This study examines the place of the PDS within the German political system. By developing and employing a typology of regional parties this work illustrates that the PDS has been politically successful on account of its mobilisation of distinct territorial interests - in much the same way as other regional parties across the democratic world have done. The creation of a territorial divide along the former inner-German border has offered the PDS the opportunity to re-model its image and profile as the protector of eastern German specificity. The West German party system that expanded eastwards in 1990 has not been able to sufficiently channel regionally specific sentiment into the political process: and it is for this reason that a regional party has been able to stabilise itself in the eastern states. The PDS has taken advantage of a number of structural advantages (in terms of its regional heritage, leadership, its party organisation and so forth) in moulding and shaping a policy package that reflects the differing opinions, attitudes, values and beliefs of many eastern Germans. It is as a result of this that the PDS has been able to stabilise its position within the eastern German regional party system and to build a platform that offers it the opportunity of being a longterm actor in the German party system.

The thesis examines the relationship between politics and Shakespeare performance in eastern Germany before, during, and after reunification in 1990. Distancing itself from the assumption that performance acts as a directly influential political tool, it situates theatre practitioners and institutions within their economic, political, and cultural contexts. By analysing a wide range of case studies from Berlin as well as more peripheral towns and cities, I argue that German Shakespeare performance’s capacity for political intervention, both before and after reunification, was limited by theatre practitioners’ reliance on public funding, their close relationships with governmental authority, and an underlying distrust of the people (Volk). Ultimately, East German theatre practitioners proved useful to the 1989 protest movement precisely because they occupied a unique position at the interface of dissidence and state power. I begin by situating my study within the tradition of reading Hamlet as an allegory for the German struggle between Geist (intellect) and Macht (power). Each following chapter examines Shakespeare productions between 1980 and 2000 from a different perspective. Chapter 2 considers the impact of public funding on theatre practice in the GDR, and theatre’s struggle for economic survival following reunification. Chapter 3 examines theatre’s shifting relationships with political authority by investigating East German censorship practices, theatre practitioners’ involvement with the 1989 protest movement, and attempts to connect Shakespeare performance with politics in reunified Germany. Chapter 4 analyses competing theatre aesthetics in relation to their function, methodology, and intended audience, examining how these translated into theatre practice. The thesis concludes by considering Shakespeare’s role in memorialising East German theatre practice.

From the end of the Second World War historians have sought to answer one of its most intriguing questions: to what - and to whom - did the Wehrmacht owe its shocking initial operational successes? What was the nature of German strategic and operational perceptions, and were they new — or even, as some researchers have suggested, 'revolutionary'? Was German post-1918 military culture conducive to a thorough investigation of past mistakes, a re-evaluation of traditional notions, and the pursuit of new ideas? In reality the Reichswehr officer corps jealously defended its inherited conceptual boundaries, retreated ever-deeper into a one-dimensional self-perception and strategic outlook, and offered conceptually ossified solutions to the Republic's pressing security problems. German officers, convinced that their doctrine and military world-view were flawless, never challenged the axioms and values that had brought army and nation to catastrophe in 1918: extreme warfare, culminating in the most destructive and eventually self-destructive actions; extremes of risk-taking; the endless pursuit of annihilational battles that dictated the reduction of strategy to meticulous operational and tactical planning; the trust in 'spiritual superiority' to overcome enemy advantages in material and manpower; ruthlessness; and an exaggerated drive for action at all costs. Idiosyncratic operational planning that was at times completely detached from strategic reality completed the picture of a military organisation unable to renew itself. No comprehensive analysis has yet convincingly explained this astonishing continuity, or linked it to the allegedly innovative operational theory and doctrine that evolved in the second half of the 1930s. The concept of military and organisational culture can however provide the necessary theoretical foundations for understanding both that continuity and the doctrinal shape that it assumed in the imminence of the Second World War. It can explain - as this thesis demonstrates - the disastrous and seemingly inexplicable wrong-headedness of a group of otherwise highly intelligent men.

This thesis explores the occupational structure and culture of urban midwifery practice in early modern Germany between 1650 and 1810. Following the Thirty Years War many larger cities began to reform midwifery provision. They were motivated partly by depopulation anxieties and partly by burgeoning civic confidence and prosperity. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century the Leipzig Council began to appoint midwife apprentices, introduced a municipal obstetrician (Stadtaccoucheur) to supervise its licensed midwives and carry out difficult operative deliveries, and began to provide its midwives with formal anatomical and obstetric instruction through the new Stadtaccoucheur. Drawing on municipal council records in the city of Leipzig, this thesis traces the varieties and forms of midwifery practice that existed within the urban setting and examines the impact of these reforms on the traditional culture of urban midwifery. It explores the structure of formal and informal midwifery, the socioeconomic and life cycle of midwives, client networks and the way in which midwives demarcated their occupational territory amongst themselves and with other practitioners. This thesis argues that these reforms were not driven by the state but were rather motivated by the Leipzig Council, the citizenry and midwives themselves. Moreover, these reforms served to reinforce rather than change the existing occupational structure and culture of urban midwifery in Leipzig, which was grounded in the moral economy of livelihood.

This thesis examines the manufacture, use, exchange (including gift exchange), collecting and commodification of German medals and badges from the early 18th century until the present-day, with particular attention being given to the symbols that were deployed by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) between 1919 and 1945. It does so by focusing in particular on the construction of value through insignia, and how such badges and their symbolic and monetary value changed over time. In order to achieve this, the thesis adopts a chronological structure, which encompasses the creation of Prussia in 1701, the Napoleonic wars and the increased democratisation of military awards such as the Iron Cross during the Great War. The collapse of the Kaiserreich in 1918 was the major factor that led to the creation of the NSDAP under the eventual strangle-hold of Hitler, a fundamentally racist and anti-Semitic movement that continued the German tradition of awarding and wearing badges. The traditional symbols of Imperial Germany, such as the eagle, were then infused with the swastika, an emblem that was meant to signify anti-Semitism, thus creating a hybrid identity. This combination was then replicated en-masse, and eventually eclipsed all the symbols that had possessed symbolic significance in Germany’s past. After Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, millions of medals and badges were produced in an effort to create a racially based “People’s Community”, but the steel and iron that were required for munitions eventually led to substitute materials being utilised and developed in order to manufacture millions of politically oriented badges. The Second World War unleashed Nazi terror across Europe, and the conscripts and volunteers who took part in this fight for living-space were rewarded with medals that were modelled on those that had been instituted during Imperial times. The colonial conquest and occupation of the East by the Wehrmacht, the Order Police and the Waffen-SS surpassed the brutality of former wars that finally culminated in the Holocaust, and some of these horrific crimes and the perpetrators of them were perversely rewarded with medals and badges. Despite Nazism being thoroughly discredited, many of the Allied soldiers who occupied Germany took part in the age-old practice of obtaining trophies of war, which reconfigured the meaning of Nazi badges as souvenirs, and began the process of their increased commodification on an emerging secondary collectors’ market. In order to analyse the dynamics of this market, a “basket” of badges is examined that enables a discussion of the role that aesthetics, scarcity and authenticity have in determining the price of the artefacts. In summary, this thesis demonstrates how the symbolic, socio-economic and exchange value of German military and political medals and badges has changed substantially over time, provides a stimulus for scholars to conduct research in this under-developed area, and encourages collectors to investigate the artefacts that they collect in a more historically contextualised manner.

No description available.

Usamos as regras de soma da QCD para obter a massa dos pentaquarks \" \'teta\' POT.+\"(1540) e \"\'ksi\' POT.--\" (1862), a largura de decaimento da \"\'teta\' POT.+\" e a constante de acoplamento e fator de forma presentes no vertice J/ \'psi\' \"DD POT.*\". No estudo dos pentaquarks, usamos dois tipos de campos interpolantes contendo dois diquarks altamente correlacionados. Obtemos as massas consistentes com os dados experimentais, porém esta regra de soma têm uma grande contribuição do contínuo e a OPE não é muito boa. Obtivemos uma largura de decaimento compatível com os valores experimentais desde que sejam subtraídos diagramas que representam a \" \'teta\' POT.+\" como um estado ligado K - n. No estudo do vértice vertice J/ \'psi\' \"DD POT.*\" calculamos o fator de forma e a constante de acoplamento, considerando três casos: D off-shell, \"D POT.*\" off-shell e J/ \'psi\' off-shell. A constante de acoplamento é a mesma nesses três casos, porém o fator de forma depende da escolha da partícula off-shell, onde para a J/ \'psi\' off-shell o fator de forma é bem mais duro que o fator de forma obtido para os outros casos. Também comparamos os nossos resultados com outros métodos: o modelo de quark méson constituintes e o modelo de quarks relativísticos constituintes / We use the QCD sum rules to obtain the masses of the pentaquarks _+(1540) and _−−(1862), _+ decay width and the coupling constant and the form factor for the J/ DD* vertex.In the study of the pentaquarks, we use two kinds of interpolating fields, containing two highly correlated diquarks. We get the masses in a good agreement with the experimental value, but this sum rule has a large continuuum contribution and the OPE convergence is not so good. We get the decay width compatible with the experimental value, since we subtract the diagrams that represent _+ as a K − n bound state. In the study of J/ DD* vertex, we calculate the form factor and the coupling constant considering three cases: D off-shell, D* off-shell and J/ off-shell. The coupling constant is the same in those three cases, however the form factor depends on the choice of the particle off-shell, where for the J/ off-shell the form factor is much harder than the form factor obtained for the other cases. We also compare our results with other methods: the constituent quark meson model and the relativistic constituent quark model.

Usamos as regras de soma da QCD para obter a massa dos pentaquarks \" \'teta\' POT.+\"(1540) e \"\'ksi\' POT.--\" (1862), a largura de decaimento da \"\'teta\' POT.+\" e a constante de acoplamento e fator de forma presentes no vertice J/ \'psi\' \"DD POT.*\". No estudo dos pentaquarks, usamos dois tipos de campos interpolantes contendo dois diquarks altamente correlacionados. Obtemos as massas consistentes com os dados experimentais, porém esta regra de soma têm uma grande contribuição do contínuo e a OPE não é muito boa. Obtivemos uma largura de decaimento compatível com os valores experimentais desde que sejam subtraídos diagramas que representam a \" \'teta\' POT.+\" como um estado ligado K - n. No estudo do vértice vertice J/ \'psi\' \"DD POT.*\" calculamos o fator de forma e a constante de acoplamento, considerando três casos: D off-shell, \"D POT.*\" off-shell e J/ \'psi\' off-shell. A constante de acoplamento é a mesma nesses três casos, porém o fator de forma depende da escolha da partícula off-shell, onde para a J/ \'psi\' off-shell o fator de forma é bem mais duro que o fator de forma obtido para os outros casos. Também comparamos os nossos resultados com outros métodos: o modelo de quark méson constituintes e o modelo de quarks relativísticos constituintes / We use the QCD sum rules to obtain the masses of the pentaquarks _+(1540) and _−−(1862), _+ decay width and the coupling constant and the form factor for the J/ DD* vertex.In the study of the pentaquarks, we use two kinds of interpolating fields, containing two highly correlated diquarks. We get the masses in a good agreement with the experimental value, but this sum rule has a large continuuum contribution and the OPE convergence is not so good. We get the decay width compatible with the experimental value, since we subtract the diagrams that represent _+ as a K − n bound state. In the study of J/ DD* vertex, we calculate the form factor and the coupling constant considering three cases: D off-shell, D* off-shell and J/ off-shell. The coupling constant is the same in those three cases, however the form factor depends on the choice of the particle off-shell, where for the J/ off-shell the form factor is much harder than the form factor obtained for the other cases. We also compare our results with other methods: the constituent quark meson model and the relativistic constituent quark model.

Porphyromonas gingivalis é um bacilo anaeróbio Gram negativo envolvido com o início e progressão de doenças periodontais. É considerado um colonizador tardio ou secundário do biofilme oral capaz de aderir a células de Streptococcus gordonii, um colonizador inicial do biofilme dental. Este estudo se propôs a comparar a expressão de genes de amostras de P. gingivalis isoladas de diferentes condições periodontais usando Differential Display (DD) Reverse Transcription PCR, durante a formação de biofilme misto com S. gordonii. O perfil de expressão gênica de células em biofilme (saúde e periodontite) foi comparado, assim como com células planctônicas pareadas. Bandas diferencialmente expressas nas diferentes condições foram clonadas e seqüenciadas, seguida de identificação dos genes em bancos de dados. A confirmação da expressão diferencial dos genes detectados foi realizada através de PCR em Tempo Real. Desses genes, alguns se relacionam com fatores de virulência, outros com obtenção de energia além de genes relacionados com proteínas de membrana e de transporte. / Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram negative anaerobic rod involved with the beginning and progression of periodontal diseases P. gingivalis is a late or secondary colonizer of oral biofilms and adhere to cells of Streptococcus gordonii, an early colonizer of dental plaque. This study aim to compare the gene expression of P. gingivalis strains isolated from different periodontal conditions using Differential Display (DD) Reverse Transcription PCR, in a mixed biofilm with S. gordonii. The gene expression profile was determined with biofilm cells (health and disease) and also with their planktonic samples partners. Bands differentially expressed were cloned, sequenciated and analyzed in gene data bank. Differential expression was confirmed by Real Time PCR. Some of the confirmed genes are related to virulence factors, energy metabolism and transport and membrane proteins.

Porphyromonas gingivalis é um bacilo anaeróbio Gram negativo envolvido com o início e progressão de doenças periodontais. É considerado um colonizador tardio ou secundário do biofilme oral capaz de aderir a células de Streptococcus gordonii, um colonizador inicial do biofilme dental. Este estudo se propôs a comparar a expressão de genes de amostras de P. gingivalis isoladas de diferentes condições periodontais usando Differential Display (DD) Reverse Transcription PCR, durante a formação de biofilme misto com S. gordonii. O perfil de expressão gênica de células em biofilme (saúde e periodontite) foi comparado, assim como com células planctônicas pareadas. Bandas diferencialmente expressas nas diferentes condições foram clonadas e seqüenciadas, seguida de identificação dos genes em bancos de dados. A confirmação da expressão diferencial dos genes detectados foi realizada através de PCR em Tempo Real. Desses genes, alguns se relacionam com fatores de virulência, outros com obtenção de energia além de genes relacionados com proteínas de membrana e de transporte. / Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram negative anaerobic rod involved with the beginning and progression of periodontal diseases P. gingivalis is a late or secondary colonizer of oral biofilms and adhere to cells of Streptococcus gordonii, an early colonizer of dental plaque. This study aim to compare the gene expression of P. gingivalis strains isolated from different periodontal conditions using Differential Display (DD) Reverse Transcription PCR, in a mixed biofilm with S. gordonii. The gene expression profile was determined with biofilm cells (health and disease) and also with their planktonic samples partners. Bands differentially expressed were cloned, sequenciated and analyzed in gene data bank. Differential expression was confirmed by Real Time PCR. Some of the confirmed genes are related to virulence factors, energy metabolism and transport and membrane proteins.