Sixteen horses with at least one arthritic joint were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=8) was fed a control ration at 1% BW in grain. The treatment group (n=8) was fed an isocaloric diet similar to the control diet with additional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of two pelleted supplements. Coastal hay was fed free choice, and both groups consumed their respective diet for 90 days. On d 0, 30, 60, and 90 synovial fluid was collected from one arthritic joint on each horse, and blood samples were collected every 15 days. Synovial fluid was analyzed for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1, and white blood cell concentration, and plasma was analyzed for fibrinogen and Prostaglandin E2. Force plate analysis was used to determine changes in weight distribution throughout the trial. Fatty acid analysis revealed the main n3 supplied by the supplements was docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3). Treatment horses consumed 9.3 g docosahexaenoic acid daily, while control horses consumed only 0.42 g daily. A reduction in concentrate intake also allowed treatment horses to consume 25.45 g less of linoleic acid (C18:2n6)per day. Excluding hay, the n6:n3 ratio of the treatment diet was 5:1 compared to the control diet with a ratio of 11:1. Analysis of plasma fatty acid profiles revealed treatment horses experienced an increase in plasma docosahexaenoic acid, along with a decrease in linoleic acid (C18:2n6). Total plasma n6:n3 ratio of treatment horses was 23:1, as opposed to 27:1 in the control horses. Treatment horses had significantly lower synovial fluid white blood cell concentration and plasma Prostaglandin E2 (P < 0.05). A trend towards decreased fibrinogen (P = 0.076) was also seen in the treatment horses. Synovial fluid TNF-α and IL-1 concentrations were not obtained due to problems with the assay kits or procedures. Force plate data from seven horses was analyzed. No significant increase in weight placed on arthritic limbs (P = 0.12) was seen. This data provides further evidence that a decrease in the n6:n3 ratio of the diet and plasma can lead to a decrease in the production of inflammatory compounds in arthritic joints.

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have shown substantial benefits in humans including lowered serum cholesterol, blood pressure and indices of stress. The caloric and extracaloric benefits of feeding fat supplemented diets to performance horses are well documented (Webb et al., 1987; Meyers et al., 1989; Julen et al., 1995). However, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have not been studied to any great extent. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of feeding omega-3 fatty acids on indices of stress and serum cholesterol in horses. Nine three- and four-year old horses were assigned to diet treatments according to sex, age and athletic ability. Concentrate diets consisted of: control (A), fatsupplemented diet with corn oil (B) and fat-supplemented diet with extruded/expelled soybean oil (C; N-3). Overall, heart rates were lower in horses fed the fat-supplemented diets compared to the control diet. On reining and cutting exercise days, heart rates were lower (P<.05) in horses fed fat-supplemented diets vs. the control diet. There were no differences (P>.05) in heart rates during exercise on reining and cutting days between horses fed the two fat-supplemented diets. Recovery heart rates following the SET from the end of exercise to 60 minutes recovery (R), were significantly quicker in horses fed diet C. Plasma cortisol concentrations were lowest in horses fed the soy oil-supplemented diet and highest in horses fed the corn oil-supplemented diet. Across treatments, plasma cortisol concentrations during the SET rose due to the onset of exercise and remained significantly higher (P<.05) than baseline during the SET. Serum cholesterol concentrations were higher in horses fed corn oil-supplemented diets than in the control or the soy oil-supplemented diets. There was no significant change (P>.05) in body weight between horses consuming these three diets. However, when compared to consuming diets B and C the horses fed diet A had higher (P<.05) concentrate intakes. There was no significant difference in hay intake (P>.05) between horses consuming the three diets.

LEMOS, Dármia Maria Mendes. Óleo de vísceras de tilápia do nilo (oreochromis niloticus l.) e oiticica (licania rigida benth.): obtenção de gorduras poli-insaturadas pelo método de complexação com uréia. 2015. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Weslayne Nunes de Sales (weslaynesales@ufc.br) on 2017-03-02T18:51:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Darmia Mendes Lemos.pdf: 1443834 bytes, checksum: 2d8f307e6ab0793cd165d7db35d4629d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-03-23T17:59:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Darmia Mendes Lemos.pdf: 1443834 bytes, checksum: 2d8f307e6ab0793cd165d7db35d4629d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T17:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Darmia Mendes Lemos.pdf: 1443834 bytes, checksum: 2d8f307e6ab0793cd165d7db35d4629d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Tilapia of the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish that for its ease of adaptation and great taste is becoming one of the most consumed fish in the world, however, its production chain generates various organic waste as guts, fins, heads They need a proper disposal because this material rich in lipids was thrown to the banks of rivers, ponds or on the ground can contaminate the water table bringing a serious environmental damage. The market is every day looking for different and even unique products, thus arises the market for polyunsaturated fats. The objective was to seize the oil viscera of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in getting polyunsaturated fats through complexation method with urea. Processing took place at Padetec located at the Federal University of Ceará UFC, where the oil was extracted by the viscera hot indirect method. The crude oil obtained and the degummed oil, neutralized and clarified were characterized on the following parameters, Acid Value, free fatty acids, peroxide index, iodine and saponification Index. It also assessed the performance and stability of the viscera for oil extraction. A crude oil sample and a refined oil underwent complexing with urea to be taken posteriorrmente gas chromatography. Complexing the following conditions were applied: triglyceride ratio urea / 1: 7, reaction temperature: 20 ° C and time of 10 hours reaction. Statistical analysis of the crude oil was applied parameters, degummed, neutralized, bleached / clarified, was used analysis of variance (ANOVA). The yield results were always in the range of 50%, since the stability of oil extracted from the offal at different times showed a gradual increase every time, even with freezing. The results of physicochemical tests showed results with little variation in all refining steps: Crude oil, degummed, neutralized and bleached / clarified, reminding of the importance of freezing the viscera and fast processing of the same. It was concluded that the use of Nile Tilapia viscera (Oreochromis niloticus) proved to be a viable alternative due to satisfactory results in performance evaluation, stability and physicochemical characteristics, requiring just a process aimed at maintaining the quality of the viscera until the moment of extraction of oils to obtain a product with good nutritional and sensory quality. / A Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis Niloticus) é um peixe de água doce que por sua facilidade de adaptação e ótimo sabor está se tornando um dos pescados mais consumidos no mundo, entretanto, sua cadeia produtiva gera vários resíduos orgânicos como vísceras, nadadeiras, cabeças que precisam de um descarte apropriado, pois esse material rico em lipídeos se jogado para a beira de rios, açudes ou no solo, pode contaminar o lençol freático trazendo um grave dano ambiental. O mercado está a cada dia buscando produtos diferenciados e até exclusivos, surge assim o mercado das gorduras poli-insaturadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aproveitar o óleo de vísceras de Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis Niloticus) na obtenção de gorduras poli-insaturadas através do método de complexação com ureia. O processamento ocorreu no PADETEC localizado na Universidade Federal do Ceará-UFC, onde o óleo de vísceras foi extraído pelo método a quente indireto. O óleo bruto obtido bem como o óleo degomado, neutralizado e clarificado foram caracterizados nos seguintes parâmetros, Índice de Acidez, Ácidos graxos livres, Índice de peróxido, Índice de Iodo e Saponificação. Também foi avaliado o rendimento e a estabilidade das vísceras para extração do óleo. Uma amostra de óleo bruto e uma de óleo refinado foram submetidas à complexação com ureia para posteriorrmente serem levadas à cromatografia gasosa. Foram aplicados as seguintes condições para complexação: Razão triglicerídio/uréia: 1:7, temperatura de reação:-20ºC e tempo de reação de 10 horas. Foi aplicado a análise estatística dos parâmetros do óleo bruto, degomado, neutralizado, branqueado/clarificado, utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados do rendimento ficaram sempre na faixa de 50%, já a estabilidade do óleo extraído das vísceras em horas diferentes mostraram um aumento gradativo a cada hora, mesmo com o congelamento. Os resultados dos testes físico-químicos mostraram resultados sem grande variação em todas as etapas de refino: Óleo bruto, degomado, neutralizado e branqueado/clarificado, fazendo lembrar da importância do congelamento das vísceras e rápido processamento das mesmas. Concluiu-se que a utilização de vísceras de Tilápia do Nilo ( Oreochromis Niloticus) mostrou-se uma alternativa viável devido aos resultados satisfatórios na avaliação de rendimento, estabilidade e características físico-químicas, sendo necessário apenas um processamento que vise manter a qualidade das vísceras até o momento de extração dos óleos para obtenção de um produto com boa qualidade nutricional e sensorial.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-10-26T12:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 amelia_katiane_almeida.pdf: 1222604 bytes, checksum: 425b7619f4dc4922de71736b30ce9457 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-10-26T12:21:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 amelia_katiane_almeida.pdf: 1222604 bytes, checksum: 425b7619f4dc4922de71736b30ce9457 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T12:21:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 amelia_katiane_almeida.pdf: 1222604 bytes, checksum: 425b7619f4dc4922de71736b30ce9457 (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, Curvelo-MG, no Setor de Ovinos da FCA da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros, machos inteiros, da ra?a Santa In?s, recebendo dieta ad libitum com duas propor??es de volumoso (30 e 70 %), sem fonte de lip?dios ou com a inclus?o dela (gordura protegida ou gr?o de soja), abatidos com peso m?dio de 37,3 ? 1,53 kg. Objetivou-se determinar o consumo volunt?rio de nutrientes, o desempenho de cordeiros, as caracter?sticas de suas carca?as e o perfil de ?cidos graxos da gordura intramuscular do lombo desses animais. Os animais com dietas com 30% de volumoso apresentaram melhores desempenhos no que diz respeito ? efici?ncia alimentar, convers?o alimentar, ganho de peso e tempo no confinamento (m?dias de 18,9%; 5,38; 191g; 110 dias; respectivamente) comparados aos animais que receberam 70% de volumoso, que apresentaram m?dias de 9,1%; 11,97; 100g; 222 dias, para os par?metros supracitados, respectivamente. Os animais com dietas com 30% de volumoso apresentaram pesos e rendimentos de carca?a fria (16,43 kg e 46,48%) superiores aos indiv?duos alimentados com 70% de volumoso (15,27 kg e 43,17%). Apesar de as dietas n?o terem efeito na maioria dos cortes, o efeito sobre o pernil destaca a import?ncia da dieta sobre esse corte nobre, que apresentou m?dias de 2,15 kg e 1,99 kg para dietas com 30 e 70% de volumoso, respectivamente. A propor??o de 70% de volumoso na dieta de cordeiros em termina??o proporcionou aumento de 19,5% na quantidade de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs), mas houve diminui??o de 49,6% dos ?cidos linol?icos conjugados (CLA) no m?sculo Longissimus. O uso de gordura protegida, na forma de sab?es de c?lcio, como fonte de lip?dios na dieta, ? mais eficiente que o gr?o de soja mo?do, proporcionando maiores concentra??es de PUFAs e CLA, sendo que a propor??o de volumoso na dieta pode alterar as propor??es desses ?cidos graxos na carne de cordeiro. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2010. / ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted in a farm in Moura, Curvelo-MG, in the lamb area of Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. 24 lambs of Santa In?s race were used under a diet ad libitum with two roughage (30 and 70 %), with or without fat source. They were slaughtered at about 37.3 ? 0.74 kg. The aim of this study was to determine nutrient intake, lambs performance, carcass traits, and the fatty acid profile of their loin intramuscular fat. Animals under 30% roughage diet showed higher alimentary efficience, feed conversion, weigh gain and confinement time (average: 18.9%; 5.38; 191g; 110 days; respectively). Animals under 30% roughage diet showed weigh and cold carcass (16.43 kg and 46.48%) superior to the ones under 70% roughage diet (15.27 kg and 43.17%). Besides diets did not affect most of the cuts, its effect on ham in emphasized by the averages 2.15 kg and 1.99 kg to 30 and 70% of roughage, respectively. 70% roughage diet to finishing lamb provided an increase of 19.5% on poliinsatured fatty acids (PUFAs). But there was a decrease of 49.6% of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on Long?ssimus, muscles. Using protected fatty, under calcium soap form, as fat source is more efficient than soy grain, providing higher PUFAs and CLA. Roughage on diet can upset proportions of fatty acid on lamb meat.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The cell membrane serves as a barrier between the interior and exterior of a living cell. Its main structural component is the lipid bilayer, which is composed of various kinds of lipids that segregate into domains. These lipid domains, distinguished in composition and physical properties from the bulk lipids that surround them, are believed to modulate the function of resident proteins by providing an appropriate lipid environment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are a type of fatty acid that contain multiple C=C double bonds. They have a lot of health benefits, which may originate in part due to their incorporation into lipids in the plasma membrane. Hypotheses that PUFA-containing lipids laterally separate into domains and/or modulate the structure of existing domains have been raised to explain the fundamental role played by PUFA. In our research, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to simulate model membranes composed of PUFA-containing phospholipids and to investigate their interaction with cholesterol and vitamin E that are influential membrane constituents. The presumptive function for vitamin E in membranes is to protect PUFA against oxidation. Although the chemistry of the process is well established, the role played by the molecular structure that we address with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations remains controversial. We compared the behavior of vitamin E in lipid bilayers composed of 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine (SDPC, 18:0-22-6PC) and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (SOPC, 18:0-18:1PC) via all-atom MD simulations at 37° C. SDPC represents a PUFA-containing lipid, and SOPC serves as monounsaturated control. From the calculation of van der Waals energy of interaction between vitamin E and fatty acid (FA) chains, we found higher probability that the PUFA chains surround the chromanol head group on vitamin E. This is further demonstrated by probability density maps of acyl chains around vitamin E molecules. Also, an ability to more easily penetrate deep into the PUFA containing bilayer of vitamin E is detected by faster flip-flop rate of vitamin E observed in the SDPC bilayers. These results showed that the high disorder of polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) chains allows vitamin E to easily tunnel down into the bilayer and often brings the PUFA chains up to the surface of the bilayer, improving the likelihood that the reactive (hydroxyl) group on vitamin E would encounter a lipid peroxyl radical and terminate the oxidation process. Thus, the simulations indicate that the molecular structure of vitamin E supports its role as an antioxidant in a PUFA-containing membrane. A subsequent study on the partitioning of vitamin E into PUFA-containing lipids was done by analyzing the binding energy of vitamin E in the corresponding lipid bilayer. The binding energy is obtained from the potential of mean force (PMF) profile of vitamin E alone the membrane normal direction (z), which is calculated from umbrella sampling MD simulations. We found the binding in SDPC is smaller in SOPC, indicating that vitamin E does not prefer PUFA-containing phospholipids. The flip-flop rate was also estimated from the PMF profile, confirming that vitamin E flip-flops across the SDPC bilayer more easily than the SOPC bilayer. From the simulations it was noted that the membrane deforms as vitamin E is pulled out, which suggests interactions between the phospholipids contribute to the binding energy of the vitamin E. In a final study, a comparison was made between the effect on membrane organization of the three types of long chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFA found in fish oils: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), DHA (22:6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5). MD simulations were run on lipid bilayers composed of 1-stearoyl-2-eicosapentaenoylphosphatidylcholine (EPA-PC, 18:0-20:5PC), 1-stearoyl-2-docosapentaenoylphosphatidylcholine (DPA-PC, 18:0-22:5PC), SDPC (DHA-PC, 18:0-22:6PC) and, as a monounsaturated control, SOPC (OA-PC, 18:0-18:1PC) in the absence and presence of cholesterol. By analyzing the physical properties such as membrane order and thickness, we found all three n-3 PUFAs disorder the membrane. The disordering is greatest with EPA and least with DPA. Unique among the n-3 PUFA-containing membranes, there is region of high order in the upper portion of the DPA chain. The PUFA-containing lipids were found to less favorably interact with cholesterol compared to the OA-containing lipid, which is caused by their disorder. We speculate that differences between DPA, DHA and EPA might potentially modulate their effect on lipid domain formation.

No description available.

We have hypothesized that dietary modulation of intestinal miRNA expression may contribute to the chemoprotective effects of nutritional bioactives (fish oil and pectin). Using a rat colon carcinogen model, we determined miRNAs-let-7d, miR-15b, miR-107, miR-191 and miR-324-5p were modulated by fish oil + pectin. We also demonstrated that BACE1 and PTEN are targets of miR-107 and miR-21, respectively. To further elucidate the biological effects of diet and carcinogen on miRNAs, we integrated global miRNAs, total and polysomal gene expression datasets obtained from the above mentioned study and used four computational approaches. We demonstrated that polysomal profiling is tightly related to microRNA changes when compared with total mRNA profiling. In addition, diet and carcinogen exposure modulated a number of microRNAs and complementary gene expression analyses showed that oncogenic PTK2B, PDE4B, and TCF4 were suppressed by the chemoprotective diet at both the mRNA and protein levels. To determine the function of select diet and colon carcinogen modulated miRNAs and to validate their targets, we carried out a series of loss and gain of function experiments along with luciferase reporter assays. We verified that PDE4B and TCF4 are direct targets of miR-26b and miR-203, respectively. PTK2B was determined to be an indirect target of miR-19b. In addition, microRNA physiological function was assessed by examining effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation. To better understand how the colonic stem cell population responds to environmental factors such as diet and carcinogen, we investigated the chemoprotective effects of dietary agents on miRNAs in colonic stem cells obtained from Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2 knock in mice injected with AOM. We demonstrated that based on relative expression of miR-125a-5p, miR-190b and miR-191 in stem cells vs. daughter cells and differentiated cells, these miRNAs may be stem cell specific miRNAs. We also identified miR-21 to be significantly reduced in stem cells compared to differentiated cells and selectively modulated by these dietary agents in stem cells. In summary, our results indicate for the first time that fish oil plus pectin protect against colon tumorigenesis in part by modulating a subset of miRNAs and their target genes (mRNAs) implicated in the regulation of the colon stem cell niche and tumor development.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) comprise a significant portion of mammalian brain tissue, and are involved in neural signalling and cellular homeostasis. One brain PUFA, arachidonic acid, represents an attractive target for manipulation, with evidence suggesting it plays a role in the pathology of several neurological diseases. In this study, we fed rats a 15-week diet of an n-3 PUFA adequate or deprived diet, and then injected 3H arachidonic acid into the right lateral ventricle and measured its rate of loss over time. The half-life was 44 and 46 days for the n-3 PUFA adequate and deprived dietary groups, respectively. We compared the rate of loss with a predicted rate of loss (~45 days). We concluded that plasma unesterified AA is quantitatively a major source of brain phospholipid AA. Furthermore, we demonstrated selective regulation of brain PUFA by showing AA, unlike DHA, is not conserved in n-3 PUFA deprivation.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) comprise a significant portion of mammalian brain tissue, and are involved in neural signalling and cellular homeostasis. One brain PUFA, arachidonic acid, represents an attractive target for manipulation, with evidence suggesting it plays a role in the pathology of several neurological diseases. In this study, we fed rats a 15-week diet of an n-3 PUFA adequate or deprived diet, and then injected 3H arachidonic acid into the right lateral ventricle and measured its rate of loss over time. The half-life was 44 and 46 days for the n-3 PUFA adequate and deprived dietary groups, respectively. We compared the rate of loss with a predicted rate of loss (~45 days). We concluded that plasma unesterified AA is quantitatively a major source of brain phospholipid AA. Furthermore, we demonstrated selective regulation of brain PUFA by showing AA, unlike DHA, is not conserved in n-3 PUFA deprivation.

This study examines the carcinogenic effect of HZE radiation and protective effects of different types of diets against colon carcinogenesis in a rat model. The effect of HZE radiation on health state and colon cancer development was evaluated. HZE radiation was found to suppress food consumption (P<0.0001) leading to lower body weight gain of irradiated rats when compared to the non-irradiated rats (P<0.05). The animals exposed to HZE radiation were found to start dying and/or getting pathologies 11 weeks earlier and at the end of the study had morbidity/mortality rate 14.2% higher (P=0.0005) than non-irradiated rats. There was no significant effect of HZE radiation on colon cancer incidence. The effects of dietary fibers and oils on health state and colon carcinogenesis were evaluated. Morbidity/mortality was found to be delayed in rats fed with pectinbased diets when compared to cellulose-based diet, regardless of radiation treatment. Similarly, fish oil was found to beneficially affect health of the experimental animals when compared to corn oil. Ten- and twenty-week delayed morbidity/mortality for irradiated and non-irradiated groups, respectively, was observed for rats fed with fish oil-based diets when compared to corn oil-based diets. Fish oil was also found to significantly reduce colon tumor incidence and multiplicity in non-irradiated rats (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed for the irradiated animals. No significant effect of fiber on colon cancer incidence was found. Finally, the effect of diets on general health and colon cancer development was investigated. Rats fed with corn oil/cellulose diet started dying and/or getting a disease earlier than rats fed with other diets, regardless of radiation treatment. The effect of diet on colon cancer development was found to depend on radiation treatment. Thus, in the absence of radiation treatment fish oil/cellulose was found to significantly reduce tumor incidence and multiplicity when compared to corn oil/pectin diet (P<0.05). In the presence of radiation treatment fish oil/pectin was found to lower the values of tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity, though the data obtained were not significant.