PowerCranks(tm) are claimed to increase economy of motion and cycling efficiency by reducing the muscular recruitment patterns that contribute to the resistive forces occurring during the recovery phase of the pedal stroke. However, scientific research examining the efficacy of training with PowerCranks(tm) is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if five weeks of training with PowerCranks(tm) improves economy of motion (EOM), gross efficiency (GE), oxygen uptake (V.O2) and muscle activation patterns in trained cyclists. Sixteen trained cyclists were matched and paired into either a PowerCranks(tm) (PC) or Normal Cranks (NC) training group. Prior to training, all subjects completed a graded exercise test (GXT) using normal bicycle cranks. Additionally, on a separate day the PC group performed a modified GXT using PowerCranks? and cycled only until the end of the 200W stage (PCT). During the GXT and PCT, FeO2, FeCO2 and V.E were measured to determine EOM, GE and V.O2max. Integrated electromyography (iEMG) was also used to examine selected muscular activation patterns. Subjects then repeated the tests following the completion of training on their assigned cranks.

<p>Every year, approximately 700 000 individuals´ visit an emergency ward in Sweden as a result of injuries and to the emergency ward at Umea University hospital (NUS) about 12 000 injured arrive every year. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study that surveys injuries caused by crashes among 153 pedestrians and 53 bicyclists, who have been injured in a geographically well defined area during the period January to June 2009. The aim of this study is to survey injuries among pedestrians and cyclists and to examine what preventive measures could reduce these injuries in the Umeå municipality. The results show that falls caused by slipper surface are common among both pedestrians (71 %; n = 109) and bicyclists (32 %; n = 17). Almost one third of the pedestrians (34 %; n = 43) were in the age of 65 or older. Most of them were mildly or moderately hurt, but women had the most complicated injuries and most hospital days. Almost half of the pedestrians suffered fractures and one third of them were in the age of 65 or older. Among the cyclists one third had head-and facial injuries and most of them did not use a helmet. By changes to the environment and by changes made by the human herself many injuries could have been prevented. District nurses meet a lot of patients in all ages in their work and can with preventive action decrease the number of injuries for a lot of people in the community.</p> / EES-projektet

Every year, approximately 700 000 individuals´ visit an emergency ward in Sweden as a result of injuries and to the emergency ward at Umea University hospital (NUS) about 12 000 injured arrive every year. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study that surveys injuries caused by crashes among 153 pedestrians and 53 bicyclists, who have been injured in a geographically well defined area during the period January to June 2009. The aim of this study is to survey injuries among pedestrians and cyclists and to examine what preventive measures could reduce these injuries in the Umeå municipality. The results show that falls caused by slipper surface are common among both pedestrians (71 %; n = 109) and bicyclists (32 %; n = 17). Almost one third of the pedestrians (34 %; n = 43) were in the age of 65 or older. Most of them were mildly or moderately hurt, but women had the most complicated injuries and most hospital days. Almost half of the pedestrians suffered fractures and one third of them were in the age of 65 or older. Among the cyclists one third had head-and facial injuries and most of them did not use a helmet. By changes to the environment and by changes made by the human herself many injuries could have been prevented. District nurses meet a lot of patients in all ages in their work and can with preventive action decrease the number of injuries for a lot of people in the community. / EES-projektet

Graduation date: 1994

Prior research involving cycling, aggression, extraversion, and skill level is dated and limited. This study attempted to measure the levels of aggression and extraversion in each of the five categories of USCF riders to determine if personality differences existed between the different skill levels. Specifically, what proportion of extraverts versus introverts exist in each skill level and do personality characteristics and skill level effect the occurrence of aggression? Modified versions of the Aggression Inventory (AI) and the 55 Bipolar Rating Scale (55-BRS) were used to assess the subjects' tendencies to use aggression and personality characteristics. Results showed that no category has a particular concentration of either personality characteristic, indicating that the proportion of extraversion/introversion did not increase or decrease with increasing category levels. The results also showed a significant main effect for personality, where extraverts were significantly more likely to use verbal aggression and introverts were more likely to use avoidance techniques to avoid aggression. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-36). / ix, 36 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Bibliography: leaves 259-282. / iii, 282 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anthropology, 1996

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Utah, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 296-313).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Edith Cowan University, 2007. / Submitted to the Faculty of Computing, Health and Science. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 145 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.