Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T17:15:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 61.pdf: 1204647 bytes, checksum: 2820eae53e7d2294edaeedea563ab9b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Nutrição. Departamento de Nutrição Básica e Experimental / O poli-(cloreto de vinila) (PVC) necessita da adição de plastificantes, que são aditivos que conferem flexibilidade e maleabilidade para a sua transformação em filme flexível. Os mais utilizados são o adipato de di-(2-etil-hexila) (DEHA) e o ftalato de di-(2-etil-hexila) (DEHP). Para verificar a possível exposição do consumidor aos plastificantes DEHA e DEHP, adicionados a filmes de PVC utilizados no acondicionamento de alimentos gordurosos, utilizou-se o inquérito alimentar como ferramenta no estudo seccional, numa amostra populacional de conveniência, para determinar os cinco primeiros alimentos de maior freqüência de consumo, com no mínimo 3% (m/m) de gordura e com possibilidades de acondicionamento por filme de PVC. O resultado indicou os seguintes alimentos: peito de frango (96%); carne bovina magra (95%); pizza de mozarela (91%); coxa de frango (82%) e queijo mozarela (76%). A migração para os alimentos foi calculada pela diferença entre o teor inicial de DEHA e DEHP no filme de PVC e o teor no filme de PVC após o contato com os alimentos. Quando foi avaliada a pior situação, na amostra de queijo mozarela, os resultados de migração indicaram um nível excessivamente elevado quando comparados com o limite de migração específica (LME) de cada plastificante. Os valores encontrados foram, aproximadamente, 37 vezes mais do permitido para o DEHA (18 mg/kg) e 1.779 vezes mais para o DEHP (1,5 mg/kg). O cálculo de extrapolação da migração para 1 kg de alimento foi realizado com amostras alimentares menores, entre 26 a 270 g. Foi realizado um estudo cronológico com uma amostra de queijo-prato, para avaliar como a migração desses plastificantes ocorria durante 10 dias ininterruptos. Nesse estudo foi encontrada uma estabilidade de migração do DEHA para a amostra alimentar, quando comparada desde a primeira avaliação até a final. Esse estudo demonstrou a exposição do consumidor ao ingerir alimento que tenha sido previamente embalado com filme de PVC e utilizado sem um processo de cocção, onde se encontrou para o DEHA 28,83 mg/100g e 70,06 mg/100g para o DEHP. A presente pesquisa mostra a importância de quantificar a migração desses plastificantes nos alimentos, para uma atualização das leis quanto ao uso dos plastificantes utilizados nos filmes de PVC, quando os mesmos tenham a possibilidade de embalar os alimentos, possibilitando viabilizar a segurança dos alimentos, assegurar a saúde humana e, ainda, se os mesmos deveriam ou não continuar a serem utilizados no mercado para embalar alimentos. / The poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) requires the addition of plasticizers that given flexibility and adaptability to flexible films. The most plasticizers are di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) adipate (DEHA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). We used the food survey as a tool in cross-sectional study, a sample of convenience, to determine the top five foods higher frequency of consumption for at least 3% (w/w) fat and check the possible consumer exposure to the plasticizer DEHP and DEHA added to PVC films. The results indicated the following foods: chicken breast (96%), lean beef (95%); mozzarella pizza (91%), chicken thigh (82%) and mozzarella cheese (76%). The migration into food was calculated as the difference between the initial content of DEHP and DEHA in PVC film and PVC content in the film after contact with food. The migration results were too higher if compared with the specific migration limits (SMLs) for each plasticizer. In the worst case or mozzarella cheese sample, they corresponded at 1,779 times the DEHP limit (1.5 mg/kg). In regard to DEHP migration, these corresponded at 37 times about the limit (18 mg/kg). The extrapolation migration for 1 kg of food was carried out with smaller samples, between 26 to 270 g. A chronological study was conducted with a sample of cheese-dish, to evaluate how the migration of plasticizers occurred for 10 continuous days. In this study we found a stable for DEHA migration from the food sample, compared from the first to the final evaluation. This study demonstrated the exposure of consumers to eat food that has been previously packed with PVC film and used without a cooking process, was found for DEHA and DEHP, respectively, 28.83 mg/100g and 70.06 mg/100g. This research shows the importance of quantifying the migration of plasticizers into the food, for an update of the laws regarding the use of plasticizers in PVC films, when they have the ability to pack the food, allowing viable food safety, ensure human health and also whether they should or not continue to be used in food packaging market.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been detected in drinking water. Although various water treatment processes can remove EDCs, chemicals can migrate from pipes that transport water and contaminate drinking water. Globally bottled water consumption is steadily rising as an alternative to tap water, but EDCs have also been detected in bottled water. Sources of EDCs in bottled water include contamination of the water source, contamination through the production process or the migration of EDCs from the packaging material. There is limited information on EDCs in drinking water and bottled water from South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the estrogenic activity, levels of selected EDCs and the potential health risks associated with the consumption of water from selected distribution points in Pretoria (City of Tshwane) and Cape Town as well as bottled water. The study consisted of 3 phases. Phase 1 included the analysis of drinking water samples from ten water distribution points in Pretoria and Cape Town collected over four sampling periods. In phase 2, ten brands of bottled water were analysed after exposure to different storage conditions (20°C, 40°C, light and dark) for 10 days. Samples were extracted using a C18 solid phase extraction method. Estrogenic activity was assessed using the recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay and the T47D-KBluc reporter gene bioassay. The extracts were analysed for di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononylphthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and ethynylestradiol (EE2) using UPLC-MS. Phase 3 consisted of a scenario based health risk assessment to assess the carcinogenic and toxic human health risks associated with the consumption of distribution point and bottled water. All the samples were below the detection limit (dl) in the YES bioassay, but estrogenic activity was detected in bottled and distribution point water using the T47D-KBluc bioassay. All samples were below the 0.7 ng/L trigger value for estrogenic activity in drinking water. NP was below the dl for all the samples, E2 was detected in five distribution point samples and E1, EE2, DEHA, DEHP, DINP, DBP and BPA were detected in distribution point and bottled water samples. The estrogenic activity and levels of target chemicals were comparable to the levels found in other countries. Hazard quotients for BPA, DEHA and DINP were higher in bottled water compared to distribution point water. The greatest non-carcinogenic health risk was posed by E1 in distribution point water from Pretoria and the highest cancer risk by levels of DEHP in distribution point water from Cape Town. However, overall, health risk assessment revealed acceptable health and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of distribution point and bottled water. Although the potential health risks posed by the EDCs found in the water samples in this study were low, the fact that potential EDCs were found in the water samples are still of concern. A monitoring strategy that also includes water from other municipalities and other brands of bottled water are therefore recommended. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / PhD / Unrestricted