Chemical, physical and sensory properties of omega-3 fatty acid enriched chicken frankfurters developed with flax oil and microencapsulated fish oil at 1.2%, 2.4% and 3.6% were evaluated. Four replicate batches of frankfurters were produced for texture profile analysis and TBARS for assessment of lipid oxidation over four weeks of refrigerated storage. Gas chromatograph analysis indicated that omega-3 fatty acid levels increased (p<0.05) with flax and fish oils treatments resulting in a shift in omega-6/omega-3 with no increase in lipid oxidation over the storage period. The two highest levels of fish oil resulted in increased redness, hardness, gumminess and chewiness (p<0.05) with the highest fish oil having the lowest rating for acceptability. 1.2 and 2.4% flax oil and 1.2% fish oil samples were softer and juicier than commercial frankfurters. Addition of oils high in omega-3 fatty acids to chicken-based frankfurters can result in product resistant to oxidation and acceptable to consumers.

The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize novel strains of marine protists with potential to commercially produce PUFAs. Twelve trips were made visiting 10 different locations in the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Sixty-nine strains were isolated and screened for biomass and fatty acid production. Those meeting specific criteria were selected for further investigation including characterization by 18S rDNA sequencing. Isolate ONC-KTB-56 produced the greatest amount of biomass (1 807 mg L-1) and fatty acids (24.6% dry weight). Of the total fatty acids, ARA, EPA and DHA comprised 0.89, 1.22 and 4.7 percent, respectively. Isolate ONC-KTB-14 produced 1 704 mg L-1 dry biomass with 5.4 percent fatty acids including 1.44, 1.35 and 37.5 percent, ARA, EPA and DHA, respectively. Through optimization of culture conditions biomass, fatty acid content and the proportions of specific fatty acids can be increased. With such optimization, there is potential for isolates ONC-KTB-14 and ONC-KTB-56 to be grown at a commercial scale for production of PUFAs.

No description available.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of Government-registered blindness in the elderly of the Western world and has two forms: wet and dry. No current AMD therapies are curative, and most are provided after retinal damage from the disease has already occurred (to preserve what is left of the retina). We have constructed a multi-factorial Phase II randomized, controlled clinical trial, titled: “Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) nutritional supplementation to delay the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): The OMEGAlberta Study”. Each day, participants in the experimental arm of this study will receive 600mg DHA and 1200mg EPA, plus Vitalux AREDS antioxidant formula. Based on the physicochemical properties of DHA, EPA, and Vitalux, our aim is to delay the 5-year incident rate of progression of intermediate dry AMD to wet AMD. Several tests will be performed, not only to quantify the incident rate of progression of AMD, but also to gain insight of the physiological mechanisms behind the supplements being provided. If the supplements are proven to delay AMD progression, this knowledge should be implemented by changes in health services and policy relating to public education and the treatment of AMD.

Six week old male obese fa/fa Zucker rats (n=10/group) were fed four different diets enriched in linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (safflower oil, flaxseed oil, EPA, and DHA oils, respectively) for 8 weeks. Fatty acids were analyzed in major lipid classes in the testes. Global gene expression was analyzed using the Affymetrix Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array. Annotated gene sets from the normal and underdeveloped testes were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In lipid analysis, n-3 diet supplementation decreased n-6: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and n-6: n-3 very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in most lipid classes in comparison to the LA diet. ALA increased the level of DHA, but not to the same level as DHA diet. Compared to the normal sized testis, the underdeveloped testis showed a marked decrease in n-6 pentaenoic PUFA and VLCFA while increasing n-6 tetraenoic fatty acids. Out of the 3192 genes detected, 1121 and 309 were differentially expressed in the underdeveloped and normal testes, respectively. The IPA indicated that transcripts that are upregulated in the normal testes relative to underdeveloped testes are involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, sphingomyelin metabolism and phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. Transcripts upregulated in underdeveloped testes relative to normal testes are involved in production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Downstream effect analysis showed an increased trend towards reproductive system diseases and endocrine system disorders in the underdeveloped testes compared to the normal testes. In conclusion, these results indicate that testicular lipids and their metabolism are closely related with normal testis development and function. / February 2016

A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, on fillet, hepatocyte and whole body FA composition and Δ6 desaturase gene expression in hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed vegetable oil (VO) based diets containing no fishmeal (FM) or fish oil (FO). In the first experiment, rainbow trout were fed one of eight diets containing fish, flax, canola or Camelina sativa oil with or without coriander oil. Coriander oil in the diet increased concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3, P < 0.05) in the fillet. There was a trend to increased 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3/20:4n-6 ratios when coriander oil was added to the diet (P = 0.067). The second trial set out to investigate the effects of varied levels of coriander oil in canola oil based diets, on i) the capacity of rainbow trout hepatocytes to desaturate, elongate and esterify [1-14C] α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3; ALA) and [1-14C] linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), ii) reducing the production of 20:4n-6 in hepatocytes and iii) gene expression. This experiment demonstrated a significant increase in 22:6n-3 (P = 0.011) and a decrease 20:4n-6 (P = 0.023) in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Furthermore, there was a three-fold decrease in acetate for the [1-14C] 18:2n-6 and nearly a two-fold increase for the [1-14C] 18:3n-3 substrate when coriander was added at increasing levels, illustrating an increase in peroxisomal β-oxidation. Relative gene expression of ∆6 desaturase decreased with addition of coriander oil at the 0.5 inclusion level of coriander oil. The final experiment was conducted to determine if bypassing the first ∆6 desaturase and rate-limiting step in the n-3 FA pathway causes increased conversion of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Rainbow trout were fed one of six diets containing either fish, conventional linseed (flax), or SDA enriched linseed oil (LO) with and without coriander oil. Inclusion of coriander oil did not affect any growth or feed intake parameters of rainbow trout. However, the addition of coriander oil caused a significant increase in whole body 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 concentrations in fish fed SDA enriched LO with coriander oil (SDA+C) compared to fish fed conventional linseed oil (LO). These results suggest that petroselinic acid, found in coriander oil, has the ability to influence FA bioconversion of the n-3 and n-6 FA pathway thereby increasing 22:6n-3 and possibly 20:5n-3 in rainbow trout and reducing ARA when fed VO-based diets. Furthermore, it seems as though petroselinic acid causes improved bioconversion to 22:6n-3 when the first ∆6 desaturase is bypassed. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action that petroselinic acid has on FA bioconversion.

The aim of this thesis was to verify the hypothesis implying that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the development of mild chronic inflammation. The experiment was conducted on rats with different diets (control, with the addition of safflower oils, fish oils and oils from algae Schizochytrium). For processing the results of the collected tissues was used determination of expression of selected genes by qRT-PCR, detection of proteins and in the cytosol and nuclear fractions by Western blot and the quantification of cytokines by ELISA. Feeding oil from algae Schizochytrium has led to lowering the final weight and blood glucose, further to enhance expression of PPAR-gama and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta1. In kontrast, no difference was observed in the expression of GPR120 and adiponectin receptors or proteins in an amount of NF-kappaB and PPAR-gama between diets. Elevated plasma levels of adiponectin were found. The results of the experiment shows that it is possible to recommend oil from algae Schizochytrium as a useful supplement of human diet as prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.

The aim of my thesis was to assess the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids n 3 (DHA and EPA) on gene expression, mainly PPARy, in model organism. The expression of PPARy gene is increased by these polyunsaturated fatty acids and thus they decrease the risk of development of inflammation and atherosclerosis. This hypothesis was tested on 40 test rats (Wistar albino). The first 7 weeks the rats were fed with a diet containing beef tallow and sweet condensed milk until they manifested mild obesity and inflammation. During other 7 weeks they were divided into 4 groups, each containing 10 individuals. One of the groups was further fed with diet containing beef tallow (control group), other groups received diet with 6% content of oil from safflower added, 6% content of fish oil (high content of EPA) or 6% content of oil from Schizochytrium alga (high content of DHA). The expression of PPARy was measured by using molecular-biology methods at the end of the trial. It was proven that the diet rich on DHA increases PPARy gene expression (P<0,05). The increase of PPARy gene expression in a diet containing fish oil was inconclusive (P>0,05). With these results we confirmed the hypothesis that diet rich on PUFA n3 decreases the risk of inflammation development and atherosclerosis and that DHA is significantly more effective.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Humana, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2015-11-19T20:15:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_BeatrizChristinaLuzete.pdf: 2410200 bytes, checksum: 0dc013f7adac39a24b4ecb728e63d164 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2015-12-11T14:13:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_BeatrizChristinaLuzete.pdf: 2410200 bytes, checksum: 0dc013f7adac39a24b4ecb728e63d164 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-11T14:13:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_BeatrizChristinaLuzete.pdf: 2410200 bytes, checksum: 0dc013f7adac39a24b4ecb728e63d164 (MD5) / O ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) possui efeito antitumoral em células de câncer de mama pela diminuição da proliferação celular e pelo aumento da morte por apoptose. Já o ácido araquidônico (AA) está relacionado ao crescimento e à progressão tumoral. Nenhuma pesquisa até o momento indicou a indução de morte por piroptose pelo DHA. O presente estudo buscou avaliar o efeito do DHA e do AA na indução de morte por apoptose e piroptose em células de câncer de mama triplo-negativo MDA-MB-231. Metodologia: MDA-MB-231 foi tratada com diferentes concentrações de DHA ou AA. A quantificação da morte por apoptose foi feita por marcação com Anexina-V/PI. Foram analisadas a integridade da membrana, a expressão de caspase 1 ativa e clivada, a secreção de IL-1β e a translocação de NFkB e de HMGB1 para avaliar a morte por piroptose. Resultados: O DHA levou ao aumento da morte por apotose em 50, 100 e 200μM e o AA, apenas em 200μM. O DHA aumentou a perda da integridade da membrana, a ativação e a clivagem de caspase 1, a secreção de IL-1β e a translocação de HMGB1 na concentração de 100μM, indicando ativação da morte por piroptose. Conclusão: O DHA induz morte por apoptose e piroptose em células de câncer de mama triplo-negativo e leva a um maior aumento da apoptose quando comparado ao AA. / Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreases breast cancer cell proliferation and increases cell death by apoptosis. Arachidonic acid (AA) is known to promote tumor growth and progression. No study to date has indicated the induction of pyroptosis by DHA. This study evaluated the effect of DHA and AA on apoptosis and pyroptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Method: MDA-MB-231 were supplemented with different concentrations of DHA and AA. The quantification of cell death by apoptosis was made by Annexin-V / PI. Membrane integrity, active and cleaved caspase 1, secreted IL-1β and translocated NFkB and HMGB1 were analysed to check pyroptosis. Results: DHA increased apoptosis at 50, 100 and 200μM. AA also increased apoptosis in a higher concentration (200μM). DHA increased loss of membrane integrity, caspase 1 activation and cleavage, IL-1β secretion and HMGB1 translocation at 100μM, indicating pyroptosis activation. Conclusion: DHA induce apoptosis and pyroptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells and promotes a higher increase in apoptosis than do AA.

abstract: The omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish and fish oil, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), have been associated with a reduction in risk for cardiovascular disease. Blood type is a known contributor to risk for cardiovascular events. This study evaluated the effect of fish oil supplements on cardiovascular risk markers in adults with blood types A or O. An 8-week parallel-arm, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted in healthy adult men and women with either blood type A (BTA) or blood type O (BTO). Participants were randomized to receive fish oil supplements (n=10 [3 BTA/7 BTO]; 2 g [containing 1.2 g EPA+DHA]/d) or a coconut oil supplement (n=7 [3 BTA/4 BTO]; 2 g/d). Markers that were examined included total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). Results indicated that the percent change in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater in the coconut oil group vs the fish oil group (-14.8±12.2% vs +2.8±18.9% respectively, p=0.048). There were no other significant differences between treatment groups, or between blood types A and O, for the other cardiovascular risk markers. Further research with a larger and more diverse sample may yield a more conclusive result. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2014