1. Phonemes, words, clauses and sentences are not a logical necessity of language, unlike distinctive features and morphemes. 2. Despite this, such nested segmentation is very firmly present in languages and in our concepts of language description, 3. because nested segmentation and inserting redundancy on multiple levels is an efficient way to get the language signal through the burst-noise channel. 4. There are various strategies how redundancy can be added and what kind of redundancy can be added. 5. The segment delimiter is expressed by some additional information and the amount of delimiting information is independent from the length of the seg- ment it delimits. This principle can serve as a basis for a successful model for the Menzerath's relation.

Title: Czech and Serbian phraseology: comparison, aspects and structure of the Czech-Serbian phraseological dictionary Author: Mgr. Snežana Linda Popović Department: Department of South Slavonic and Balkan Studies Supervisor: prof. PhDr. František Čermák, DrSc. Abstract Despite the fact that phraseology is present-day and appealing theme in linguistic, that many linguists gain from, which is due to fact that our language is made up of many steady and idiomatic structures that foreign students have to learn, this scientific discipline is still an area where the linguists have not yet agreed on the definition of its basic unit and field of research. Besides that, there is evident variance in the number of works within phraseology and phraseography in Czech and Serbian linguistics. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyse the Czech and Serbian phraseological theory, classification of phrasemes and phraseography, including the theoretical background to create a bilingual phraseological dictionary. The analysis was based on field of definition of phrasemes, its formal distribution, equivalents on all combinatorial levels and design of dictionary entry in monolingual and bilingual phraseological dictionaries. The findings have confirmed that there are areas in context of phraseology that did...

It is evident from the data included in the Czech-Japanese Parallel Corpus that apparent qualitative shifts between corresponding sentence segments in source and target languages appear due to the process of translation from Japanese. My goal then is the analysis of this asymmetry of sentences in translations from Japanese to Czech and evaluation of its causes and effects. This issue is viewed through the theory of translation universals (explicitation, implicitation, normalization, simplification). However, it is also concerned with the theory of information density, although its application has during the research appeared at least problematic. The theoretical outlook of translatology on these theories and the detailed process of sample selection is discussed in the introduction of the thesis. The results of the analysis of asymmetric sentences are discussed in the central part of the thesis, which is mainly concerned with the summary of language features and situations creating this asymmetry but also with the question which general trends can be considered to exist in Japanese-Czech translation based on this summary. Finally, the distribution of asymmetric segments in six analysed translation is studied as well as the potential influence of translators on their creation. Keywords: Japanese,...

The thesis deals with educational area "Language and language communication" with special focus on educational field "Czech language and literature from 6th to 9th grade of primary schools and is defining the problematics of teaching methods. These questions are characterized both in theory and in research. The theoretical part characterizes the subject Czech language from 6th to 9th grade of primary schools as a teaching subject and it deals with teaching methods in terms of their classification. The research part is based on a survey and it focuses on practical use of teacing methods of Czech language lessons from 6th to 9th grade of primary schools.

The aim of the thesis Innovative Approaches to Czech Language Curriculum at Lower Secondary School was to discover whether any innovative approaches to subject Czech language at lower secondary schools were included in their school education programme, if the answer was positive, the aim was to define which innovative approaches exactly they were. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part analyzes the general approach to curriculum and also the specific approach towards the Czech language. The thesis includes a brief history of the curricular reform, which was implemented in January 2005, and the opinions of the experts on the reform. The practical part contains the analysis of the innovative approaches towards the curriculum of the Czech language at the chosen thirteen lower secondary schools in the Czech Republic. A specific interest was given to innovative approaches towards the Czech language which were in agreement with the curricular reform and with the innovative didactic approaches in general. The chosen method is a comparison and the analysis of the texts. The results indicate that the innovative approaches are present in the curricular materials at the chosen schools, specifically in the syllabus of the subject Czech language. The results...

The thesis comprehends the topic of reading literacy development using methods of Reading and Writing for Critical Thinking (RWCT) at the first stage of primary education. The background of RWCT program is described in the first part of the thesis, along with defining the field of reading literacy. Several methods of the program are more thorougly analyzed, including their positive impact on development of the individual aspects of reading literacy. The research part examines the possibility of various constituents of reading literacy to be developed using RWCT methods, and the circumstances that have to be met in order to achieve it. The main focus of analysis lies in the benefits of reading workshop technique, and its application in overall development of reading literary and reading itself.

Helena Petáková, Greek as a source of enrichment of the Czech vocabulary Abstract: The Masterʼs thesis examines the influence of the Greek language on the Czech vocabulary from different angles. In the introduction, we define basic terms, which we use in the text, especially "loanword" and with it synonymous "lexical borrowing". Next chapter is devoted to the issues of lexical borrowing in general (motivation, ways of involvement of foreign words in the system of the recipient language, and the sorting options of the loanwords). The third chapter maps borrowing of the Greek words into the Czech language in various periods of development. Furthermore, we are interested in the Czech reception of the Greek language (the admiration of Greek, comparison of Czech with Greek) in the crucial moments of modern history and its connection with national and linguistic defensive trends. After this cultural-historical insight, in the fifth, sixth and seventh chapter we return to the lexical borrowings from Greek. We follow various means by which they entered the Czech language, the way of their involvement in the Czech vocabulary, and finally the semantic and stylistic spheres, in which the Graecisms were most applied in our country. As a separate attachment following the final summary, we attach a list of words of Greek...

This thesis is focused on the analysis of phrasemes and idioms in Spanish and Czech journalistic texts. In its theoretical part, we discuss the definition of phraseology and idioms as linguistic disciplines within Czech and Spanish linguistics. The practical part contains a sample corpus of phrases and idioms based on selected excerpts from newspaper articles during a specific time period. These linguistic units are divided into thematic groups by their base words, their meaning is explained and formal and substantive similarities between Czech and Spanish are observed. We do not aim at presenting a set of idioms of the language, only to point out the currently used idioms in journalistic texts. Key words phraseology, set phrase, idiom, Czech language, Spanish language, journalism, semantics, equivalent

The thesis compares methods and forms of Czech language teaching at secondary grammar school and Waldorf lycée. The first part deals with the theoretical basis of traditional and alternative education, whereas the second part focuses on their practical implementation as methods and forms of work. The observed lessons are analysed and the results of traditional and alternative approach are contrasted by a test. The aim is to ascertain whether the alternative school implements its principles into methods and forms of language teaching and whether they are more effective than the traditional ones. The thesis concludes that the alternative school implements only a few aspects of alternative education resulting in more active and engaged pupils. The results of the test imply that both schools are comparable in terms of language knowledge. KEYWORDS teaching Czech language, syntax, upper-secondary school, grammar school, waldorf lycée

The diploma thesis analyzes posts that are produced by three online Czech news websites - Aktuálně.cz, iDnes.cz and Novinky.cz. The lingustic analysis is based on the five linguistic levels - orthography, syntax, lexicology, morphology and stylistics. The news writing style and its characteristics are described in the theoretical part. It is accompanied by the description of the electronic communication phenomena. The key theoretical knowledge about changes in the Czech language used on the Internet is summarized. Chapter focused on Facebook development and its specific features is also included. The results of the analysis show two main tendencies in Czech language used on Facebook by online news websites. Firstly, language originality was used to capture user attention in Facebook feed. Secondly, the economy of language, shortness and conciseness in Facebook posts were identified. Results reveal the high number of spelling errors, high frequency of elliptical and condensed sentences without redundant phrases. The sentences were often replaced by nominal equivalents or fragments without predicates. Neologisms and colloquial Czech are considerably present in the text. All posts contain a significant graphical section.