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Background: Performing aerobic exercise and maintaining high levels of aerobic fitness may have positive effects on both brain structure and function in older adults. Despite decades of research however, there is still a rather poor understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms explaining the positive effects of aerobic exercise on cognition. Changes in prefrontal gray matter as well as dopaminergic neurotransmission in striatum are both candidate neurocognitive mechanisms. The main aims of this thesis are: 1. To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and fitness on cognition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived gray matter volumes using data from a 6 month physical exercise intervention in older adults (Study I). 2. To simulate the effect of atrophy in longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) which could pose a challenge to interpreting changes in longitudinal PET imaging (Study II). 3. To study the influence of aerobic exercise and fitness on the dopamine D2-receptor (D2R) system in striatum using [11C]raclopride PET as a potential mechanism for improved cognition (Study III). Results: In Study I, aerobic exercise was found to improve cognitive performance in a broad, rather than domain-specific sense. Moreover, aerobic fitness was related to prefrontal cortical thickness, and improved aerobic fitness over 6 months was related to increased hippocampal volume. In Study II, we identified areas in the striatum vulnerable to the effect of shrinkage, which should be considered in longitudinal PET imaging. Finally, in Study III, the effect of being aerobically fit, and improving fitness levels was found to impact dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum, which in turn mediated fitness-induced improvements in working memory updating performance. Conclusion: The findings in this thesis provide novel evidence regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms of aerobic exercise-induced improvements in cognition, and impacts the interpretation of longitudinal PET imaging. Performing aerobic exercise and staying aerobically fit at an older age have positive effects on cognition and brain systems important for memory and cognition. Specifically, fitness-induced changes to the dopaminergic system stands out as one novel neurocognitive mechanism explaining the positive effects of aerobic fitness on working-memory performance in healthy older adults.

Rxry est l’un des récepteurs nucléaires impliqués dans la signalisation à l’acide rétinoïque. L’ablation de Rxry chez les souris provoque le développement de comportements de type dépressifs - désespoir et d’anhédonie. De tels déficits pouvaient être normalisés par des anti-dépresseurs tels que la fluoxetine, suggérant donc l’importance de telles données pour la recherche sur la dépression.Nous avons trouvé que le NAcSh est une structure impliquée dans le contrôle par Rxry des comportements motivés étant donné que la ré-expression de Rxry dans cette structure par le virus normalise les déficits comportementaux chez les souris Rxry-/-. Nous avons démontré que le récepteur Drd2 qui est sous-exprimé dans le NAcSh des souris Rxry-/- est nécessaire dans le contrôle des comportements affectifs étant donné que le blocage des activités du Drd2 par infusion de raclopride dans le NAcSh empêche le rétablissement du phénotype Rxry-/- par le virus AAV2-RxryCette observation est étayée par le rétablissement fonctionnel des déficits comportementaux par injection de virus ou traitement à la fluoxetine qui augmentent l’expression du Drd2 dans le NAcSh chez les souris Rxry-/-. Ces données sont la première démonstration que les récepteurs aux rétinoides sont impliqués dans le contrôle des comportements affectifs chez la souris.Nous avons observé que l’ablation de Rxry provoquent une hyperactivité du NAcSh. Nous avons observé des phénomènes similaires dans un modèle de stresse par défaite sociale. L’existence de telle corrélation dans deux modèles animaux distincts de comportements dépressifs suggère que l’hyperactivité du NacSh pourrait être un phénomène commun sous-tendant la dépression. / Rxry is one of nuclear receptors involved in retinoic acid signalling. Ablation of this receptor in mice leads to development of depressive-like behaviours - despair and anhedonia. Importantly, such deficits could be normalized by antidepressant, fluoxetine chronic treatment, suggesting thus the relevance of such data for research into depression. We identified that NAcSh is a key structure implicated in Rxry control of motivated behaviours as virus mediated re-expression of Rxry in this brain region normalized behavioural deficits of Rxry-/- mice. We demonstrated that dopaminergic D2 receptor – Drd2, which is underexpressed in the NAcSh of Rxry-/- mice is necessary for Rxry control of affective behaviours since blocking of Drd2 activities by infusion of raclopride into the NAcSh prevented AAV2-Rxry mediated rescue of Rxry-/- phenotype. This observation was further supported by functional rescue of behavioral deficits by virus mediated or chronic fluoxetine treatment increase of Drd2 expression in the NAcSh of Rxry-/- mice. Such data provide the first evidence that retinoid receptors are implicated in the control of affective behaviours in mice.We also identified that molecular changes caused by Rxry ablation lead to hyperactivity of the NAcSh. Importantly, we observed similar phenomenon in etiologically different model of depression – social defeat stress model. Existence of such correlation in two distinct animal models of depressive behaviours, suggests that NAcSh hyperactivity might be a common phenomenon underlying depression.