Objectives: To examine the potential association between disability and risk of vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-bicyclist collisions among children. Methods: Data from the 2002 National Transportation Availability and Use Survey for Persons with Disabilities (NTAUSPD) were analyzed. Results: Among 5019 persons who completed the survey, there were a total of 687 children between 5-17 years of age, including 299 respondents with and 388 without disabilities. After controlling for potential confounding variables, children with disabilities were more than five times more likely to have been hit by a motor vehicle as a pedestrian or bicyclist than children without disabilities (adjusted OR = 5.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-21.41). For all children, regardless of their disability status, children who reported having some difficulty with traffic had a significantly higher risk of collisions (adjusted OR = 50.71, 95% CI: 7.35-349.86). The most commonly reported traffic difficulties for all children with and without disabilities were "Too few or missing sidewalks/paths," "Do not know when it's safe to cross," and "Insensitive/unaware drivers.". Conclusions: Existing effective transportation safety interventions should be effective in reducing the risk of vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-bicyclist collisions in children with disabilities. Future research and safety interventions should focus on how to promote the use of existing effective transportation safety interventions among children with disabilities and their families.

In order to adequately design for and promote safe and regular use of the bicycle as a form of active transportation, researchers and policy-makers alike would benefit from the input of practiced bicyclists. These lay experts possess unique experiential knowledge of local routes, gaps in the network and the degree of comfort afforded by different types of infrastructure. Furthermore, these individuals are adept at commenting on subjectively valuable aspects of bicycling, which may assist in informing promotion and marketing of this activity. This research draws on the knowledge of lay experts who regularly bicycle in Hamilton, Ontario. The objectives of this research were to identify and understand the challenges associated with bicycling in Hamilton, and to explore the subjective identities of Hamilton’s cyclists. A thematic analysis of 10 semi-structured interviews was conducted and the following themes were identified and explored: an array of physical, structural and social deterrents to bicycling exist in Hamilton; and the identities of Hamilton’s cyclists are complex, locally rooted and multidimensional in nature. Using a critical lens, with the help of the Social Ecological Model of Health and Identity Theory, this study draws the following conclusions: cyclists are well-equipped to critically evaluate the urban spaces through which they travel; cyclists may play an important role in encouraging non-users to take up bicycling; and cyclists and auto drivers may benefit from collaborating over mutually beneficial goals. Furthermore, while many individuals who ride bicycles do identify themselves as “cyclists” this terminology can be contentious and the identity is heavily rooted in cyclists’ local context. Although this identity is primarily experienced individually, a sense of community does exist; and the identity often spans beyond the simple action of riding a bicycle. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / In order to adequately design for and promote safe and regular use of the bicycle as a form of active transportation, researchers and policy-makers alike would benefit from the input of practiced bicyclists. These lay experts possess unique experiential knowledge of local routes, gaps in the network and the degree of comfort afforded by different types of infrastructure. Furthermore, these individuals are adept at commenting on subjectively valuable aspects of bicycling, which may assist in informing promotion and marketing of this activity. This research draws on the knowledge of lay experts who regularly bicycle in Hamilton, Ontario. The objectives of this research were to identify and understand the challenges associated with bicycling in Hamilton, and to explore the subjective identities of Hamilton’s cyclists. An analysis of 10 semi-structured interviews was conducted and the following themes were identified and explored: an array of physical, structural and social deterrents to bicycling exist in Hamilton; and the identities of Hamilton’s cyclists are complex, locally rooted and multidimensional in nature. This research emphasizes the contributions bicyclists have to offer social science literature and highlights the need for continual input and engagement with everyday bicycle users. This ongoing communication is important to adequately support and encourage regular and new bicycle users in practicing this healthy and sustainable means of transportation.

Despite many studies describing the physiological characteristics of professional road cyclists and recent work describing the demands of competition, there is a paucity of similar information regarding elite mountain bike (MTB) cyclists. The aim of the present work was to describe the physiological characteristics and the demands of competition for successful MTB cyclists relative to successful road cyclists. Internationally competitive cyclists from both disciplines (seven MTB and seven road) completed the following laboratory tests: anthropometric measurements, an incremental cycle ergometer test and a 30 minute laboratory time trial. In addition, the power output profile obtained in the field from a world-class MTB cyclist riding a simulated race were compared to successful road cycling performances (placing top 3) in flat (FLAT), semi-mountainous (SEMO), high-mountainous (HIMO), individual time trial (ITT) and criterium (CRIT) road races. Due to conversion problems, 6 sentences have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf. These results indicate that success in international MTB racing requires high power-to-weight characteristics complemented by a light and lean physique. MTB racing is associated with greater torque at the pedal crank, a more constant effort with less time at lower power outputs and a higher frequency of highintensity surges than road racing. Therefore coaches should take into account these unique MTB racing characteristics when devising training programs for elite athletes.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-164). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Bicycle transportation has become a central priority of urban areas invested in improving sustainability, livability, and public health outcomes. Transportation agencies are striving to increase the comfort of their bicycle networks to improve the experience of existing cyclists and to attract new cyclists. The Oregon Department of Transportation sponsored the development of ORcycle, a smartphone application designed to collect cyclist travel, comfort, and safety information throughout Oregon. The sample resulting from the initial deployment of the application between November 2014 and March 2015 is described and analyzed within this thesis. 616 bicycle trips from 148 unique users were geo-matched to the Portland metropolitan area bicycle and street network, and the self-reported comfort level of these trips was modeled as a function of user supplied survey responses, temporal characteristics, bicycle facility/street typology, traffic volume, traffic speed, topography, and weather. Cumulative logistic regression models were utilized to quantify how these variables were related to route comfort level within separate variable groups, and then the variables were used in a pooled regression model specified by backwards stepwise selection. The results of these analyses indicated that many of the supplied predictors had significant relationships with route comfort. In particular, bicycle miles traveled on facilities with higher traffic volumes, higher posted speeds, steep grades, and less separation between bicycles and motor vehicles coincided with lower cyclist comfort ratings. User supplied survey responses were also significant, and had a greater overall model variance contribution than objectively measured facility variables. These results align with literature that indicates that built environment variables are important in predicting bicyclist comfort, but user variables may be more important in terms of the variance accounted for. This research outlines unique analysis methods by which future researchers and transportation planners may explore crowdsourced data, and presents the first exploration of bicyclist comfort perception data crowdsourced using a smartphone application.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy , Durban University of Technology, 2011. / The treatment with homoeopathic remedies, namely Phosphoricum acidum 200CH has proved to be effective in many clinical situations; however confirmation of its use within the sporting industry is limited. This study aimed to test Phosphoricum acidum 200CH efficacy in treating highly trained cyclists. This study was a superiority trial, in which the homoeopathic intervention was hypothesized to be superior to the placebo control group, in a statistically significant way (p < 0.05). Aim This study aimed to test the use of Phosphoricum acidum 200CH in treating the adverse physiological and psychological symptoms induced by exercise on cyclists. The aim for treating these adverse symptoms, induced by exercise, is to enhance performance and recovery of cyclists. Performance and recovery were tracked by assessing blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption rate, heart rate, peak power output and emotional status. Methodology The study was a randomized controlled clinical trial, parallel group design. Participants were selected using convenience sampling of male road and mountain bike cyclists in the Western Cape. This study followed an explanatory Randomized Controlled Trial test, where the efficacy of the homoeopathic remedy (Phosphoricum acidum 200CH) was under investigation. The participants were selected with great care and testing was completed under highly controlled conditions. Thirty competitive male cyclists volunteered for this study. All participants were required to complete two cycling power to exhaustion interval tests, consisting of a ten minute warm-up at 100 Watts, followed by a five minute constant load at 150 Watts. The purpose of the constant load was to test cycling economy (CE). Thereafter the workload was increased to 200 W for 30 seconds and then the workload was increased by 20 Watts every 30 seconds. The test continued until the participant could no longer maintain the set repetitions per minute for that workload. The peak power output attained iv was recorded. The first test served as a baseline, after which a single dose of Phosphoricum acidum 200CH or identical placebo was administered, a 30 minute recovery period allowed for the remedy to take effect. The test interval was then repeated, the second test results were then compared to the first baseline test to determine the effect of treatment. The study took many different aspects of the remedies action on the cyclists into account, including mental and physiological effects. Breath-by-breath gases were continuously recorded. Expired gases, volumes and air flow were sampled through a flow meter and gas sampling line and heart rate was measured through telemetry (Polar®, Polar Electro, Oy, Finland) and analyzed by a cardio-pulmonary metabolic system (Quark CPET ® Cosmed, Rome, Italy, 2009). Data recorded was filtered for values outside the normal ranges and averaged for every five seconds. Oxygen consumption (vO2 mL.min-1) and heart rate (bpm) at different stages of each test interval were recorded. More specifically oxygen consumption and heart rates were averaged over the 5 minute section following the warm-up to determine cycling economy, directly after exhaustion for one minute and two minutes following exhaustion for another one minute period. Maximum attained heart rate was recorded for each interval test. Maximum oxygen consumption (vO2Max Absolute) was calculated as the mean of the highest three values attained, this mean was then divided by the participants body mass to determine maximum aerobic capacity (vO2Max Relative). Blood lactate levels were tested before, 15 minutes into and directly after each interval, to assess resting lactate status, cycling economy and to determine maximum lactate accumulation. Psychological testing included mood analysis, using a Stellenbosch mood scale (STEMS) questionnaire and further symptoms were analyzed using a Numerical rating scale (NRS) with symptomatic questions. Results From the results, it was clearly apparent that the control group proved to be of a higher calibre when comparing performance variables of the two groups namely:  Higher peak power output  Higher vO2Max  Lower economy lactate v  Lower resting lactate Despite the treatment group being the weaker of the two groups, they showed improvement in performance after administration of the remedy. This improvement was manifest through physiological alteration in the second test. More exclusively is the acceptance of the hypothesis concerning heart rate and oxygen consumption, whereby results showed that the administration of Phosphoricum acidum 200CH decreased heart rate and submaximal oxygen consumption rates during performance and recovery. There was no observable psychological effect during this study. The results suggest that Phosphoricum acidum 200CH primary demonstrated physiological effects on the cyclists. The researcher believes that this is due to insufficient time given for psychological alterations. Conclusion The Phosphoricum acidum 200CH has proven to be effective in enhancing cycling economy, reducing maximum heart rate and enhancing recovery to a large degree for the first minute following exhaustion. These positive effects are of great importance as the treatment group was the weaker of the two groups. Resulting in the possibility of even larger results being observable in repeated studies where both groups have similar performance abilities.

Iron status and dietary iron intake were examined in thirteen non-anemic menstruating competitive female cyclists training greater than 150 miles/week. Serum ferritin was 37.6 ± 49.1 ng/ml (mean ± SD), iron stores were 241 ± 92 and serum iron was 124.0 ± 64. Four subjects (30.8%) presented with iron deficiency, 30.7% had iron stores less than zero mg and 23.1% had iron stores less than -100 mg. Mean energy intake was 1625 ± 376 Kcal. Mean total iron intake (food + multivitamins) was 18.8 ± 6.9 mg/day, and absorbable iron intake was 1.5 ± 1.2 mg/day. Seven athletes (47%) consumed less than the RDA (18 mg/day) while 73% (11) consumed less than 1.8 mg/day of absorbable iron. The results suggest that insufficient iron intake, either total or absorbable, contributes to a high prevalence of iron deficiency among female cyclists.

This study quantified the changes in pedaling mechanics and energy expenditure accompanying a posterior shift in cleat placement during prolonged cycling. Six male competitive cyclists participated. Each subject was asked to complete two separate hour long rides using traditional cleat placement and a novel heel placement, respectively. Expired gasses, kinematics, and EMG from 7 lower limb muscles were collected at three time intervals during each ride. No significant difference in O2 utilization was seen (p=0.905). A significant difference was seen in sagittal plane knee angle (p=0.008) and angular velocity (p=0.003) in the heel condition, demonstrating a more extended knee and lower peaks in angular velocity. Musculo-tendon kinematic data showed no differences. Tibialis anterior (TA) iEMG was higher in the heel condition, and SOL and TA showed differences in timing between conditions. These results demonstrate changes in ankling patterns and knee joint kinematics as adaptations to heel pedaling. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Zetisky Jonathan V 9213052F zeds@telkomsa.net Master of Science in Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences M.Sc (med) Prof Rogers, G / Development in triathlon at the elite level can be improved by knowing the physical, physiological and anthropometrical characteristics of current elite triathletes and single sport athletes, and isolating those factors that contribute to high levels of performance. Much research on this topic has been done with regard to the single sport disciplines of running, swimming and cycling. However, less is known about triathletes. The primary purpose of this study was therefore to see whether and how triathletes differ from the single sport athletes in the disciplines of swimming, cycling and running, and by so doing, to develop a profile of an elite South African triathlete. Thirty-four subjects (triathletes: n = 12; runners: n = 8; swimmers: n = 6 and cyclists: n = 8) were measured for the physical characteristics of age, mass, height, body fat and lean body mass. Anthropometric measurements (skinfolds, bone breadths and girths) were also taken along with the physiological components of VO2 maximum (maximal oxygen consumption) and running economy. Muscle strength and endurance were also measured. The results showed that triathletes do not differ significantly from the single sport athletes (swimmers, cyclists and runners) in any of the components measured. In fact, they are generally most similar to cyclists in all of the categories measured and in each of these, lie between runners and swimmers. Runners and swimmers however, were significantly different (P<0.05) from each other in terms of mass (kg), lean body mass (kg) and maximal oxygen consumption (ml O2/kg.min-1). 3 No significant differences were noted between the triathletes, swimmers, cyclists and runners in endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy somatotype ratings. Swimmers (2 – 3,9 – 2,7) and cyclists (2 – 4 – 2,8) as well as the triathletes (2 – 3,8 – 2,8) fall into the ectomorphic-mesomorph somatotype while runners (1,8 – 3 – 3,5) on the other hand, were classified as mesomorphic-ectomorph. The study therefore suggests that no single physical, physiological or anthropometrical factor determines successful performance. Rather, it is a blend of physical and physiological traits observed in the single sport athletes that makes a successful triathlete.

Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts (Anthropology) School of Social Science Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / The primary purpose of this study is to identify the social characteristics of the Critical Mass event in Johannesburg, an event that forms part of an international movement. The international Critical Mass movement is made up of 350 participating cities around the world where cyclists ride as unregulated groups, on the last Friday of every month, to take back the streets from cars. My study investigates who rides in the Critical Mass event in Johannesburg, how they move through the inner city streets as a group and reasons given by the organisers and the participants for why the ride occurs. This study was conducted as a patchwork ethnography, where I participated in and observed the ride, but also collected secondary data (archives, maps, media sources, public reports and conferences/meetings) implicated at the ride. Using Anna Tsing’s (2005) conceptual frameworks ‘friction’ and ‘global connection’ I suggest that my findings point to the particularities, a number of contextual factors that reach beyond the ride itself, but are always already contingent on moments of friction during the ride. I explain that the moments of frictions make clear the multiple chains implicated during the ride, that is the everyday. I argue that these chains are dynamic connections to identity, spatial and discursive privilege during the ride. This account of the particularities of the Johannesburg event, as cycling in Africa, the global South, fill the gap in the research on Critical Mass that is focused on Western accounts of the ride. Furthermore, as an experimental approach in anthropology my use of the patchwork method and connections contribute to new and political ways of thinking about the global South. Lastly, my study provides a lens to look at cycling advocacy. / GR2017