Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The acceleration of the global economy and shifting demographic changes has caused an uncontrolled exploration of the worlds natural renewable and non-renewable resources. Not only have the levels of these resources decreased but so has the quality. In addition to these changes, the future development of natural ecosystems could also be compromised as they are finite. In order to establish a harmonious equilibrium between population, economic growth and natural resources, emerged the necessity of appraising under the view of the environmental economy, the economie value of environmental profits.Studies and techniques have been designed to help us understand such relationships. One model is known as the environmental Passive. This one is defined as group of real or potential debts that the man, the company or the property possesses with the nature for being in disconformity with relationship the legislation or proposed environmental procedures. The objective of evaluating and to quantifying the impacts that man is causing to the nature is to make that the value found be used to compensate the negative impacts. This study intended to develop a methodology which would be technical, scientific, useful and effective for quantification environmental passives in rural properties and, through the determination of the degree of deterioration of the Rural Property corresponding to the Micro basin, using the matrix of Leopold-Rocha methodology (2002); calculate the environmental passive as the result of the human actions that occured in a propertie in the Flowers Island - Porto Alegre - RS, applying the proposal methodology in this propriety grouping analisys of the achieved values in the environmental impact assessement, by WARD Method, using the statistic SAS SYSTEM 8.2, and do the cmparsion of the values obtained in the environmental passive. The real deterioration degree obtained by the Leopold-Rocha matrix reach 7,95%, this values demand urgent mitigation and compensatory mesures, for this percentage decrease, known that for rates under 10%, the environment is capable to recover. The price calculate of the Environmental Passive is R$ 81.606,72. In grouping analisys by the WARD method as resoult 2 distinct groups (A e B). The group A is compose by: Modification of the Regime and Transformation of the territory and construction with magnitude average (4,92%) e importance (8,45%), this is the group with more influent impacts. The environemental factors were separated in 3 distintc groups (A, B e C). The group A, Factors, present a magnitude (2,34%) and importance (3,76%), that values are the most higth, then this factor is suffer more impact than the outhers. In comparison the deterioration values of the environmental impact, the grouping analisys and the Passive, it may say that the actions with more impact were the one which had the high value of calculated Passive. Therefore this value should be used to revert caused impacts. / O acelerado crescimento econômico e demográfico em todo mundo levou a uma exploração descontrolada dos recursos naturais renováveis e não renováveis, gerando um comprometimento da qualidade e quantidade destes recursos, incapacitando o potencial de recomposição da natureza, al-terando assim, os ecossistemas. Para estabelecer um equilíbrio harmonioso entre crescimento popu-lacional, consumo e recursos naturais surgiu à necessidade de se avaliar, sob a ótica da economia ambiental, o valor econômico dos ativos de bens e serviços ambientais. Alguns métodos e técnicas de valoração ambiental já foram desenvolvidos, e uma delas é o passivo ambiental. Este se define como conjunto de dívidas reais ou potenciais que o homem, a empresa ou a propriedade possui com relação à natureza por estar em desconformidade com a legislação ou procedimentos ambientais propostos. O objetivo de se avaliar e quantificar os impactos que o homem vem causando na nature-za é fazer com que o valor encontrado seja utilizado para compensar tais impactos. Para isso este trabalho se propôs a desenvolver uma metodologia técnica, científica, útil e eficaz para a quantifica-ção de passivos ambientais em propriedades rurais e, através da determinação do grau de deteriora-ção da Propriedade Rural em relação à Microbacia, utilizando a Metodologia da Matriz de Leopold-Rocha (2002), calcular o passivo ambiental resultante das ações antrópicas ocorridas em uma Pro-priedade Rural, aplicando a metodologia proposta no trabalho, fazer análise de Agrupamento dos va-lores encontrados na avaliação de impacto, pelo Método WARD, com o pacote estatístico SAS SYS-TEM 8.2 e comparando-a com os valores do passivo ambiental encontrado. O grau de deterioração real obtido pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha foi de 7,95%, exigindo medidas compensatórias, para a di-minuição deste valor, uma vez que a taxa aceitável de deterioração na ambiência é de 10%. O valor do Passivo Ambiental a ser pago foi de R$ 81.606,72. Em a análise de agrupamento pelo Método WARD foi possível à separação das ações propostas em 2 grupos distintos (A e B). Constituem o grupo A: Modificação do Regime e Transformação do território e construções com média de magnitu-de (4,92%) e importância (8,45%), sendo o grupo de ações mais impactantes da microbacia. Tam-bém foi possível a separação de três grupos distintos para os fatores ambientais (A, B e C). O grupo A, de fatores apresentou magnitude (2,34%) e importância (3,76%), tendo este valor mais alto em re-lação aos demais. Isso significa que, este grupo de fatores sofreu maior impacto das ações sobre ele. Comparando-se tais valores de deterioração do impacto ambiental, análise de agrupamento e o valor do Passivo, pode-se dizer que as ações que mais impactaram a propriedade, foram as que tiveram maior valor de passivo ambiental calculado. Sendo assim este valor deverá ser utilizado para com-pensar tais impactos causados.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 34712 bytes, checksum: c196e12310704414ba4f06e741ad13a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-23 / The present work consists of the evaluation of constructive performance of some enterprises contained in the "Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR) from Caixa Econômica Federal in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais/Brazil, executed with the structural masonry technology. The proposal of this research was the analysis of the existent pathological manifestations, with emphasis in the structural aspect of the enterprises, however, also contemplating other types of damages in the constructions. There were chosen five enterprises being taken into account the following parameters: age, load and location. The data were taken accomplished through inspections. Firstly it was made a qualitative analysis in the five enterprises through a meticulous evaluation of the pathological manifestations, demonstrated through the pictures took "in loco ", only two of these enterprises were inhabited and they could be analyzed internally. This interns analysis provided a meticulous quantification of the pathological manifestations found in the apartments and circulation in all the floors. After that, the types more frequent of pathological manifestations were verified in constructions of structural masonry in the loads and ages analyzed. The responsible administrator for the enterprises available the projects and some responsible builders accepted to answer referring questions about the projects and the executions of the works. Like this, it was possible to cross project information and execution of the work, diagnosing the origin of each type of found pathological manifestation. With the cause of the problems, collective and preventive solutions were proposed and, looking for the improvement of the quality of the enterprises already built and future enterprises, pointing out that the collective solutions a usually have a some difficulty to be executed. It was compared the quantitative results of the enterprises in different ages and loads and it was observed that, as expected, the age interferes in the number of occurrences of pathological manifestations, however project mistakes and execution makes that useful life of the work is reduced through the increase and the precocious emergence of pathologies in the constructions. / O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação de desempenho construtivo de empreendimentos contidos no Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR) da Caixa Econômica Federal, na Cidade de Belo Horizonte, executados com a tecnologia de alvenaria estrutural. A proposta desta pesquisa foi a análise das manifestações patológicas existentes, com ênfase no aspecto estrutural dos empreendimentos, porém, contemplando também outros tipos de danos nas edificações. Foram escolhidos cinco empreendimentos, levando-se em conta os seguintes parâmetros: idade, porte e localização. O levantamento de dados foi realizado por meio de vistorias, de avaliação dos projetos disponibilizados e de entrevistas com representantes das construtoras a respeito dos projetos e das execuções das obras. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa dos cinco empreendimentos por meio de uma avaliação minuciosa das manifestações patológicas. A partir desta avaliação, as manifestações patológicas encontradas nos apartamentos e na área de circulação foram quantificadas, sendo verificados os tipos mais frequentes nas edificações analisadas. Assim, foi possível confrontar informações de projeto e execução da obra, diagnosticando a origem de cada tipo de manifestação patológica encontrada. Com base nesta análise, foram propostas soluções corretivas e preventivas, visando à melhoria da qualidade dos empreendimentos já edificados e de empreendimentos futuros. Deve-se ressaltar que as soluções corretivas muitas vezes têm um elevado grau de dificuldade para serem executadas. Compararam-se os resultados quantitativos dos empreendimentos de idades e portes diferentes e observou-se que, como esperado, a idade interfere no número de ocorrências de manifestações patológicas. No entanto, erros de projeto e execução fazem com que a vida útil da obra seja reduzida, tendo em vista o aparecimento precoce de patologias nas edificações.

Ces travaux de thèse traitent des problèmes de maintenance associés aux véhicules industriels. Ils se concentrent sur la planification des opérations de maintenance et sur le développement d'une méthodologie de conception pour la maintenance. Le but est de proposer une offre de maintenance personnalisée en fonction de chaque véhicule et capable de s'adapter aux contraintes des utilisateurs. Dans l'industrie du transport, ces contraintes se caractérisent par un nombre d'opportunités de maintenance limité et des immobilisations à fortes conséquences financières. Cette offre a vocation à garantir un niveau de disponibilité élevé tout en réduisant l'impact de la maintenance sur les coûts globaux d'exploitation. Dans ce cadre, la politique de maintenance développée vise à assurer, moyennant un certain risque, l'autonomie d'un système multi-composant sur des périodes d'opérations données. Pendant ces périodes, aucune opération de maintenance et aucune défaillance du système ne doivent venir perturber la réalisation des missions. A la fin de chaque période, la politique considérée évalue la nécessité d'une intervention de maintenance pour assurer la prochaine période avec un niveau de confiance spécifié. Lorsque la maintenance est jugée indispensable, des critères intégrant les coûts et l'efficacité de la maintenance sont introduits pour sélectionner les opérations à réaliser. Cette forme originale de regroupement dynamique s'appuie à la fois sur les modèles de fiabilité des composants, sur la structure fiabiliste du système et sur les informations de surveillance disponibles en ligne. Celles-ci se composent d'informations liées à l'état de santé des composants mais également à leurs conditions d'utilisation. La flexibilité du processus permet d'intégrer, dans la décision, des niveaux d'informations différents suivant les composants. Les paramètres de cette politique, à savoir la longueur de la période et le niveau de confiance, sont optimisés en fonction du coût total de maintenance. Ce coût, évalué sur un horizon fini, intègre les coûts directs associés aux opérations de maintenance et les coûts indirects engendrés par les immobilisations. Pour envisager une réduction significative des coûts d'exploitation du système, l'optimisation de la politique de maintenance seule ne suffit pas. Il est primordial de mener une réflexion plus large associant le système et sa maintenance dès la conception. Pour diriger cette réflexion, la méthodologie de conception proposée hiérarchise, à l'aide d'un facteur d'importance original, l'impact des composants sur les coûts d'exploitation. Différentes options de conceptions sont ensuite évaluées, par simulation, sur les composants jugés prioritaires. Les options retenues conduisent à réduire les coûts globaux d'exploitation. Des résultats de simulation permettent d'illustrer les méthodes développées. Une application sur un sous-système du véhicule industriel est également réalisée. / This thesis research work focuses on the maintenance operations scheduling and the development of a design methodology for maintenance. The aim is to suggest a customized maintenance service offer for each vehicle and able to adapt to user constraints. In the transport industry, these constraints are defined by a limited number of maintenance opportunities and vehicle unplanned stops with significant financial consequences. This service offer should enable both to improve the vehicle uptime and to reduce the maintenance impact on operating costs. In this framework, the developed maintenance policy ensures, with a given risk probability, maintenance free operating periods for a multi-component system. During these periods, the system should be able to carry out all its assigned missions without maintenance actions and system fault. And the end of each period, the considered policy evaluates if a maintenance action is required to ensure maintenance-free and fault-free operation on the next period with a specified confidence level. When a maintenance action is mandatory, decision criteria considering the maintenance costs and the maintenance efficiency are used to select the operations to be performed. This form of dynamic clustering, called time-driven clustering, integrates both the component reliability models, the system structure and the available monitoring information. In our case, the monitoring information refers to the component state information and information on the component operating conditions. The process flexibility makes possible to make a maintenance decision in using different information levels for system components. The policy parameters, namely the period length and the confidence level value, are optimized based on the total maintenance cost. This cost, evaluated on a finite horizon, is composed of directs costs related to maintenance operations and indirect costs generated by system immobilizations. In order to reach a significant operating costs reduction, the maintenance policy optimization alone is not sufficient. It is essential to have a broader approach to involve the system and its maintenance since the conception. In this context, the developed design methodology suggests to prioritize the components impact on the operating costs. This prioritization is performed thanks to a defined importance factor. Then, multiple design options are evaluated by simulation in priority component. The selected options lead to reduce the operating costs. This work contains simulation results that illustrate the methods mentioned above. Moreover, a heavy vehicle sub-system is used as a test-case.

La maintenance prédictive joue un rôle important dans le maintien des systèmes de production continue car elle peut aider à réduire les interventions inutiles ainsi qu'à éviter des pannes imprévues. En effet, par rapport à la maintenance conditionnelle, la maintenance prédictive met en œuvre une étape supplémentaire, appelée le pronostic. Les opérations de maintenance sont planifiées sur la base de la prédiction des états de détérioration futurs et sur l'estimation de la vie résiduelle du système. Dans le cadre du projet européen FP7 SUPREME (Sustainable PREdictive Maintenance for manufacturing Equipment en Anglais), cette thèse se concentre sur le développement des modèles de détérioration stochastiques et sur des méthodes d'estimation de la vie résiduelle (Remaining Useful Life – RUL en anglais) associées pour les adapter aux cas d'application du projet. Plus précisément, les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont divisés en deux parties principales. La première donne une étude détaillée des modèles de détérioration et des méthodes d'estimation de la RUL existant dans la littérature. En analysant leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, une adaptation d’une approche de l'état de l'art est mise en œuvre sur des cas d'études issus du projet SUPREME et avec les données acquises à partir d’un banc d'essai développé pour le projet. Certains aspects pratiques de l’implémentation, à savoir la question de l'échange d'informations entre les partenaires du projet, sont également détaillées dans cette première partie. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement de nouveaux modèles de détérioration et les méthodes d'estimation de la RUL qui permettent d'apporter des éléments de solutions aux problèmes de modélisation de détérioration et de prédiction de RUL soulevés dans le projet SUPREME. Plus précisément, pour surmonter le problème de la coexistence de plusieurs modes de détérioration, le concept des modèles « multi-branche » est proposé. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux catégories des modèles de type multi-branche sont présentées correspondant aux deux grands types de modélisation de l'état de santé des système, discret ou continu. Dans le cas discret, en se basant sur des modèles markoviens, deux modèles nommés Mb-HMM and Mb-HsMM (Multi-branch Hidden (semi-)Markov Model en anglais) sont présentés. Alors que dans le cas des états continus, les systèmes linéaires à sauts markoviens (JMLS) sont mis en œuvre. Pour chaque modèle, un cadre à deux phases est implémenté pour accomplir à la fois les tâches de diagnostic et de pronostic. A travers des simulations numériques, nous montrons que les modèles de type multi-branche peuvent donner des meilleures performances pour l'estimation de la RUL par rapport à celles obtenues par des modèles standards mais « mono-branche ». / Predictive maintenance plays a crucial role in maintaining continuous production systems since it can help to reduce unnecessary intervention actions and avoid unplanned breakdowns. Indeed, compared to the widely used condition-based maintenance (CBM), the predictive maintenance implements an additional prognostics stage. The maintenance actions are then planned based on the prediction of future deterioration states and residual life of the system. In the framework of the European FP7 project SUPREME (Sustainable PREdictive Maintenance for manufacturing Equipment), this thesis concentrates on the development of stochastic deterioration models and the associated remaining useful life (RUL) estimation methods in order to be adapted in the project application cases. Specifically, the thesis research work is divided in two main parts. The first one gives a comprehensive review of the deterioration models and RUL estimation methods existing in the literature. By analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, an adaption of the state of the art approaches is then implemented for the problem considered in the SUPREME project and for the data acquired from a project's test bench. Some practical implementation aspects, such as the issue of delivering the proper RUL information to the maintenance decision module are also detailed in this part. The second part is dedicated to the development of innovative contributions beyond the state-of-the-are in order to develop enhanced deterioration models and RUL estimation methods to solve original prognostics issues raised in the SUPREME project. Specifically, to overcome the co-existence problem of several deterioration modes, the concept of the "multi-branch" models is introduced. It refers to the deterioration models consisting of different branches in which each one represent a deterioration mode. In the framework of this thesis, two multi-branch model types are presented corresponding to the discrete and continuous cases of the systems' health state. In the discrete case, the so-called Multi-branch Hidden Markov Model (Mb-HMM) and the Multi-branch Hidden semi-Markov model (Mb-HsMM) are constructed based on the Markov and semi-Markov models. Concerning the continuous health state case, the Jump Markov Linear System (JMLS) is implemented. For each model, a two-phase framework is carried out for both the diagnostics and prognostics purposes. Through numerical simulations and a case study, we show that the multi-branch models can help to take into account the co-existence problem of multiple deterioration modes, and hence give better performances in RUL estimation compared to the ones obtained by standard "single branch" models.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation de la maintenance imparfaite par les modèles statistiques. La maintenance imparfaite est le cas intermédiaire de deux situations extrêmes : la maintenance minimale où le système est remis en état qu’il se trouve juste avant la défaillance, et la maintenance parfaite où le système est remplacé à neuf. Dans ce cadre, les expressions analytiques des grandeurs de fiabilité d’un modèle de maintenance imparfaite sont développées. La convergence du modèle est soulignée, et les lois asymptotiques dans le régime stationnaire sont proposées. Ensuite, les lois sont appliquées pour proposer des politiques de maintenance préventive avec des maintenances imparfaites. Le deuxième thème consiste à proposer une adaptation de procédure d’estimation pour les fenêtres d’observation. Seuls les événements pendant ces périodes sont observés. La modélisation et l’inférence s’appuient sur la convergence de modèles vers leurs régimes stationnaires, ou sur la modélisation de l’âge du système au début des fenêtres. Enfin, l’inférence bayésienne d’un modèle de maintenance imparfaite y est présentée. On étudie l’impact des choix des lois a priori sur la qualité des estimations par des simulations numériques. La sélection des modèles de maintenance imparfaite par le facteur de Bayes est proposée. Dans chaque partie, les modélisations statistiques sont appliquées à des données issues de l’industrie / The thesis analyses imperfect maintenance processes of industrial systems by statistical models. Imperfect maintenance is an intermediate situation of two extremes ones: minimal maintenance where the system is restored to the state immediately prior to failure, and perfect maintenance where the system is renewed after the failure. Analytical expressions of reliability quantities of an imperfect maintenance model are developed. The convergence of the model is highlighted and the asymptotic expressions are proposed. The results are applied to build some preventive maintenance policies that contain only imperfect maintenances. The second part of the thesis consists of analyzing failure data contained in observation windows. An observation window is a period of the entire functioning history that only the events occurring in this period are recorded. The modelling and the inference are based on the convergence property or the modelling of initial age. Finally, Bayesian inference of an imperfect maintenance model is presented. The impact of the choices of a priori distributions is analyzed by numerical simulations. A selection method of imperfect maintenance models using the Bayes factor is also introduced.The statistical modelling in each section is applied to real data

In South Africa, over-the-counter (OTC) bond options may be used in order to either hedge or speculate. However, since 2001, this market deteriorated significantly. The current research assessed the role of the local bond option market, reasons for the deterioration of the South African OTC bond option market, and how this bond option market could possibly be restored as a primary hedging instrument. The opinions of individuals operating in this market were obtained using a questionnaire. In the opinion of the respondents, wide bid–offer spreads, regulatory interferences and poor participation within this market caused market deterioration. The market could be restored as a hedging instrument if effective market integration exists, interbank trading regularly takes place, liquidity was enhanced, transparency increased and investor knowledge improved. Future research could focus on regulatory transformation, the types of derivatives used for hedging, and an assessment of appropriate continuous professional development interventions for investors. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3436.pdf: 3258339 bytes, checksum: 7033f00ca9eab7b49ec141759f62e980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The methodology of the accelerated aging test controlled deterioration to achieve the physiological quality of Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne seeds, separated into light and dark seeds, and to correlate if these seeds have their color due to different stages of maturation or whether the color is original phenotypic. The initial quality of the seeds was obtained through the tests of moisture content, conductivity and seedling emergence in greenhouse. The accelerated aging test was conducted at 40ºC during 24, 48, and 72 hours, using the traditional, NaCl saturated solution and controlled deterioration. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design. The saturated salt accelerated aging test and controlled deterioration was efficient for vigor evaluation of Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne seeds, and the period of 48hours at 40ºC was considered as the most adequate procedure to evaluate seed vigor levels, leading to the belief that colored seeds come from different stages of maturation. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as diferentes formas de se efetuar o teste de envelhecimento acelerado e deterioração controlada para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne, separadas em sementes claras e sementes escuras, e correlacionar se estas sementes têm sua coloração devido a diferentes estádios de maturação ou se a coloração é de origem fenotípicas. A avaliação inicial dessas sementes consistiu na determinação do grau de umidade, condutividade e emergência de plântulas em casa de vegetação. O envelhecimento artificial foi implementado a 40ºC durante 24, 48, e 72 h, com e sem uso de solução saturada de NaCl, e para o teste de deterioração controlada as sementes foram umedecidas até 20% de umidade e posterior envelhecimento em câmara úmida a 40°C durante 24, 48 e 72h. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dentre os procedimentos adotados no teste de envelhecimento artificial e o período de exposição de 48 horas a 40ºC com uso de solução saturada de NaCl, e deterioração controlada revelou-se adequado para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne, levando a crer que a coloração das sementes provem de estádios de maturação diferentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 443818 bytes, checksum: 511a55303b3b59b278ccd2fab938970a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is one of the most important tropical fruits. It is very appreciated due to its flavor and nutritional characteristics. The fruits are easily spoiled because of intrinsic factors, which makes difficult its commercialization in natura. An alternative to reduce the losts is the conservation of the mango as pulp, juice and nectar. The thermal treatment is the most used process to conservate these products. However, the complete inativation of microorganisms during the thermal processing adopted by most industries of fruit juices and fruit pulps is limited by the presence of spore formers and termorresistents microorganisms. This work aimed to isolate and to identificate spoilage bacteria from thermally processed mango pulp, and to characterize the fermentative activity of these microorganisms. Samples of 25 lots of spoiled mango pulp from two industrial units processing mango pulp were evaluated in plate count agar, added with 20 % of steril mango pulp. A number of 104 bacteria were isolated and were characterized as Gram-positive rods, spore formers and mostly strict anaerobic, indicating that belonged to the genus Clostridium. Four isolated named LMA 45, LMA 63, LMA 72 and LMA 104, provenient of different lots of mango pulp from two industrial units, were identified by biochemical tests and by the cell membrane fatty acids profile as Clostridium tyrobutyricum. These four isolates were selected for use in the experiments that followed. The isolates were cultivated in BHI broth within a pH range of 3.0 to 7.0 and temperatures between 7 °C to 50 °C. C. tyrobutyricum grew in the pH range of 4.0 to 7.0, except for isolate LMA 104, that did not grow in pH 4.0 up to 48 hours of incubation. None of the isolates was able to grow in pH 3.5. The specific growth rate (μ) was higher in pH values between 6.5 and 7.0 and varied from 0.18 to 0.31 h-1. The growth was observed in a temperature range from 10 °C to 40 °C, with an optimum between 35 °C and 40 °C. The fermentative activity of C. tyrobutyricum LMA 45, LMA 63, LMA 72 and LMA 104 was evaluated in mango pulp with pH varying from 3.0 to 5.0. Gas production was detected in pH of 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 before 50 hours of the incubation at 30 ºC, except for isolate LMA 104 which produced gas only after 100 hours of incubation. The other main products that resulted from mango pulp fermentation in pH values between 4.0 and 4.5 were acetate and butyrate, which was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The consumption of sucrose, glucose and frutose during mango pulp fermentation in pH 4.0 and 4.5 was also determined using HPLC. The C. tyrobutyricum isolates evaluated could grow at high sugar concentrations, as they fermented the mango pulp containing 729,2 mM of sugars, but did not use all the substrate. The growth of the isolates was inhibited in mango pulp at pH 3.5. This results suggest the adoption of the acidification strategy by the industries, wich generally process mango pulp with pH 4.0. This strategy might ensure the conservation of the fruit product, without changes in the thermal treatment. / A manga (Mangifera indica Linn.) é uma das mais importantes frutas tropicais, muito apreciada pelo sabor, aroma e por suas propriedades nutricionais. Os frutos são perecíveis em razão dos fatores intrínsecos, dificultando a sua comercialização in natura. Uma alternativa para reduzir as perdas é a conservação da manga na forma de polpa, suco ou néctar. O tratamento térmico é o processo mais empregado para a conservação desses produtos. Entretanto, a inativação completa de microrganismos durante o processamento térmico normalmente adotado pelas indústrias processadoras de sucos e polpas é limitada pela presença de organismos formadores de esporos e de termorresistentes. Este trabalho teve como objetivos isolar e identificar as bactérias deterioradoras de polpa de manga tratada termicamente e caracterizar a atividade fermentativa desses microrganismos. Amostras de 25 lotes de polpa de manga deteriorada provenientes de duas unidades industriais processadoras de polpa de manga foram analisadas em ágar padrão para contagem, enriquecido com 20 % de polpa de manga esterilizada. Um total de 104 isolados foi obtido e essas bactérias foram caracterizadas como bastonetes, Gram-positivas, formadoras de esporos sendo a grande maioria constituída de anaeróbias estritas, do gênero Clostridium. Destes, os isolados LMA 45, LMA 63, LMA 72 e LMA 104 obtidos de lotes diferentes de polpa de manga provenientes de duas unidades industriais, foram identificados por teste bioquímicos e pelo perfil de ácidos graxos de membrana como Clostridium tyrobutyricum e selecionados para a continuidade deste estudo. Os isolados foram cultivados em caldo BHI com pH variando de 3,0 a 7,0 e em temperatura entre 7 °C e 50 °C. O crescimento de C. tyrobutyricum ocorreu em valores de pH de 4,0 a 7,0 com exceção do isolado LMA 104 que não apresentou crescimento em pH 4,0 em até 48 horas de incubação. Não houve crescimento em pH 3,5. A velocidade específica de crescimento (μ) foi maior em pH entre 6,5 e 7,0 e alcançou valores entre 0,18 e 0,31 h-1. O crescimento foi observado em temperaturas de 10 °C a 40 °C, com ótimo entre 35 °C e 40 °C. A atividade fermentativa de C. tyrobutyricum LMA 45, LMA 63, LMA 72 e LMA 104 foi avaliada em polpa de manga com pH variando de 3,0 a 5,0. A produção de gás foi detectada em valores de pH de 4,0, 4,5 e 5,0 em menos de 50 horas de incubação a 30 ºC, com exceção do isolado LMA 104 cuja produção de gás foi detectada após 100 horas de incubação. Além de gás, os principais produtos da fermentação da polpa de manga com pH entre 4,0 e 4,5 foram acetato e butirato, determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). O consumo de sacarose, glicose e frutose durante a fermentação de polpa de manga com pH 4,0 e 4,5 foi determinado utilizando-se HPLC. Os isolados de C. tyrobutyricum avaliados apresentaram capacidade de crescer em altas concentrações de açúcar, pois fermentaram a polpa de manga com 729,2 mM de açúcares e não utilizaram todo o substrato durante a fermentação. A inibição do crescimento dos isolados em polpa de manga com pH 3,5 permite sugerir a adoção da estratégia de acidificação para garantir a conservação do produto pela indústria, que geralmente processa esse produto com pH 4,0.

O presente estudo refere-se a uma das deteriorações mais freqüentes nas estruturas de concreto armado: a ação da carbonatação. Para essa verificação construiu-se uma câmara de carbonatação acelerada, que foi calibrada, com a finalidade de estudar o processo de carbonatação em corpos-de-prova executados em concreto e argamassa com cimentos CP V ARI Plus e CP V ARI RS com e sem adição de sílica ativa, curados em câmara úmida por sete dias e posteriormente expostos à atmosfera agressiva de gás carbônico por 7, 14, 28, 63 e 91 dias. Também foram executados corpos-de-prova semelhantes (controle), os quais foram ensaiados à compressão axial e à compressão diametral para determinação da resistência à compressão, tração e medida da profundidade de carbonatação. A partir destes resultados é ajustado um modelo teórico experimental para previsão da profundidade de carbonatação em função do tempo. Observa-se que para todas as composições estudadas a profundidade de carbonatação é pequena. Analisa-se também, a influência da carbonatação no ganho da resistência mecânica das argamassas e dos concretos, e o efeito da adição de sílica ativa e do tipo de cimento no fenômeno de carbonatação. Finalizando, é apresentada uma justificativa dos resultados com base no banco de dados existente no LMABC-SET-EESC-USP. / The present study refers to one of the most frequent deterioration in reinforced concrete structure: the action of carbonation. For this, an accelerated carbonation chamber was built and gauged in order to study the carbonation process in concrete and mortar specimens with CP V ARI Plus and CP V ARI RS cements, with and without silica fume addition. The specimens were cured in a humidity chamber for seven days and exposed to aggressive atmosphere of carbonic gas for 7, 14, 28, 63 and 91 days. Similar specimens of control were also manufactured and left in humidity chamber during the same periods. These specimens were tested an axial compression and splitting tensile strength to determine the compression and tensile strength and the carbonation depth. From all the obtained results an experimental theoretical model was forecasted to determine the depth carbonation in function of time. It is observed that all the depths carbonation measured is small. The carbonation influence on mechanical resistance gain of the mortar and concrete, as well as the effect addition of both of silica fume and cement type on the phenomenon of carbonation is also analyzed. Finally, it is presented a justification of results based on the existent database at LMABC-SET-EESC-USP.

Dans le contexte des systèmes commandés, l’effort de recherche est principalement porté sur la reconfiguration d’une loi de commande à l’apparition d’une situation de défaut. La reconfiguration a pour objectif de pallier au défaut et donc de maintenir les performances du système. La problématique principale de nos travaux est d’étudier ces systèmes du point de vue de leur sûreté de fonctionnement en s’interrogeant sur les causes qui engendrent une situation de défaut. Pour cela, il est supposé l’existence d’une relation étroite entre la commande d’un système, sa dégradation et ses défauts. Un cadre de modélisation stochastique de la dégradation est proposé intégrant l’usage du système ainsi que les différents modes de détérioration. Le pronostic de la durée de vie résiduelle RUL de l’actionneur -élément critique de ces systèmes- est dérivé de l’ensemble des modèles. La RUL est alors utilisée comme un outil de reconfiguration de la loi LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) d’un système mono-actionné dans le cadre d’une maintenance prédictive. L’impact de cette nouvelle politique de maintenance sur les performances statiques et dynamiques du système est évalué. Enfin, le comportement stochastique d’un système tolérant aux fautes basé sur une redondance d’actionneurs est étudié au travers des modèles développés / In the context of control systems, the research effort is focused on how to reconfigure the control law upon the occurrence of a faulty situation. The reconfiguration procedure aims to overcome the fault and thus to maintain system performances. The main issue of this thesis is to study these systems in terms of their dependability by questioning the causes that generate a fault. Then it is assumed a close relationship between the control of a system, its degradation and its faults. A stochastic modelling framework is proposed combining the use of the system and the various modes of deterioration. The actuator is assumed to be the most critical part of a system. The prognosis of its remaining life RUL is derived from these models. This RUL is then used as a tool for reconfiguring the LQR law (Linear Quadratic Regulator) of a system with a single actuator in the context of a predictive maintenance. The impact of this new maintenance policy on static and dynamic performances is assessed. Finally the stochastic behavior of a fault tolerant control system is studied by means of the achieved models