of such cycles in the changes of pedagogical practices and in the students’ performance, and the curriculum implications of implementing schooling organised in Cycles of Learning. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do processo de recontextualização e formulação dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem no Brasil. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: a) analisar como a modalidade Ciclos de Aprendizagem vem sendo recontextualizada e justificada nas redes de ensino públicas brasileiras que a adotam; b) explicitar aspectos históricos e os fundamentos da modalidade chamada Ciclos de Aprendizagem; c) analisar em que medida as propostas de Ciclos de Aprendizagem estão articuladas à construção de um sistema educacional efetivamente inclusivo e democrático. Utilizou-se como fundamentação teórica as contribuições de Bernstein (1996, 1998) sobre o conceito de recontextualização do discurso pedagógico, de autores que fundamentam o papel da escola e a construção de um sistema educacional inclusivo e democrático (APPLE, 2001; BELLONI, 2003; CAMINI, 2001; YOUNG, 2007), bem como de autores que discutem sobre a política de ciclos (BARRETTO;MITRULIS, 1999; BARRETTO; SOUSA, 2005; FREITAS, 2003; MAINARDES, 2007,2009; PERRENOUD, 2004). A pesquisa envolveu a análise de documentos oficiais de sete redes de ensino que adotam os Ciclos de Aprendizagem (Curitiba-PR, Ponta Grossa-PR, Recife-PE, Salvador-BA, São Luís-MA, Telêmaco Borba-PR e Vitória da Conquista-BA). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que: a) as políticas de Ciclos de Aprendizagem vêm sendo recontextualizadas pelas redes de ensino, de acordo com os contextos locais, contexto político-ideológico, concepções e experiências de ciclos de outras redes, etc.; b) em todas as redes pesquisadas a implantação dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem objetivava a construção de um sistema inclusivo e democrático; c) a implantação dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem desencadeou um processo de reestruturação curricular, sendo que as redes analisadas optaram pela proposição de um currículo comum; d) em geral, as propostas de ciclos investigadas foram formuladas sem a participação e envolvimento dos professores e demais profissionais da educação. Concluiu-se também que a análise de documentos iniciais das redes de ensino oferece elementos para a compreensão da concepção de ciclo adotada e das diretrizes gerais para sua implementação. Apesar disso, deve-se levar em consideração que, no contexto da prática, essas diretrizes são modificadas, reinterpretadas e recontextualizadas. Embora a pesquisa realizada tenha buscado aprofundar aspectos relacionados à origem, características e fundamentos dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem, concluiu-se que há ainda aspectos dessa modalidade de ciclos que necessitam ser aprofundados, tais como: os fundamentos dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem, a multiplicidade de opções e decisões que as redes de ensino utilizam na configuração da política de ciclos, o impacto dos Ciclos de Aprendizagem nas mudanças da prática pedagógica e no desempenho dos alunos e as implicações curriculares decorrentes da implantação de ciclos.

In this thesis I argue in favour of student-oriented education for China based on the educational philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. Whiteheads educational thought, while Western in origin, has a strong appeal for Chinese educators because of its openness to other cultural traditions.<p> My own experience as a student and teacher, coupled with a general review of the history of education in China, shows how education is, and has been, exclusively defined by students success in exams. This approach, which I refer to as test-oriented education, is problematical because, by overemphasizing students performance in exams, it abstracts learning from their experience. The result is that learning becomes boring and useless to most students, and they do not see the relevance of education to life.<p> In contrast, Whitehead proposes that education be based on students rich experience and that its aim should be their full self-development as beings imbued with body, mind and spirit. I refer to this approach as student-oriented education, and I believe it would provide more humane, well-rounded, and culturally appropriate forms of learning to Chinese students. More specifically, Whiteheads protest against inert ideas underlines the importance of two key concepts in education, namely the interest of students and the usefulness of knowledge. Second, his conception of learning, or the rhythm of education, works as a guide in making education interesting and useful. Third, his account of technical education helps to restore a balance between abstraction and concreteness, precision and romance, discipline and freedom, education and life, and his insights on arts and aesthetic appreciation strengthen the life of the spirit by directing students attention to the value and beauty in their lives. Finally, his advocacy of a balanced education enables a balanced development of students by paying equal attention to their bodily feelings, spiritual cultivation, and intellectual capabilities. In this manner, education can evoke into life wisdom and beauty which otherwise would remain lost in the past.

In this thesis I argue in favour of student-oriented education for China based on the educational philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. Whiteheads educational thought, while Western in origin, has a strong appeal for Chinese educators because of its openness to other cultural traditions.<p> My own experience as a student and teacher, coupled with a general review of the history of education in China, shows how education is, and has been, exclusively defined by students success in exams. This approach, which I refer to as test-oriented education, is problematical because, by overemphasizing students performance in exams, it abstracts learning from their experience. The result is that learning becomes boring and useless to most students, and they do not see the relevance of education to life.<p> In contrast, Whitehead proposes that education be based on students rich experience and that its aim should be their full self-development as beings imbued with body, mind and spirit. I refer to this approach as student-oriented education, and I believe it would provide more humane, well-rounded, and culturally appropriate forms of learning to Chinese students. More specifically, Whiteheads protest against inert ideas underlines the importance of two key concepts in education, namely the interest of students and the usefulness of knowledge. Second, his conception of learning, or the rhythm of education, works as a guide in making education interesting and useful. Third, his account of technical education helps to restore a balance between abstraction and concreteness, precision and romance, discipline and freedom, education and life, and his insights on arts and aesthetic appreciation strengthen the life of the spirit by directing students attention to the value and beauty in their lives. Finally, his advocacy of a balanced education enables a balanced development of students by paying equal attention to their bodily feelings, spiritual cultivation, and intellectual capabilities. In this manner, education can evoke into life wisdom and beauty which otherwise would remain lost in the past.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elio de Assis.pdf: 455344 bytes, checksum: 467710f47fd8fb07ebe4d8c49802b3bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-23 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This research intends to show the perspective of the State of São Paulo s public school teachers about the project Recovery of cicle I . The refered project was set up to help students who have not reachead the minimum Knowledge objectives at the end of cycle I, that is, the four initial years of the first level. The data collection was done with the use of a questionnaire filled up by twenty four teachers from different schools who worked in the project. The questionnaire have the total of thirteen questions: four about social-demografic subjects; and the rest about the project itself, about the continuing progression and about the learning cicles. The results show that these teachers look forward to get permanent self-development, and they also see the family´s pupils support as something very important to the learning process, as well as, the students motivation. Besides that, the teachers say it is necessary to rethink the pedagogical material to the pupils learning difficulties. The results also call challenges the project Recovery of Cycle I has faced to truly become an additional learning opportunity to those students / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de apresentar a perspectiva de professores, da rede pública estadual paulista, que ministram aulas no projeto Recuperação de Ciclo I - voltado a atender os alunos que ao final do ciclo I, correspondente aos quatro anos iniciais do Ensino fundamental, não alcançaram os objetivos e foram encaminhados para o citado projeto. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de aplicação de questionário a vinte e quatro professoras de diversas escolas pertencentes a uma Diretoria de Ensino. O questionário era composto de treze questões, sendo quatro de dados sóciodemográficos e nove a respeito do projeto Recuperação de Ciclo I , progressão continuada e ciclos de aprendizagem. Os resultados mostram que as professoras que trabalharam no projeto centralizam suas expectativas na necessidade de formação permanente, no acompanhamento familiar e na motivação dos alunos, além da adequação do material as necessidades de alfabetização apresentadas pelos alunos. Os resultados também chamam a atenção para as questões referentes ao cotidiano escolar e os desafios enfrentados para que o projeto Recuperação de Ciclo I se torne de fato mais uma oportunidade de aprendizagem