This thesis deals with the problem of childlessness, fertility and infertility. The aim of this study was to trace the reproductive behavior and changes that have occurred over time. The current situation in the Czech Republic, I relied on demographic statistics of the Czech Statistical Office. For comparison, the Czech Republic and other European countries I used data obtained from Eurostat. Own research I carried out a questionnaire on the website Vyplňto.cz.

O Transtorno de déficit de atenção (TDAH) afeta entre 2% a 6% das crianças em idade escolar e os sintomas se caracterizam por desatenção, impulsividade e hiperatividade. Cerca de 2/3 persistem com sintomas na vida adulta que ocasionam desajustes em váriso setores da vida (afetivo, profissional, acadêmico).Em sua patofisiologia, há envolvimento dopaminérgico e estudos de associação observaram associação positiva com o gene para o transportador da dopamina (DAT1) e o gene para o receptor da dopamina (DRD4). O presente estudo avaliou 102 adultos com TDAH e confirmou prejuízo em vida acadêmica e profissional. Também investigado genes dopaminérgicos e houve associação entre DAT1/DRD4 e TDAH / Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early onset neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 2% to 6% of school-age children and into adulthood in as 2/3 of the cases. Symptoms include impulsivity, inattention and hyperactivity. Its pathophysiology is thought to involve the dopaminergic pathway. These symptoms appears in childhood, but the course of the condition and the expression in adulthood is not well characterized yet. Method: This study consists in selecting adults with DSM-IV ADHD. The association between variants of the gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and for the dopamine receptor gene subtype4 (DRD4) was also investigated in 102 patients with ADHD and in 481 healthy controls. Results: Our ADHD group presented a predominance of males (61,3%), 86,3% were Caucasians and 90,2% had higher education level (least college level). It was also observed a decreased performance in occupational and academic activities in this group. We found difference of distribution of the DAT1 and DRD4 variant genes between the case and controls. Conclusions: The present report is the first on a Brazilian AHD adult population and the clinical results are quite similar to others observed in other countries in different cultures. In view of previous positive reports in child ADHD, further caractherization of the phenotype is required to clarify the potential role of DAT1 and DRD4 as a risk factor in ADHD.

O Transtorno de déficit de atenção (TDAH) afeta entre 2% a 6% das crianças em idade escolar e os sintomas se caracterizam por desatenção, impulsividade e hiperatividade. Cerca de 2/3 persistem com sintomas na vida adulta que ocasionam desajustes em váriso setores da vida (afetivo, profissional, acadêmico).Em sua patofisiologia, há envolvimento dopaminérgico e estudos de associação observaram associação positiva com o gene para o transportador da dopamina (DAT1) e o gene para o receptor da dopamina (DRD4). O presente estudo avaliou 102 adultos com TDAH e confirmou prejuízo em vida acadêmica e profissional. Também investigado genes dopaminérgicos e houve associação entre DAT1/DRD4 e TDAH / Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early onset neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 2% to 6% of school-age children and into adulthood in as 2/3 of the cases. Symptoms include impulsivity, inattention and hyperactivity. Its pathophysiology is thought to involve the dopaminergic pathway. These symptoms appears in childhood, but the course of the condition and the expression in adulthood is not well characterized yet. Method: This study consists in selecting adults with DSM-IV ADHD. The association between variants of the gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and for the dopamine receptor gene subtype4 (DRD4) was also investigated in 102 patients with ADHD and in 481 healthy controls. Results: Our ADHD group presented a predominance of males (61,3%), 86,3% were Caucasians and 90,2% had higher education level (least college level). It was also observed a decreased performance in occupational and academic activities in this group. We found difference of distribution of the DAT1 and DRD4 variant genes between the case and controls. Conclusions: The present report is the first on a Brazilian AHD adult population and the clinical results are quite similar to others observed in other countries in different cultures. In view of previous positive reports in child ADHD, further caractherization of the phenotype is required to clarify the potential role of DAT1 and DRD4 as a risk factor in ADHD.

Det som ofta faller bort i den offentliga debatten är att segregationens innebörd anspelar på åtskillnader av olika grupper, inte enbart de ”utsatta” utan även de socioekonomiskt starkare grupperna. Denna studie kommer att undersöka hur segregationen ser ut inom Sundsvalls tätortsområden och vilka faktorerna är som har störst påverkan till de skillnader som finns. Studien baseras på att urskilja den relativa segregationen, d.v.s. fördelningen av segregationspåverkande faktorer, i positiv och negativ riktning. Syftet i studien är sedan att jämföra två olika geografiska indelningssystem. Det ena är det kommunala nyckelkodssystemet (NYKO) och det andra är Statistiska centralbyråns regionala indelningssystem, demografiska statistikområden (DeSO). I metoden har två olika index använts för att mäta fördelningen av segregationsfaktorer genom en multikriterieanalys (MKA). Den första mätningen har skett genom en nyutvecklad segregationsindex och den andra mätningen genom index of dissimilarity. Studien har visat att det finns svårigheter kring att använda ett indelningssystem som kan verka funktionellt i alla avseenden. Beroende på vad studien syftar till att mäta så spelar olika zon- och skalindelningar en stor roll i hur resultatet framställs. Resultatet visar att segregationen utspelar sig inom både de socioekonomiskt svaga och starka områdena. Det finns däremot svårigheter med att bedöma vilken områdesindelning som är mest användbar då de verkar på olika grunder. Genom att jämföra DeSO och NYKO har resultaten av studien visat att befolkningsantalet och storleken på den geografiska områdesindelningen har en stor betydelse för hur pålitlig en studie kan bli. / What often falls away in the public debate is that the meaning of the segregation alludes to the separation of different groups, not just the "vulnerable" but also the socio-economically stronger groups. This study will investigate how the segregation plays out within Sundsvall's urban areas and which factors have the greatest impact on the differences that exist. The study is based on distinguishing the relative segregation, i. e. the distribution of factors affecting segregation, in a positive and negative direction. The purpose of the study is then to compare two different geographical area systems. One is the municipal key code system (NYKO) and the other is the state regional area system, demographic statistics areas (DeSO). In the method, two different indexes have been used to measure the distribution of segregation factors through a multi-criteria decision analysis (MKA). The first measurement has been made by a newly developed segregation index and the second measurement by the index of dissimilarity. The study has shown that there are difficulties in finding an area system that can function efficiently for all purposes. Depending on what the study aims to measure, the different zone and scale configurations play a major role in how the result is produced. The result of the study shows that the segregation takes place in both the socio-economically weak and strong areas. There are, on the other hand, difficulties in assessing which of the two area systems that is the most practical since they both operate on different grounds. By comparing DeSO and NYKO, the results of the study have shown that the population and size of the geographical area unit are of great importance for how reliable a study can be.

Amidst the decisive events of the 20th century - the Holocaust and the rebirth of the Jewish homeland - which impacted heavily on Jewish attitudes, emerged a broadening of religious doctrines creating diversity within Judaism. Previous insularist tendencies were replaced by revised outlooks on proselytisation, blending with the unique characteristics of South African Jewry. Clearly, local Jewish society and the Rabbinate have placed these updated perceptions high on its agenda. The inevitable mixed reactions have been reviewed in this work, which looks at the long road travelled by the convert from the viewpoint of current motivations, acceptance by the community and post conversion levels of observance. My own theory is a model encompassing the respective components of local proselytism looking at categories of converts, their motives, demands to be met and obstacles. To comprehend the contemporary position, a historical survey delved into the issue from its Biblical origins via the influences of centuries, reaching the South African scene. This inquiry investigated the development of conversion policies drawn from an evolvement of energetic Halakhic debate. These attitudes manifest themselves in archival sources from 1924, of which my analysis is the first of its kind. From these records, together with those of my own community and data available from the Cape Beth Din, the interpretative statistics thus compiled identified characteristics and motivations of applicants and procedural mechanics. This work proceeded a step further. Focus on the Durban model provided an ideal observation point for the post conversion stages. Personal knowledge of the candidates gained from my service to Durban Jewry enabled me to assess their respective adherences and absorption into the community. Furthermore, responses to a questionnaire sent to the local Jewry and interviews revealed attitudes both of Jews by birth and the converts themselves whilst added perceptions were obtained from a questionnaire sent to the Rabbis of South Africa. In the final chapter I submitted proposals and recommendations, some of which are radical. Covering the entire process of conversion this model attempts to address the future of conversions in South Africa as this is expected to remain a pivotal issue of immense momentum. / Religious Studies & Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Amidst the decisive events of the 20th century - the Holocaust and the rebirth of the Jewish homeland - which impacted heavily on Jewish attitudes, emerged a broadening of religious doctrines creating diversity within Judaism. Previous insularist tendencies were replaced by revised outlooks on proselytisation, blending with the unique characteristics of South African Jewry. Clearly, local Jewish society and the Rabbinate have placed these updated perceptions high on its agenda. The inevitable mixed reactions have been reviewed in this work, which looks at the long road travelled by the convert from the viewpoint of current motivations, acceptance by the community and post conversion levels of observance. My own theory is a model encompassing the respective components of local proselytism looking at categories of converts, their motives, demands to be met and obstacles. To comprehend the contemporary position, a historical survey delved into the issue from its Biblical origins via the influences of centuries, reaching the South African scene. This inquiry investigated the development of conversion policies drawn from an evolvement of energetic Halakhic debate. These attitudes manifest themselves in archival sources from 1924, of which my analysis is the first of its kind. From these records, together with those of my own community and data available from the Cape Beth Din, the interpretative statistics thus compiled identified characteristics and motivations of applicants and procedural mechanics. This work proceeded a step further. Focus on the Durban model provided an ideal observation point for the post conversion stages. Personal knowledge of the candidates gained from my service to Durban Jewry enabled me to assess their respective adherences and absorption into the community. Furthermore, responses to a questionnaire sent to the local Jewry and interviews revealed attitudes both of Jews by birth and the converts themselves whilst added perceptions were obtained from a questionnaire sent to the Rabbis of South Africa. In the final chapter I submitted proposals and recommendations, some of which are radical. Covering the entire process of conversion this model attempts to address the future of conversions in South Africa as this is expected to remain a pivotal issue of immense momentum. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)